• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.981-1001
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• 2008

This research deals with cognitive characteristics of point symbols on the current tourist maps in terms of the communication theory in considering levels of symbolization and those of preference. The levels of symbolization are examined on the basis of the meaning of point symbols between map-makers and map-users. Preferences of point symbols are investigated by the tourist objects. As a result, when point symbols are expressed in conciseness, the meaning and interpretation about those symbols are highly accorded. And the point symbols that have familiarity by visual experience are preferred. Also, the higher symbolical levels symbols have, the more likely they are preferred. Through that fact, familiarity from the visual experience, conciseness in expression, concreteness of figures expressed in maps, and representativeness of visualized properties were deduced as factors that affect preferences. Those factors work to affect preference complicatedly, but familiarity is prior to simplicity in preferences. Likewise, ways that visualize information, contents that are expressed as images and familiarity in terms of cognitive characteristics make a relative difference in preferences and the levels of symbolization. On the basis of those cognitive characteristics, visual complexity and ambiguity should be removed and the higher symbolical level of point symbols for efficiency of map-reading should be developed.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.227-253
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• 1997

Twenty-first century will be in the era of culture and art as postmodernims progresses, therefore, geography which is is traditionally concerned with regional study needs to deeply study the culture of region. Regional symbols are clue to identify regional culture which is environments of symbolic space. Especially the study of urban culture come to the needs of times with occurring global city, urban symbols make clear urban culture and urban identity. The aim of this paper is to analyze urban symbols, that is urban songs, urban birds, urban trees, urban flowers to study urban culture in korean cities, urban symbols make clear urban spatial environment which is natural and human, and then, urban symbols make clear urban identity. The analytical results of lyrics of urban songs in the 76 cities of korea include names of mountain, river, sea and place, the names of mountain and river make clear urban identies which is natural and human characteristics, it is environment of symbolic space which brings unity, one body. Especially it is environment of symbolic space which comprise fung-soo(風水) aspects, place names well represent symbolic space. The analytical results of symbolic things, that is urban birds, urban trees, urban flowers in the 78 cities of korea indicate they are gain and gain established, they are also our environments of symbolic space which is curtual settlings of our life, but they are imported not native species but foreign species which have not environment of symbolic space. The results of this paper implicate urban symols should review. because urban symbols fit to our natural and human environments of symbolic space.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.331-342
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• 2018

This paper enables stakeholders involved in textile industry to gain an overview of standards used for care labelling and help establish a common standard that could be used as a universal standard. This study provides a comprehensive and detailed analytical study of care labelling standards adopted by common countries in the textile market. It was found that the development of a universal system for care labeling could enhance the trade of textile articles and assist consumers in caring for textile articles. Universal care label systems could be characterized by two main features of inclusiveness and comprehensiveness. The range of instructions and symbols presented were found different among standards. Insignificant differences in symbols' shapes were found between standards for bleaching, ironing and professional cleaning. The washing process had the widest variety of instructions; in addition, options were provided by stated standards. Different meanings were found for similar shapes in some tumble drying symbols. The study findings show the importance of enhancing text based standards or the development of an understandable format across as many cultures as possible. The unification of symbols and meanings may be needed to provide global consumers consistent guidance. The efficiency of a detailed standard that provides and covers a wide range of instructions is an important aspect. The visibility and practicality of offering variable options/symbols in one standard is an important aspect for developing a universal care label system.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.165-180
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• 2011

Mathematical symbols concisely represent mathematical contents related to terms by describing their mathematical meanings implicitly. All symbols in elementary school mathematics textbooks are stated as to be read so that elementary school students could understand their mathematical meanings. The same is somewhat true as in middle school mathematics textbooks, however it is often the case that some symbols are difficult to be read and understood because their statements are unclear or different. In this study, we analyze problems and suggest implications on teaching and learning mathematics based on the statements and understanding of reading symbols in middle school mathematics textbooks.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.3702-3707
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• 2009

In this paper, a new approximated MAP algorithm for soft bit decision from QAM symbols is proposed for Gray Coded QAM signals, based on the Max-Log-MAP and a Gray coded QAM signal can be separated into independent two Gray coded PAM signal, M-PAM on I axis with M symbols and N-PAM on Q axis with N symbols. The Max-Log-MAP used distance comparisons between symbols to get the soft bit decision instead of mathematical exponential or logarithm functions. But in accordance with the increase of the number of symbols, the number of comparisons also increase with high complexity. The proposed algorithm is used with the Euclidean distance and constituted with plain arithmetic functions, thus we can know intuitively that the algorithm has low implementing complexity comparing to conventional ones.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.135-147
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• 2018

Analyzing the Book of Changes, researchers noted that animals and plants utilized as symbols in the Book of Changes were later used as medicinals in East Asian medicine. They found 24 animals and plants utilized as symbols in the Book of Changes; specifically in six statements on the hexagrams and 53 statements on the lines. The animal and plant symbols in 59 statements are more clearly interpreted with the descriptions in the Compendium of Materia Medica. Eleven plants referenced in the Book of Changes were written with their nicknames, causing confusion to the researchers of later times. Using the Compendium of Materia Medica however, these plants can be identified. Livestock were mentioned 34 times among the 59 statements, with horse and cattle being the most often at eight times, each. They are subdivided according to their sex and color. The writers of the Book of Changes constructed an elaborate symbol system with the animals that are familiar to people, and which, through this research, has been decoded through cross references to the Compendium of Material Medica.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.343-347
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• 2012

Non-linear equalization techniques using decision feedback structure are highly demanded for cancellation of intersymbol interferences occurred in severe channel environments. In this paper decision feedback structure is applied to the linear blind equalizer algorithm that is based on information theoretic learning and a randomly generated symbol set. At the decision feedback equalizer (DFE) the random symbols are generated to have the same probability density function (PDF) as that of the transmitted symbols. By minimizing difference between the PDF of blind DFE output and that of randomly generated symbols, the proposed DFE algorithm produces equalized output signal. From the simulation results, the proposed method has shown enhanced convergence and error performance compared to its linear counterpart.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.150-153
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• 2008

In the blind Maximum-likelihood (ML) detection for Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes (OSTBC), the problem of ambiguity in determining the symbols has been a great concern. A possible solution to this problem is to apply semi-blind ML detection, i.e. the blind ML decoding with pilot symbols or training sequence. In order to increase the performance, the number of pilot symbols or length of training sequence should be increased. Unfortunately, this leads to a significantly decrease in system spectral efficiency. This work presents an approach to resolve the aforementioned issue by introducing a new method for constructing transmitted information symbols, in which transmitting information symbols drawn form different modulation constellations. Therefore, the ambiguity can be easily eliminated. In addition, computer simulation is implemented to verify the performance of the proposed approach.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.3 no.2 s.2
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• pp.25-30
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• 2005

This study is to research the symbolism of the Eastern and Western costumes' color in films. Therefore, I chose movies about colors, which are 'Trzy Kolory', a Western movie directed by Krzysztof Kieslowski and 'Hero', an Eastern movie directed by Zhang Yimou. The purpose of this study is to figure out the symbolism of the common colors shown in both movie which are red, blue and white. Also, by comparing the eastern and western color symbols I studied the ambivalence of colors. Therefore, the comparison of the eastern and western color symbolisms are as the followings. The color red symbols charity in the movie and jealous, hatless, lies, expansion, self esteem, resist, struggle and sadness in the movie . The color blue symbols freedom, lost, gloomy and sadness in the movie and sacrifice and sadness in the movie . The color white symbols equality and emptiness in the movie and true love, sadness and sacrificed love in the movie . Consequently, it appears that the colors symbolize differently in the East and the West. Three series of which is the West movie has more positive meanings than the Eastern movie. Therefore, the meanings of symbols of the costumes' color are different in the East and West as they have different cultures, and also they could be expressed differently by the directors intention.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.67-79
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• 2018

In this paper, we present new generalized incomplete Pochhammer symbols and using this we introduce the extended generalized incomplete hypergeometric functions. We derive certain properties, generating functions and reduction formulas of these extended generalized incomplete hypergeometric functions. Special cases of this extended generalized incomplete hypergeometric functions are also discussed.