• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.6151-6158
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• 2012

By the activation of environment-friendly river works, application of vegetation mats is increasing, however, evaluation techniques for hydraulic stability of vegetation mats are not presented. This study is conducted to develop the objective test method for vegetation mats. Two kind of vegetation mats are tested by the real scale experiments, and hydraulic quantities are measured and analyzed to evaluate acting shear stresses. Roughness and shear stress are evaluated by 1 D non-uniform model. After each tests, changes in mat surfaces and sub-soil are evaluated, and from these evaluation, 3 types of mat surface damages and 2 types of sub-soil damages are presented. In the study, the case in which some damages in mat surface don't cause loss of sub-soil, is presented to be in the stable condition. Appling this stable condition and acting shear stresses, permissible shear stresses of vegetation mats are evaluated, and the results show that the reinforced mat with wire netting has more permissible shear stress.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2000

$Zn_{x}Fe_{3-x}O_{4}(0.00.<X<0.08)$ was synthesized by air oxidation method for the decomposition of carbon dioxide. We investigated the characteristics of catalyst, the form of methane by gas chromatograph after decomposition of carbon dioxide and kinetic parameter. $Zn_{x}Fe_{3-x}O_{4}(0.00.<X<0.08)$ was spinel type structure. The surface areas of catalysts($Zn_{x{Fe_{3-x}O_{4}(0.00.<X<0.08)$) were $15{\sim}27$ $m^{2}/g$. The shape of $Zn_{0.003}Fe_{2.997}O_{4}$ was sphere. The optimum temperature for the decomposition of carbon dioxide into carbon was $350^{\circ}C$. $Zn_{0.003}Fe_{2.997}O_{4}$ showed the 85% decomposition rate of carbon dioxide and the degree of reduction by hydrogen(${\delta}$) of $Zn_{0.003}Fe_{2.997}O_{4}$ was 0.32. At $350^{\circ}C$, the reaction rate constant and activation energy of $Zn_{0.003}Fe_{2.997}O_{3.68}$ for the decomposition of carbon dioxide into carbon were 3.10 $psi^{1-{\alpha}}/min$ and 0.98 kcal/mole respectively. After the carbon dioxide was decomposed, the carbon which was absorbed on the catalyst surface was reacted with hydrogen and it became methane.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2003

The effect of fluorination of nanoscaled silicas on mechanical interfacial properties and thermal stabilities of the silica/polyurethane composites was investigated. The surface properties of the silica were studied in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. Their mechanical interfacial properties and thermal stabilities of the composites were characterized by tearing energy and decomposition activation energy, respectively. As experimental results, the London dispersive component of surface free energy and fluorine functional groups of silica surfaces were increased as a function of fluorination temperature resulting in improving the trearing energy ($G_{IIIC}$) of the composites. Also, the thermal stabilities of the composites were increased as the treatment temperature increases. These results could be explained that the fluorine functional groups on silica surfaces played an important role in improving the intermolecular interactions at interfaces between silicas and polyurethane matrix in a composite system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.181-190
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• 1994

Various active carbons were made from plant sources of coconut shell, pine tree, oak tree and lignite coal. Pore characteristics of these adsorbents were investigated. 1, With increasing activation time, specific surface area and pore volume increased, but the development of micropores was limited at a certain level. The average pore diameter, by BET, of coconut active carbon was 15.5-21.8$\AA$ and that of lignite carbon was 15.6-31.3$\AA$. The pore diameters of silica-gel, sepiolite and zeolite was 30.9$\AA$, 58.6$\AA$ and 55.7$\AA$, respectively. 2. The Horvath - Kawazoe micropore diameter of coconut shell active carbon was under 10.5$\AA$ and that of the other active carbon was under 20.9$\AA$ but silica-gel 33$\AA$, sepiolite 103 $\AA$ and zeolite was unexpectedly large to be 175$\AA$. From the difference between BET micropore diameter and Howath - Kawazoe diameter, it could be said that silica - gel has comparatively uniform pore diameter but sepiolite and zeolite have very uneven diameter. 3. Total pore volume of coconut shell active carbon was 0.27-1.04 cm3/g but that of the other active carbon, 0.23-0.62 cm3/g, was much lower than that of coconut shell active carbon. Hydrophilic adsorbent silica - gel and sepiolite showed big difference in specific surface area, but pore volumes of these were 0.47 and 0.56 cm3/g showing similar value and micropore volumes of these were, respectively, 0.06 cm3/g and 0.04 cm3/g. Total pore volume of zeolite was 0.1 cm3/g and that of micropore was only 0.02 cm3/g.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.283-289
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• 2003

The effect on kidney, gill, and hepatopancreas of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus were investigated by histological method under limit concentration of effulent of PCBs for 60 days. The free surface of epithelial cell layer in the renal tubules of kidney showed a strong positive reaction in alcian blue during all exposure period. There were also observed swelling of hemocyte in glomerulus and macrophage. At 60 days after exposure, epithelium of the renal tubules was fused and some of organism $(20\%)$ showed damage of glomerulus and eosinophlic cell in epithelium of the renal tubules. The phenomena such as the activation and increase of the chloride cell, and swelling of hemocyte in the capillary of gill were observed during all exposure period. At 60 days after exposure, swelling of the gill filament and mucous cell appeared in gill and some of organism $(30\%)$ showed swelling of the gill lamellar. Swelling of hemocyte in the capillary of hepatopancreas was observed and the free surface of epithelial layer of the bile duct showed positive reaction in alcian blue during all exposure period. Degenerated zymogen in the pancreas and swelling of the hepatocyte were occurred at 60 days after exposure.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2011

By studying the portions and layers(分部), left and right, superior and inferior, location of yin and yang, and beginning and end of diseases of skin, which is the core point of the theory of cutaneous region(皮部論) in "Naejing(內經)", in the physiological and pathological perspective, based on opinion of historic memorial doctors, arrived to the conclusion as below. Cutaneous region means not only the distribution of three yin and three yang(三陰三陽) of the surface, but also inside and outside, shallowness and depth, and it is the system which unites meridians, networks, and vessels. It is divided into portions and layers. The origin and beginning of diseases and the rule of favorable pattern and unfavorable pattern can be known through it. The portion of skin is not only the area that meridian vessels belongs to skin, but also the area that activation of twelve meridian vessels are expressed in the surface. The layer of skin is consisted in order of skin-tertiary collateral vessel-collateral vessel-meridian vessel-bone. In "Naejing", there are two preconditions to divide three yin and three yang into yin and yang. The first is standing while looking the south, and second is the quotation "outside is side of yang(外者爲陽 內者爲陰)." According to this preconditions, yang of outside of yang brightness, lesser yang, and greater yang is the whole body, except inside of hand and foot which yin of lesser yin, pericardium, and greater yin. Superior and inferior of the portions and the layers is designated as hand and foot, theological basis of which superior and inferior work in same diagnostic method can be found in the root and the basis(標本) and the origin and the insertion(根結). In conclusion, cutaneous region not only manages layer of the skin, but also it is divided into layers and portions, so it has close relations between meridian vessels and collateral vessels. The in-depth study of cutaneous region and meridians should be progress, in order to practice of diagnosis and acupuncture and moxibustion more.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 2012

This present study investigated the effects of the abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) and chin tuck (CT) on middle thoracic erector spinae, lower thoracic erector spinae, and lumbar erector spinae muscle activity during three prone thoracic extension (PTE) exercises. Twelve healthy subjects performed preferred PTE, ADIM PTE, and ADIM-CT PTE. Surface electromyography was used to collect data on the muscle activity of dominant middle and lower thoracic erector spinae muscles and the lumbar erector spinae. Middle and lower thoracic erector spinae muscle activity significantly increased when ADIM and CT was performed (p<.05). However, lumbar erector spinae muscle activity significantly decreased in ADIM PTE compared to preferred PTE (p=.017) and significantly increased in ADIM-CT PTE compared to ADIM PTE (p=.004). In conclusion, ADIM-CT PTE effectively increased middle and lower thoracic erector spinae muscle activity, and ADIM PTE decreased lumbar erector spinae muscle activity. Hence, ADIM PTE could be a recommended exercise maneuver to strengthen thoracic erector spinae without over activation of lumbar erector spinae.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.139-145
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• 2015

Capacitive deionization (CDI) process is a novel approach for desalination of an aqueous salt solution. In the present study, an activated carbon cloth (ACC) is proposed as effective electrode material. Initially the carbon cloth was activated in 1 M and 8 M HNO₃ for 9 hours at room temperature. The untreated and chemically activated carbon cloth (ACC) electrode materials were subjected to BET surface area measurements in order to get information about their specific surface area, average pore size, total pore volume and micropore area. The above materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) also. The electrochemical studies for the electrodes were done using cyclic voltammetry (CV) in 0.1 M Na₂SO₄ medium. From the studies, it was found that resistivity of the activated carbon cloth electrodes (treated in 1 M and 8 M HNO₃) was decreased significantly by the chemical oxidation in nitric acid at room temperature and its capacitance was found to be 90 F/g (1 M HNO₃) and 154 F/g (8 M HNO₃) respectively in 0.1 M Na₂SO₄ solution. The capacitive deionization behavior of a single cell CDI with activated carbon cloth electrodes was also studied and reported in this work.

• BMB Reports
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.83-88
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• 1998

Recently a B cell surface molecule, CD40, has emerged as a receptor mediating a co-stimulatory signal for B cell proliferation and differentiation. To investigate the mechanism of synergy between interleukin-4 (IL-4) and CD40 ligation in B cell activation, we have examined the effect of CE40 cross-linking on the IL-4 receptor expression in human B cells using anti-CE40 antibody. We observed that IL-4 and anti-CD40 both induce IL-4 receptor gene expression with a rapid kinetics resulting in a noticeable accumulation of IL-4 receptor mRNA within 4 h. While IL-4 caused a dose-dependent induction of surface IL-4 receptor expression, the inclusion of anti-CD40 in the IL-4-treated culture, further up-regulated the IL-4-induced IL-4 receptor expression as analyzed by flow cytometry. Pretreatment of B cells with inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) resulted in a significant inhibition of both the IL-4- and anti-CD40-induced IL-4 receptor mRNA levels, while protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors had no effects. These results suggest that IL-4 and CD40 ligation generate B cell signals, which via PTK-dependent pathways, lead to the synergistic induction of IL-4 receptor gene expression. The rapid induction of IL-4 receptor gene expression through the tyrosine kinase-mediated signal transduction by B cell activating stimuli, would provide cells capacity for an efficient response to IL-4 in the early phase of IL-4 action, and may in part constitute the molecular basis of the reported anti-CD40 co-stimulatory effect on the IL-4-induced response.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.122-131
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• 2017

Remotely sensed satellite data is easier to collect and better to represent local phenomenon than a site data. So they can contribute to the activation and development of many research. However, it is necessary to improve spatial resolution suitable for application in the area of complex topography such as the Korean Peninsula. In this study, finer resolution Land Surface Temperature (LST) was downscaled from 4 km to 500 m by combining GOCI with MI data of Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite (COMS). It was then statistically analyzed with LST data observed from the ASOS sites to validate its applicability. As a result, it was found that the errors decreased and correlation increased at the most validation sites, also the spatial distribution analysis showed a similar tendency but it expressed the complicated terrain better. This study suggests possibility of expanding the application range of COMS by producing finer resolution data available in various studies.