• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.213-220
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• 2006

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of women's late age of marriage on the interval between marriage and their first birth Methods: Data from Year 2000 Korea National Fertility Survey was collected through direct interview questionings, and the data was analyzed based on randomly selected sampling. In particular, the married women (N=5,648) were analyzed for the factors that determined the first-birth interval by performing Cox's proportional hazard model survival analysis. Results: Unlike previous findings, the woman whose age of marriage was 30 or more was more likely to delay the birth of her first baby than were the other women who married earlier. Further, a woman's age at marriage, a woman's residence before marriage, her husband's religion, her husband's level of education and the difference in age between the woman and her husband significantly influenced the first-birth interval. In contrast, for a married woman, her age, level of education, current residence and religion were not significant predictors of her first birth interval. Conclusions: Our study showed that women who married at the age of 30 years or more tend to postpone their first birth in Korea. When facing the increasing number of women who marry at a late age, the Korean government should implement population and social policies to encourage married women have their first child as early as possible.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.432-436
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• 2016

열상 감시 장비의 핵심부품인 냉각기는 검출기 온도를 낮춰서 열상 감시 장비가 제 기능을 발휘하게 해준다. 해외 도입품으로서 기준사용시간이 20,000시간으로 제시되었고 이에 맞춰서 운용하고 있다. 양산 후 운용 중에 고장이 발생하기 시작했고, 그 고장으로 인해 냉각기의 MTBF분석을 해볼 필요성을 느꼈다. 군과 방산 업체에서 열상 감시 장비의 냉각기 고장데이터를 수집하였고 221개의 납품된 냉각기 중 73개의 냉각기가 운용 중에 고장이 발생하였다. 이 고장데이터에 생존확률 함수를 모수적 접근방법을 사용하여 적합한 분포를 파악을 하였고, 로그 로지스틱 분포가 적합하다고 추정되었다. 로그로지스틱 분포의 모수를 기반으로 냉각기의 MTBF를 분석하였다. 해외 업체가 제시한 MTBF와 비교하였고 또한 냉각기의 시간대별 신뢰도를 분석해보았다. 군 운용환경 중 고장이 발생한 냉각기의 MTBF를 분석함으로써 품질보증활동의 개선점을 찾을 수 있다. 실측 MTBF는 해외 업체에서 제시한 것보다 높게 나왔지만 운용 환경과 분석 방법론에 따른 차이는 존재한다. 이 분석 결과는 군에서 해외 도입품을 운용하는 현시점에 장비 정비주기와 운영시간에 영향을 줄 수 있고, 향후 냉각기 국산화 시 보조 자료로 기여할 것이라 판단된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.3083-3088
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• 2012

We investigated the prognostic value of pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 (PTTG1) expression according to clinicopathological features among localized or locally advanced prostate cancer cases receiving hormone therapy. A retrospective study involved 64 patients receiving combined androgen blockade treatment was performed. PTTG1 expression was determined by immunohistochemical staining using initial needle biopsy specimens for diagnosis. Associations of PTTG1 with various clinicopathological features and disease-free survival were examined via uni- and multivariate analyses. No association between PTTG1 expression and clinical T stage, Gleason score, pretreatment PSA levels, risk groups was found (p =0.682, 0.184, 0.487, 0.571, respectively). Univariate analysis revealed that increased PTTG1 expression, T3 stage and high risk group were associated with increased risk of disease progression (p =0.000, 0.042, and 0.001), and high PSA level had a tendency to predict disease progression (p =0.056). Cox hazard ratio analysis showed that PTTG1 low expression (p =0.002), PTTG1 high expression (p =0.000) and high risk group (p =0.0147) were significantly related to decreased disease-free survival. In conclusion, PTTG1 expression determined by immunohistochemical staining in needle biopsy specimens for diagnosis is a negative prognostic factor for progression in localized or locally advanced prostate cancer receiving hormone therapy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.4421-4427
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• 2015

Objectives: To investigate the prognosis significance of preoperative serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and the correlation with clinicopathological factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients who underwent hepatectomy. Materials and Methods: Clinicopathological data of retrospective analysis were collected for 251 HCC patients undergoing hepatectomy in this study. According to preoperative AFP level, patients were categorized into AFP-negative (0-20ng/mL) and AFP-positive (>20 ng/mL) groups for Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard regression modeling. Results: The results demonstrated that increased AFP was associated with longer prothrombin time (PTs), liver capsule invasion, low grade differentiation, and late Barcelona Clinic Liver Center (BCLC) stage. Moreover, the female patients had a greater prevalence of increased preoperative AFP than male patients [284.8 (3.975-3167.5) vs (3.653-140.65); Z-2.895, p=0.004]. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates were 78.1, 57.5, and 40.6 % in the AFP-negative group and 61.8, 37.7, and 31.4 %, respectively, in the AFP-positive group (log-rank test 8.312, p=0.004). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were 94.4, 83.8, and 62.3% in the AFP-negative group and 87.2, 60.0, and 36.7%, respectively, in the AFP-positive group. The difference was statistically significant (log-rank test, 16.884, p=0.000). Cox proportional-hazards model identified preoperative AFP to be an independent prognostic predictor of overall survival. Conclusions: Preoperative serum AFP is an independent predictor of prognosis among HCC patients following surgical resection. Female patients have a higher preoperative AFP than their male counterparts.

• Journal of Breast Cancer
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.406-414
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• 2018

Purpose: T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 (TIM-3) is an emerging immune response molecule related to T-cell anergy. There has been tremendous interest in breast cancer targeting immune checkpoint molecules, especially in the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). This study was designed to investigate TIM-3 expression on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), its relationships with clinicopathological parameters and expression of programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1)/programmed death receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1), and its prognostic role. Methods: Immunohistochemistry on tissue microarray blocks produced from 109 samples of invasive ductal carcinoma type TNBC was performed with antibodies toward TIM-3, PD-1, PD-L1 and breast cancer-related molecular markers. Associations between their expression and clinicopathological parameters as well as survival analyses were performed. Results: TIM-3 was expressed in TILs from all 109 TNBCs, consisting of 17 cases (<5%), 31 cases (6%-25%), 48 cases (26%-50%), and 13 cases (>51%). High TIM-3 was significantly correlated with younger patients (p=0.0101), high TILs (p=0.0029), high tumor stage (p=0.0018), high PD-1 (p=0.0001) and high PD-L1 (p=0.0019), and tended to be associated with higher histologic grade, absence of extensive in situ components and microcalcification. High TIM-3 expression was significantly associated with a combinational immunophenotype group of high PD-L1 and high PD-1 (p<0.0001). High TIM-3 demonstrated a significantly better disease-free survival (DFS) (p<0.0001) and longer overall survival (OS) (p=0.0001), together with high TILs and high PD-1. In univariate survival analysis, high TIM-3 showed reduced relapse risk (p<0.0001) and longer OS (p=0.0003), together with high PD-1 expression. In multivariate analysis, high TIM-3 was statistically significant in predicting prognosis, showing better DFS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.0994; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.0296-0.3337; p=0.0002) and longer OS (HR, 0.1109; 95% CI, 0.0314-0.3912; p=0.0006). Conclusion: In this study, we demonstrate that TIM-3 expression is an independent positive prognostic factor in TNBC, despite its association with poor clinical and pathologic features.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.283-290
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 매입채무가 기업규모에 따라 기업실패에 미치는 영향에 차이가 있는지를 생존분석을 통해 분석하였다. 이를 위해 1999년부터 2019년까지 한국거래소 유가증권시장과 코스닥시장에 상장된 총 41,781개(연도-기업) 기업을 분석하였다. 매입채무의 대용변수로는 단기부채지표인 매입채무비율을 사용하였다. 분석기간을 전체기간과 금융위기 전, 후로 나누어 분석하였다. 실증분석결과 첫째, 전체기간에서 매입채무의 증가는 중소기업의 기업의 실패 가능성을 높이는 요인이라는 것을 확인하였다. 하지만 대기업에서 매입채무비율과 기업실패 가능성간의 유의적인 영향관계를 확인하지 못하였다. 둘째, 1999년~2007년과 2009년~2019년의 하위기간으로 나누어 분석한 결과에 의하면 중소기업에서는 매입채무 증가가 기업실패 가능성을 증가시키는 요인으로 작용되는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 대기업의 경우 금융위기 이후의 기간인 2009년~2019년에서 매입채무의 증가는 기업의 실패 가능성을 줄이는 것으로 나타났다. 이것은 매입채무의 증가가 부채의 증가로 인한 기업리스크의 확대로 연결되기 보다는 활발한 영업활동의 전개나 무이자부채의 적극적인 활용으로 인식되어 기업의 재무적 곤경 리스크를 완화시켜 기업의 실패 가능성을 감소시키는 것으로 이해되었다. 이러한 분석결과에서 매입채무가 기업실패에 미치는 영향은 기업의 규모에 따라 차이가 발생할 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.630-642
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• 1997

60세이상 노인인구를 대상으로 '농촌지역 노인들의 우울 및 인지기능 장애에 관한 연구'를 한 이정애와 정향균의 연구대상 558명에 대해 농촌지역 노인들의 인지기능 장애와 사망과의 관련성을 살펴본 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 3년동안 동안 전체 대상자의 사망률은 558명중 57명인 10.2%이었으며 353명의 정상 인지기능군 중 사망자는 30명으로 사망률 8.5%, 126명 의 경도 인지장애군중 사망자는 14명으로 사망률 11.1%, 79명의 중증 인지장애군중 사망자는 13명으로 사망률 16.5% 이었다(표 3). 2) 3년동안 전체 연구 대상자의 생존율은 0.91이었으며 정상, 경도, 중증 인지기능 장애군의 3년 생존율은 각각 0.92, 0.90, 0.86이었다. 로그 순위 검정법으로 인지기능 정상군과 경도 및 중증의 각 인지기능 장애군의 생존곡선을 비교한 결과 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 또한 인지기능 정상군과 경도 이상의 인지기능 장애군간 생존곡선을 비교한 결과도 유의한 차이는 없었다. 3) 혼란변인을 보정하지 않는 Cox의 비례위험 회귀 모형의 단변량분석의 결과 95% 신뢰구간(C.I. : Confidence Interval)에서 사망위험도가 유의한 변인은 연령, 월수입, 흡연습관, 신체장애 등이었으며, 인지기능 장애정도를 정상 그리고 경도 및 중증으로 분류한 분석에서는 정상군에 비해 경도 및 중증의 사망위험도가 유의하게 높지 않았으나, 인지기능 점수(MMSEK score)의 증가에 따른 분석 결과 사망위험도가 0.94로 유의하게 낮게 나타났다(표 4). 4) 잠재적 혼란변인들의 영향을 보정한 Cox의 비례위험 회귀모형의 다변량 분석의 결과 인지기능 장애정도 및 MMSEK 점수증가에 따른 사망위험도는 어느 모형에서도 인지기능 장애정도가 사망에 미치는 위험도는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다(표 5). 5) 남녀별로 각각 인지기능 장애와 사망위험도와의 관계를 알아보기 위해 다변량 분석을 시행한 결과 인지기능 장애정도 및 MMSEK 점수 증가에 따른 사망위험도는 어느 모형에서도 인지기능 장애정도가 사망에 미치는 위험도는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다(표 6, 표 7). 이상 본 연구는 농촌지역 노인들에서 인지기능 장애정도가 사망에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였지만, 인지기능 장애정도가 사망에 미치는 영향을 통계적으로 유의하게 고찰하지 못하였다.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.159-171
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• 2022

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the impact of baseline values and temporal changes in body composition parameters, including skeletal muscle index (SMI) and visceral adipose tissue area (VAT), measured using serial computed tomography (CT) imaging on the prognosis of operable breast cancers in Asian patients. Materials and Methods: This study retrospectively included 627 Asian female (mean age ± standard deviation [SD], 53.6 ± 8.3 years) who underwent surgery for stage I-III breast cancer between January 2011 and September 2012. Body composition parameters, including SMI and VAT, were semi-automatically calculated on baseline abdominal CT at the time of diagnosis and follow-up CT for post-treatment surveillance. Serial changes in SMI and VAT were calculated as the delta values. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the association of baseline and delta SMI and VAT values with disease-free survival. Results: Among 627 patients, 56 patients (9.2%) had breast cancer recurrence after a median of 40.5 months. The mean value ± SD of the baseline SMI and baseline VAT were 43.7 ± 5.8 cm²/m² and 72.0 ± 46.0 cm², respectively. The mean value of the delta SMI was -0.9 cm²/m² and the delta VAT was 0.5 cm². The baseline SMI and VAT were not significantly associated with disease-free survival (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.983; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.937-1.031; p = 0.475 and adjusted HR, 1.001; 95% CI, 0.995-1.006; p = 0.751, respectively). The delta SMI and VAT were also not significantly associated with disease-free survival (adjusted HR, 0.894; 95% CI, 0.766-1.043; p = 0.155 and adjusted HR, 1.001; 95% CI, 0.989-1.014; p = 0.848, respectively). Conclusion: Our study revealed that baseline and early temporal changes in SMI and VAT were not independent prognostic factors regarding disease-free survival in Asian patients undergoing surgery for breast cancer.

• 대한이식학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.182-192
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• 2017

Background: In recent years, introduction of novel immunosuppressive agents and its proper implementation for clinical practice have contributed to improving clinical outcomes of kidney transplantation (KT). Here, we report clinical outcomes of KTs and related risk factors. Methods: From July 1998 to June 2016, 354 KTs (182 from living and 172 from deceased donors) have been performed at Ulsan University Hospital. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical characteristics and outcomes of KT recipients, then estimated graft and patient survival rate were estimated and analyzed risk factors using Cox-regression. Results: The median follow-up period was 53 months (range; 3 to 220 months). The mean ages of recipients and donors were 45.0 years (SD, 12.5) and 44.7 years (SD, 13.6) years, respectively. During follow-up, 18 grafts were lost and 5- and 10-year death-censored graft survival was 96.7% and 91.5%, respectively. Biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR) occurred in 71 patients (55 cases of acute cellular rejection and 16 of antibody-mediated rejection). Cox-regression analysis showed that BPAR was a risk factor related to graft loss (hazard ratio [HR], 14.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.79 to 54.53; P<0.001). In addition, 15 patients died, and the 5- and 10-year patient survival was 97.2% and 91.9%, respectively. Age ≥60 years (HR, 6.03; 95% CI, 1.12 to 32.61; P=0.037) and diabetes (HR, 6.18; 95% CI, 1.35 to 28.22; P=0.019) were significantly related to patient survival. Conclusions: We experienced excellent clinical outcomes of KT in terms of graft failure and patient survival despite the relatively high proportion of deceased donors. Long-term and short-term clinical outcomes have improved in the last two decades.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권16호
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• pp.6761-6766
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• 2014

Background: CD44v6 (CD44 variant exon 6) is the chief CD44 variant isoform regulating tumor invasion, progression, and metastasis. The prognostic value of CD44v6 expression in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been evaluated in many studies, but the results have remained controversial. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis of currently available studies to investigate the prognostic value of CD44v6 expression in NSCLC patients and the relationship between the expression of CD44v6 and clinicopathological features. Materials and Methods: Two independent reviewers searched the relevant literature in Pubmed, Medline and Embase from 1946 to January 2014. Overall survival (OS) and various clinicopathological features were collected from included studies. This meta-analysis was accomplished using STATA 12.0 and Revman 5.2 software. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated to estimate the effects. Results: A total of 921 NSCLC patients from ten studies met the inclusion criteria. The results showed that CD44v6 high expression was a prognostic factor for poor survival (HR=1.91, 95%CI=1.12-3.26, p<0.05). With respect to clinicopathological features, CD44v6 high expression was related to histopathologic type (squamous cell carcinoma versus adenocarcinoma: OR=2.72, 95%CI=1.38-5.38, p=0.004), and lymph node metastasis (OR=3.02, 95%CI=1.93-4.72, p<0.00001). Conclusions: Our results suggested CD44v6 high expression as a poor prognostic factor for NSCLC, and CD44v6 expression is associated with lymph node metastasis and histopathologic type. Therefore, CD44v6 expression can be used as a novel prognostic marker in NSCLC cases.