• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.409-419
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• 2002

연구배경 : 급성폐손상에서 표면활성물질의 치료효과는 허탈된 폐포를 재환기시키는 작용 외에 표면활성물질이 지닌 항염증효과도 기여하는 것으로 알려져있다. 표면활성물질의 항염증효과의 기전에 호중구의 아포토시스를 촉진하는 작용이 관련되어 있을 가능성이 있다. 본 연구에서는 사람의 말초혈액 호중구와 LPS로 급성폐손상을 유발한 흰쥐의 폐포내 호중구의 아포토시스에 대하여 표면활성물질이 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 생체외 실험에서는 자원자의 혈액에서 호중구를 분리하여 같은 수의 호중구 ($1{\times}10^6$)에 LPS(10, 100, 1000ng/ml), surfactant(10, 100, 1000${\mu}g$/ml), 그리고 LPS(1000ng/ml)와 표면활성물질(10, 100, 1000${\mu}g$/ml)을 혼합하여 투여하였다. 24 시간 배양한 후에 호중구의 아포토시스를 Annexin V 방법을 이용하여 분석하였다. 생체내 실험에서는 백서의 기관 내로 LPS(5mg/kg)를 투여하여 급성폐손상을 유발한 후에, 한 군은 표면활성물질(30mg/kg)을 다른 군은 생리식염수(5ml/kg)를 30 분 후에 기관 내로 투여하였다. LPS 투여 24 시간 후에 기관지폐포세척술을 시행하여 기관지폐포세척액을 얻었으며, 여기에서 호중구를 분리하여 Annexin V 방법으로 아포토시스를 측정하였다. 또한 LPS 투여 전과 23 시간 후에 one chamber body plethy smography를 이용하여 호흡역학(일호흡량, 호흡수, Penh)의 변화를 측정하였다. 결 과 : 생체외 실험에서 LPS 투여는 사람 말초혈액 호중구의 아포토시스를 억제하였다(대조군; $47.4{\pm}5.0%$, LPS 10ng/ml; $30{\pm}10.9%$, LPS 100ng/ml; $27.5{\pm}9.5%$, LPS 1000ng/ml; $24.4{\pm}7.7%$). 낮은 농도의 표면활성물질 투여는 LPS 투여에 의해 억제 되었던 호중구의 아포토시스를 촉진시켰다(LPS 1000ng/ml=Surf 10${\mu}g$/ml 1; $36.6{\pm}11.3%$, LPS 1000ng/ml+Surf 100${\mu}g$/ml 1; $41.3{\pm}11.2%$). 높은 농도의 표면활성물질($1,000{\mu}g/ml$) 투여는 그 자체도 호중구의 아포토시스를 억제할 뿐만 아니라($24.4{\pm}7.7%$) LPS의 항아포토시스 작용을 촉진하였다(LPS 1000ng/ml+Surf $1000{\mu}g/ml$; $19.8{\pm}5.4%$). 생체내 실혐에서 표면활성물질 투여는 생리식염수 투여에 비해서 급성폐손상을 받은 쥐에서 기관지 폐포세척액의 호중구의 아포토시스를 촉진하였다($6.03{\pm}3.36%$ vs $2.95{\pm}0.58%$). 표면활성물질을 투여한 백서는 생리식염수를 투여한 백서에 비해 LPS 자극 후 23 시간에 측정한 기도저항(Penh) 이 낮았다($2.64{\pm}0.69$ vs $4.51{\pm}2.24$, p<0.05). 결 론 : 이상의 결과로 표면활성은 사람의 말초혈액 호중구와 급성폐손상을 받은 백서의 기관지폐포세척액 내의 호중구의 아포토시스를 촉진하며, 이런 효과가 표면활성불질의 항염증효과의 기전 중 하나일 것으로 추측된다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.449-458
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• 2016

Detergency and surface active properties of mixed anionic surfactants with amphoteric and nonionic were investigated. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and ammonium dodecyl sulfate (ADS) as anionic surfactants and cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) as an amphoteric surfactant were used. Nonionic surfactants, which are butyl glucoside (BG), octyl glucoside (OG), decyl glucoside (DG), lauryl dimethylamine oxide (AO) and saponin were also used. To study the synergy effects of mixed SDS/ADS anionic surfactant systems, amphoteric and nonionic surfactants were added into the mixed anionic surfactants. Investigated properties of surfactant mixtures were critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension (${\gamma}$), wettability. In addition, based on these properties, detergency of each sample was examined. Surfactant mixtures are anionics (SDS/ADS), anionic/amphoteric/nonionic (SDS/ADS/CAPB/saponin), and anionic/nonionic (SDS/ADS/BG/saponin, SDS/ADS/OG/saponin, SDS/ADS/DG/saponin, and SDS/ADS/AO/saponin). With the addition of amphoteric and nonionic to mixed anionic surfactants, CMC and ${\gamma}$ were decreased. Addition of CAPB, which is amphoteric, showed the best property at CMC and ${\gamma}$. Furthermore, as the chain length of hydrocarbon in alkyl glucosides was increased, the CMC and ${\gamma}$ were enhanced. However, the wettability did not exactly match up with CMC and ${\gamma}$. The surfactant mixture, which contained DG, showed the best performance at wetting time. Detergency was measured at various temperatures ($15^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$). The cleaning performance was enhanced by increasing washing temperature. Moreover, detergency was influenced by not only CMC and ${\gamma}$ but also wettability. Although CMC and ${\gamma}$ were not minimum at surfactant mixture that included DG, the best cleaning performance showed in that sample.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.164-169
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• 2015

Nowadays blending ratio of OMG (old magazine) in recovered paper used for manufacturing newspaper have been increased. When large amount of OMG is consumed in newsprint mill, brightness can be improved by inorganic pigments of coating layer. On the other hand decrease in yield of deinking process will be encountered because the pigments can be removed as reject of froth flotation process. Therefore selection of the optimal deinking agent is an important. Non-ionic surfactant have been used widely in newsprint mill. Non-ionic surfactant has amphoteric characteristics. Hydrophilic group is ethylene and propylene oxide that can induce hydrogen bonding with water molecules. In this regard, cloud point is an important parameter in order to control efficiency of deinking process because hydration of the hydrophobic group can be varied according to temperature of a system. In this study, deinking properties of ONP at high blending ratio of OMG was analyzed according to cloud points of non-ionic surfactants. $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$, brightness and effective residual ink concentration did not affected by the change of cloud points. Especially, flotation reject decreased significantly according to increase in cloud point of the non-ionic surfactant. Consequently, when a nonionic surfactant having a cloud point higher than the temperature of the system is used, properties of the deinked pulp can be maintained and yield of deinking process can be improved.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.31-37
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• 1977

The effects of surfactants and concentration of NaOH in surfactant solution on the removal of free fatty acid soil from cotton fabrics were investigated. Cotton fabrics were soiled with palm itic acid which is the most common fatty acid found in natural oily soil and washed in Lauder-ometer with various types of surfactant with or without NaOH. The rate of soil removal was estimated by analyzing palmitic acid contents in fabric before ar d after washing. Analysis of palmitic contents was made by extracting palmitic acid with azeotropic mixture of alcohol-benzene and the extracts were titrated with standard NaOH solution. It was shown that the types of surfactant are important factor in free fatty acid removal and the efficiency increases in the following order: SLS$90\%$ of initial sorption. In relation to the mechanism of detergency, the suspending and emulsifying power of surfactants were also examined. From the results of this experiments, it could be concluded that the soap formation with alkali and the suspending power of surfactant arc significant factors in free fatty acid soil removal, but the emulsifying power of it is neglizible.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.44-50
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• 2009

Rigid polyurethane foams (PUF)s were synthesized with environmentally friendly blowing agents such as a cyclopentane/distilled water (10.0/1.0, pphp) mixture and distilled water only for four different silicone surfactants having different silicone/polyether ratios. An attempt was made to reduce the thermal conductivities of the PUF samples by varying the concentration and the silicone/polyether ratio of the various silicone surfactants. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results indicated an optimum concentration of the silicone surfactant of about 1.5 to 2.5 phpp for various surfactants to reduce the cell size and lower the thermal conductivity. The silicone surfactant having a higher silicone/polymer ratio showed a smaller cell size and, therefore, demonstrated the lower thermal conductivity of the PUF samples. From the relation between the thermal conductivity and the cell size of the PUF samples, the smaller cell size improved the thermal insulation property of the rigid PUF for both the PUF samples blown by the cyclopentane/distilled water (10.0/1.0, pphp) mixture and distilled water only. If the blowing agent is fixed, then the cell size is an important factor to decrease the thermal conductivity of the PUF samples. These results indicated that rigid PUF samples having lower thermal conductivity can be obtained by choosing a silicone surfactant containing a higher silicone/polyether ratio, as well as an optimum content of the surfactant.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2014

In this paper, the effects of a nonionic surfactant on the etch uniformity and the etch profile during the wet-etching process of high-purity aluminum were investigated for the fabrication of uniform micropattern arrays. To improve the surface roughness of a high-purity aluminum plate, a mechanical lapping process and an electrolytic polishing process were used. After electrolytic polishing process, the surface roughness, Ra, of the high-purity aluminum plate was improved from $1.25{\mu}m$ to $0.02{\mu}m$. A photoresist was used as an etching mask during the aluminum etching process, where the mixture of phosphoric acid, acetic acid, nitric acid, a nonionic surfactant and water was used as the aluminum etchant. Different amounts of the Triton X-100 nonionic surfactant were added to the aluminum etchant to investigate the effect of a nonionic surfactant during the wet-etching process of high-purity aluminum. The etch rate and the etch profile were measured by an optical interferometer and a scanning electron microscope.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.1310-1314
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• 2011

Sodium beta-alumina (SBA) nano-powders were synthesized by the citrate sol-gel process, and the effects of the cationic surfactant n-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactant (CTAB) were investigated. The structure and morphology of the nano-powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) techniques, respectively. The effects of CTAB on the citrate sol-gel process and the SBA formation were investigated by thermo gravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The conductivity of ceramic pellets of SBA was measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that the CTAB inhibited the agglomeration of SBA powders effectively and consequently decreased the crystallization temperature of SBA, about $150^{\circ}C$ lower than that of the sample without CTAB. The measured conductivity of SBA was $1.21{\times}10^{-2}S{\cdot}cm^{-1}$ at $300^{\circ}C$.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.867-873
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• 2006

Vertical falling liquid film is extensively used in heat and mass transfer processes of many applications, such as evaporative coolers, cooling towers, and absorption chillers. In such cases, it is required that the falling film spreads widely in the surface forming thin liquid film to enlarge contact surface. An addition of surface active agent to a falling liquid film or hydrophilic surface treatment affects the fluid physical properties of the film. Surfactant addition not only decreases contact angle between the liquid and solid surface but also changes the surface from hydrophobicity to hydrophilicity. In this study, the effects of contact angle on falling film characteristics over a vertical surface have been investigated experimentally. The contact angle is varied either by an addition of surfactant to the liquid or by hydrophilic surface treatment. It is found that the wetted area is increased and film thickness is decreased by the hydrophilic treatment as compared with those of other surfaces. With this hydrophilic treatment, the falling liquid film spreads out widely in the surface. As surfactant concentration is increased, wetted area is also increased and the film thickness is substantially decreased.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보디스플레이학회 2004년도 Asia Display / IMID 04
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• pp.1204-1207
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• 2004

The effects of surfactant on the electro-optic properties of holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal(HPDLC) have been studied hoping to increase the diffraction efficiency and to reduce the anchoring energy at interfaces. Octanoic acid(OA) was used as sulfactant. The 2,2,2 trifluoroethyl acrylate(TFEA) was added to the monomer mixture to enhance the phase separation and improve optical properties. The morphology of holographic gratings was examined using scanning electron microscopy(SEM). Addition of surfactant was likely to reduce the surface anchoring of the nematic droplet with the polymer surface which favors lowering of the swiching field and to improve the optical qualities.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.241-246
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• 1999

In this study, we consider the effect of nonionic surfactants on the rheological responses of emulsion systems under the action of a uniform do electric field. The model emulsions consist of a less conducting dispersed phase and a more conducting continuous phase. When the shear flow is weak, the positive viscosity effect is produced due to the formation of chain-like morphology. The nonionic surfactants used here generate two distinctively different effects. Specifically, first, the steric hindrance induced by the surfactant molecules renders the structure unstable, and thereby reduces the degree of positive viscosity effect. Secondly, the presence of surfactant molecules also prevents the rotation of the dispersed droplets by anchoring across the interface or by decreasing the size of dispersed phase. The second effect suppresses the negative viscosity effect.