• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.4131-4136
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• 2016

Background: The population in northeast Thailand continues to present with hepatobiliary abnormalities, particularly periductal fibrosis (PDF) which is the result of chronic infection with liver fluke (Opisthorchis viverini; OV) and may lead to the development of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Although the prevalence of OV infection has been decreased due to a liver fluke control program over decades, the prevalence of PDF remains high. This study aimed to investigate demographic factors associated with PDF risk based on ultrasonography (US) screening. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study is part of the Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), a prospective cohort study. Multiple logistic regression was used for data analysis. Results: In 55,246 subjects, the overall prevalence of PDF was 33.0% (95%CI: 32.6 - 33.4). Males (33.9 %) were at higher risk for developing PDF than females (32.2 %) (ORcrude = 0.93; 95%CI: 0.89 - 0.96; p-value < 0.001). Factors associated with an increased PDF risk, in addition to OV infection, included old age (${\geq}70$ years) (ORadj = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.14 - 1.44, p < 0.001) and hepatitis B infection (ORadj = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.11 - 1.55, p = 0.001). In contrast, number of praziquantel treatments (> 2 times) (ORadj = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.47 - 0.63, p < 0.001) and diabetes mellitus (ORadj = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.49 - 0.65, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with a decreased PDF risk. Conclusions: Future US screening should closely examine older people and hepatitis B subjects for the purpose of PDF surveillance among high risk groups for CCA. However, the results of inverse associations require further investigation in order to confirm our findings.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2003

General drug prices involve three stages: shipment stage, wholesaler stage and retail stage. Policies on drug price differ from country to country. Shipment stage prices are tightly regulated in countries like France and Netherlands. They are free in only a minority of advanced countries, even if these include some major players such as the US, Germany and, in a very limited sense, Japan. The situation in the UK is very complex with a semi-free system, where drug companies are free to set their own prices but cannot exceed a predetermined profit ceiling. Mark-up at both wholesaler and retail stages is formally admitted in most countries observed. Apart from the general drug prices, reimbursement price of insured drugs has been major policy concerns. Most countries reviewed in this study has exerted some control over reimbursement prices, but differ both in the way how and in the extent to which prices are admitted or fixed. Price fixing has been used in France and Japan. Some countries have transformed their system over time, particularly to move to reference pricing in the last decade. This mechanism has empowered the customer, and improved price competition on the market. Referring to the drug price policies in the advanced countries, this study makes some suggestions for the redirection of Korean price policy for reimbursement drug in health insurance as follows: to match appropriate policy tools to each policy goal; to maximize market mechanism through effective reimbursement price fixing which admits mark-ups in wholesaler and retail prices; to introduce reference pricing system in order to redirect patient's demand with a financial incentive to choose the best-priced drugs and to save the finance of health insurance; and to strengthen surveillance and monitoring mechanism in the drug market.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.15 no.6_2
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• pp.151-160
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• 2015

According to the document from the National Industrial Security Center in 2015, from 2003 to 2014 the disclosure number of industrial spy in South Korea was 438, and the damages due to the industrial technology leakages amounted 50 trillion won annually. Because the industrial technology leakage exercises great influence on the enterprises and the country. countermeasures against industrial technology leakages should be established. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to suggest measures preventing industrial technology leakages and related crimes in enterprises by applying the Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design(CPTED) technique. This research analyzed the recent technology leakage cases and used an analysis of literature research. From the result of this research, we suggested 1) Access Control, 2) Surveillance Enhancement, 3) Territoriality of Reinforcement, and 4) Activity Support by applying the CPTED technique for preventing industrial technology leakages. The limitations of this research and the recommendations for future research were discussed at the last part of this research.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.330-340
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• 2010

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate and explain the socioeconomic inequalities of all-cause mortality after breast cancer surgery in South Korea. Methods: This population based study included all 8868 females who underwent radical mastectomy for breast cancer between January 2002 and June 2003. Follow-up for mortality continued from January 2002 to June 2006. The patients were divided into 4 socioeconomic classes according to their socioeconomic status as defined by the National Health Insurance contribution rate. The relationship between socioeconomic status and all-cause mortality after breast cancer surgery was assessed using the Cox proportional hazards model with adjusting for age, the Charlson’s index score, emergency hospitalization, the type of hospital and the hospital ownership. Results: Those in the lowest socioeconomic status group had a significantly higher hazard ratio of 2.09 (95% CI =1.50 - 2.91) compared with those in the highest socioeconomic group after controlling for all the identifiable confounding variables. For allcause mortality after radical mastectomy, all the other income groups showed significantly higher 3-year mortality rates than did the highest income group. Conclusions: The socioeconomic status of breast cancer patients should be considered as an independent prognostic factor that affects all-cause mortality after radical mastectomy, and this is possibly due to a delayed diagnosis, limited access or minimal treatment leading to higher mortality. This study may provide tangible support to intensify surveillance and treatment for breast cancer among low socioeconomic class women.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 2020

Due to the expansion of cyber space, war patterns are also changing from traditional warfare to cyber warfare. Cyber warfare is the use of computer technology to disrupt the activities of nations and organizations, especially in the defense sector. However, the defense against effective cyber threat environment is inadequate. To complement this, a new cyber warfare operation concept is needed. In this paper, we study the concepts of cyber intelligence surveillance reconnaissance, active defense and response, combat damage assessment, and command control in order to carry out cyber operations effectively. In addition, this paper proposes the concept of cyber warfare operation that can achieve a continuous strategic advantage in cyber battlefield.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.3991-3995
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• 2015

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in Iranian women and fifth in men. The aims of this study were to investigate the relation of dietary factors and public health indicators to its development. Materials and Methods: The required information (2001-2006) about risk factors was obtained from the Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre (NCDSC) of Iran. Risk factor data (RFD) from 89,404 individuals (15-64 years old) were gathered by questionnaire and laboratory examinations through a cross sectional study in all provinces by systematic clustering sampling method. CRC incidence segregated by age and gender was obtained from Cancer Registry Ministry of Health (CRMH) of Iran. First, correlation coefficients were used for data analysis and then multiple regression analysis was performed to control for confounding factors. Results: Colorectal cancer incidence showed a positive relationship with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, lacking or low physical activity, high education, high intake of dairy products, and non-consumption of vegetables and fruits. Conclusions: We concluded that many dietary factors and public health indicators have positive relationships with CRC and might therefore be targets of preliminary prevention. However, since this is an ecological study limited by potential ecological fallacy the results must be interpreted with caution.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.219-234
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• 2010

In index investing according to KOSPI, we estimate Value at Risk(VaR) from the extreme losses of the daily returns which are obtained from KOSPI. To this end, we apply Block Maxima(BM) model which is one of the useful models in the extreme value theory. We also estimate the extremal index to consider the dependency in the occurrence of extreme losses. From the back-testing based on the failure rate method, we can see that the model is adaptable for the VaR estimation. We also compare this model with the GARCH model which is commonly used for the VaR estimation. Back-testing says that there is no meaningful difference between the two models if we assume that the conditional returns follow the t-distribution. However, the estimated VaR based on GARCH model is sensitive to the extreme losses occurred near the epoch of estimation, while that on BM model is not. Thus, estimating the VaR based on GARCH model is preferred for the short-term prediction. However, for the long-term prediction, BM model is better.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.14 no.3_2
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• pp.93-98
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• 2014

In a recent survey conducted among Seoul citizens, the demand for crime prevention in addition to settlement of environmental problem and traffic system improvement turned out to be the highest. In particular, the demand for prevention of crimes in residential areas was higher than any other items. The crime rates are especially high in deteriorated residential districts, which indicates the relation between crimes and physical environmental factors. In other words, proper measures for surroundings can prevent crimes. While there may be various ways to keep the residents from crimes safely, CPTED, a crime preventive method in a way of improving the physical surroundings is one of the most noteworthy solutions. The principles of CPTED involves the basic principles such as Natural Surveillance, access control, and securing of territoriality and additional principles of strengthening of Activity Support and Maintenance & Management. This study aims to present a method to lower and prevent crime occurrences by applying the principles of CPTED in deteriorated Apartment Housing in the middle of a city.

• Journal of Information Technology and Architecture
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.143-154
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• 2012

With the realization of the importance of the NWI, iterated by the Cheonan Ship sink and the YP-Do shelling, this thesis separates the NWI from the peninsula, regarding it separate from the Korea Theater of Operations, and suggests the method to establish NCOE with consideration to the characteristics of separated theater as well as the current situation. Although the NWI holds strategic value, systematical NCOE of surveillance and reconnaissance system, command and control system, and precision strike system is not yet established. Pertaining to this issue, Architecting was utilized to identify improvement measures and of the identified improvement measures, improvement on the "strike on nK hardened artillery sites with K-9 Self-Propelled Artillery in correlations with theater ISR" shows greatly improved strike effects when conducting simulations based on the Operation-Plan Analysis Model. Such a method of NCOE establishment will serve as a standard model for military force building and operation execution system for separated theater operations such as the NWI.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.2973-2977
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• 2016

Opisthorchis viverrini is still a serious problem in Northeastern and Northern Thailand. Active surveillance is required to determine updated data for further prevention and control planning. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the prevalence and risk factors for O. viverrini in three provinces, Northeastern Thailand. A cross-sectional survey was conducted during October 2015 to March 2016 at Kaeng Sanam Nang district of Nakhon Ratchasima province, Waeng Noi district of Khon Kaen province, and Khon Sawan district of Chaiyaphum province, Thailand. Stool samples were examined by using a modified Kato-Katz Thick smear technique. From a total of 978 participants screened, O. viverrini infection was found in 1.74%, the majority opf positive cases being male (6.62%), age group 51-60 years old (4.21%), educated at primary school (8.43%), occupied with agriculture (9.62%),having an income <4,000 baht per month (4.82%), and living in Khon Sawan district (8.43%). Participants had a high knowledge level (42.43%), good attitude level (34.76%), and fair level (38.04%). The present study indicates the O. viverrini infection rate is low, but elderly males with primary school education involved in agriculture are still frequently effected particularly in Khon Sawan district. Therefore, this risk group requires behavior modification and continued monitoring.