• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.923-932
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine parameters of surface cover materials and evaluation the effects on runoff and sediment reductions with rice straw mat with PAM at watershed scale using the SWAT model. In this study, 1) regression equation of CN for rice straw mat + PAM using SCS curve number method was developed, 2) the USLE P factor, being able to reflect simulation of rice straw mat + PAM in the agricultural field, was estimated for various slope scenarios with VFSMOD-w. Then regression equation for CN and USLE P factor were used as input data in the SWAT model. Assuming rice straw mat + PAM is applied to radish and potato fields, occupying 24% of agricultural fields at the study watershed. Result of direct runoff without rice straw mat + PAM was $65,964,368\;m^3,$ with rice straw mat + PAM, direct runoff was $65,637,336\;m^3$, $327,031.8\;m^3$ reductions compared without it. Also, result of sediment without rice straw mat + PAM was 163,531 ton, with rice straw mat + PAM, sediment was 84,779 ton, 78,752 ton reduction compared without it. This analysis showed that about 48% sediment reductions would be expected with rice straw mat + PAM. As shown in this study, rice straw mat + PAM would be used as an efficient site-specific BMPs to reduce runoff and sediment discharge from field.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.411-423
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• 2018

To investigate the distribution characteristics of grain size and organic matter of surface sediments from the Nakdong-Goryeong Mid-watershed, surface sediments were collected and analyzed. The samples were collected from six sited at four different times between May 2013 and May 2014. The were analyzed for grain size, water content, ignition loss, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon and total nitrogen. The surface sediments were mainly composed of medium sand (mean 44.7%) and coarse sand (mean 32.8%) and became coarser in May 2014. Fine sediments at the site NG-2 were poorly sorted and positively skewed, and occur in a tributary environment that is relatively low-energy compared with the other sites. The water content at the studied sites (15.3 ~ 34.9%) averaged 20.25%, and ignition loss (0.4 ~ 5.8%) and total nitrogen (274 ~ 2493 mg/kg) averaged 1.33% and, 696 mg/kg, respectively. These values indicated that the sediments were not seriously contaminated when compared with the sediment pollution evaluation standard of the National Institute of Environmental Research. The chemical oxygen demand (mean 0.17%) was at the non-polluted level compared with United States Environmental Protection Agency sediment quality standards. The total organic carbon (mean 0.18%) at all sites except site NG-2 (lowest effect level) was the no effect level of the Ontario sediment quality guidelines. The COD/IL (0.02 ~ 0.20) and C/N (0.73 ~ 6.76) were less than 1 and 10, respectively. Organic matter in the study area produced naturally from aquatic organisms. Results of principal component analysis showed that fine sediments (very fine sand and silt) were significantly affected by organic matters (ignition loss, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon and total nitrogen). In addition, the highest organic matters content in the study area occurred at the site with the finest sediments (NG-2).

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.680-687
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• 1999

남해 대륙붕 퇴적물에서 인의 생지화학적 순환을 이해하기 위해 남해에서 채취한 14개 퇴적물 주상시료에 포함된 인의 형태와 공극수를 분석하였다. 건조시킨 퇴적물에서 순차추출을 통해 5 가지 상의 인을 정량화하였다: 1) 약하게 결합되었거나 교환 가능한 인, 2) 철 광물-인, 3) 자생광물-인, 4) 쇄설성 무기인 5) 잔류 유기인. 총 인의 함량은 공극수로 인을 용출시킨 결과로 퇴적물 깊이에 따라 감소하였다. 반응성 인은 총 인의 $20\~50\%$를 차지하며, 철광물-인이 반응성 인의 $70\~80\%$를 차지하여 가장 중요한 상으로 나타났다. 철 광물-인은 퇴적물의 깊이에 따라 감소하였다. 공극수에 용존된 인은 철 광물-인과 거울상으로 대비되어 철 광물이 해수로 되돌려지는 인의 양을 제한하는 인자로 드러났다. 자생광물-인은 총 인의 $5\%$ 미만으로 가장 적은 양을 차지하여 해수로 공급된 반응성 인을 퇴적물로 제거하는 데 크게 기여하지 못하였다. 이것은 대륙붕 퇴적물이 반응성 인을 잠시 보관하고 있지 영구히 제거하고 있지 못함을 의미한다. 분석결과는 해역간에 차이를 보였다. 낙동강 하구역 정점은 육지에서 공급이 많은 까닭에 총 인과 반응성 인을 가장 많이 함유하고 있었다. 이곳에서 퇴적물 표층에 있는 수산화철은 인이 해수로 공급되는 양을 조절하는 것으로 판단된다. 남해 연안역과 동중국해의 표층퇴적물에 포함된 총 인의 농도는 500$\~$600 ${\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$ dry-sediment로 비슷한 수준이었다. 남해 연안역에서는 동중국해역에 비해 철 광물-인을 많이 함유한 대신 쇄설성 무기인의 함량이 적었다. 이러한 차이는 퇴적입자의 물리특성과 생물생산력이 다름에서 비롯될 것으로 예상되는데 이 두 요인은 육지에서 떨어진 거리에 지배될 것으로 예상된다.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.30-39
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• 2004

해상 어류가두리 양식장이 주변 환경에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 2003년 8월에 경남 통영시 미륵도에 설치된 해상 어류가두리양식장에서 거리를 증가시키면서 퇴적물로 유입되는 입자물질의 침강 플럭스, 퇴적물 내 유기탄소의 수직분포, 퇴적물의 산소소모율, 저서동물의 군집을 분석하였다. 입자 유기물 침강 플럭스, 표층 퇴적물의 유기탄소 농도 및 퇴적물의 산소소모율은 가두리에서 멀어질수록 점차 감소하는 양상을 보여 가두리양식장에서 유출된 유기물이 주변으로 확산되는 것을 나타냈다. 저서동물 중 다모류인 Tharyx multifilis, Lumbrineris longifolia, Siganlbra tentaculata, Capitella capitata가 전체 군집에 88%를 차지하여 우점하였으며, 특히 오염지표종인 Capitella cupitata는 반경 5 m이내에서만 출현하였다. 퇴적물의 산소소모율 및 저서동물의 군집을 이용하여 추정한 유기물의 오염 영향권이 잘 일치하여 가두리양식장을 중심으로 반경 10 m내외에 유기물이 집중적으로 퇴적되고 있으며 최소한 50 m까지 영향을 주는 것으로 파악되었다. 가두리양식장에서 퇴적물로 유입되는 유기탄소 플럭스는 2.14 g C m$^{-2}$ day$^{-1}$으로 가두리양식장에서 50 m떨어진 지점에 비해 약 2배 정도 큰 수치였다. 또한 유입된 유기물 중 약 50%(1.07 g C m$^{-2}$ day$^{-1}$)가 상부층에서 분해되었다. 반면 50 m 저점에서는 유입된 유기탄소 중 30%(0.30 g C m$^{-2}$ day$^{-1}$)가 재순환되며 나머지 70%는 퇴적되는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.123-133
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• 1993

Shingal reservoir is a relatively small (211ha) and shallow impoundment, and approximately 25 ha of its sediment is exposed after spring drawdown. At least 14 vascular p13n1 species germinate on the exposed sediment, but Persimria vulgaris Webb et Moq. quickly dominates the vegetation. In order to estimate the role of the vegetation in the dynamics of heavy metal pollutants in the reservoir, Cu concentration of water, fallout particles, exposed sediment, and tissues of p. vulgaris, Ivas analyzed. Cu content in reservoir water decreased from $13.10mg/m^2$ on May 15 (before dralvdown) to $3.08mg/m^2$ in June 1 (after drawdown), mainly due to the loiwering of water level. Average atmospheric deposition of Cu by fallout particles was $10.84 {\mu}g/m^2/day$. Cu content in the surface 15cm of exposed sediment decreased from $5.094g1m^2$ right after drawdown, to $0.530g/m^2$ in 41 days, which is a 89.6% decrease. Therefore up to 99.7% of Cu in the reservoir appears to exist in the sediment. only 0.3% in water If the rate of atmospheric Input by fallout particles is assumed to have been the same since 1958, when the reservoir was completed, cumulative input of Cu during the 38 years would have been $150.35mg/m^2$, which is only 3.0% of Cu content in sediment right after drawdown. Therefore, most of Cu in the Shingal reservoir must have been transported by the Shingal-chun flowing into the reservoir, Standing crop of vegetation on the exposed sediment 41 days after drawdown was $730.67g/m^2$, of which 630.91g/m2 was p. vulgaris alone, and Cu content in P vulgaris at this time was $6.612mg/m^2$. This was only 0.13% of Cu in the exposed sediment, but was 50.5% of Cu in water before drawdown, or 167% of the average annual input of Cu by atmospheric deposition. If other plants were assumed to absorb Cu to the same concentration as p. vulgaris, total amount of Cu absorbed in 41 days by vegetation on the exposed sediment is estimated to be 1913.3 g, which is a considerable contribution to the purification of the reservoir water.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.29-29
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• 1993

Shingal reservoir is a relatively small (211ha) and shallow impoundment, and approximately 25 ha of its sediment is exposed after spring drawdown. At least 14 vascular p13n1 species germinate on the exposed sediment, but Persimria vulgaris Webb et Moq. quickly dominates the vegetation. In order to estimate the role of the vegetation in the dynamics of heavy metal pollutants in the reservoir, Cu concentration of water, fallout particles, exposed sediment, and tissues of p. vulgaris, Ivas analyzed. Cu content in reservoir water decreased from $13.10mg/m^2$ on May 15 (before dralvdown) to $3.08mg/m^2$ in June 1 (after drawdown), mainly due to the loiwering of water level. Average atmospheric deposition of Cu by fallout particles was $10.84 {\mu}g/m^2/day$. Cu content in the surface 15cm of exposed sediment decreased from $5.094g1m^2$ right after drawdown, to $0.530g/m^2$ in 41 days, which is a 89.6% decrease. Therefore up to 99.7% of Cu in the reservoir appears to exist in the sediment. only 0.3% in water If the rate of atmospheric Input by fallout particles is assumed to have been the same since 1958, when the reservoir was completed, cumulative input of Cu during the 38 years would have been $150.35mg/m^2$, which is only 3.0% of Cu content in sediment right after drawdown. Therefore, most of Cu in the Shingal reservoir must have been transported by the Shingal-chun flowing into the reservoir, Standing crop of vegetation on the exposed sediment 41 days after drawdown was $730.67g/m^2$, of which 630.91g/m2 was p. vulgaris alone, and Cu content in P vulgaris at this time was $6.612mg/m^2$. This was only 0.13% of Cu in the exposed sediment, but was 50.5% of Cu in water before drawdown, or 167% of the average annual input of Cu by atmospheric deposition. If other plants were assumed to absorb Cu to the same concentration as p. vulgaris, total amount of Cu absorbed in 41 days by vegetation on the exposed sediment is estimated to be 1913.3 g, which is a considerable contribution to the purification of the reservoir water.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.596-604
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• 2019

본 연구는 퇴적물이 소모하는 산소량(SOD)과 환경 인자가 서로 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 퇴적물 배양실험을 수행하였다. 이를 위해 실험실에서 용출 반응조를 설치하여 20일간 배양하였으며, 퇴적물에 존재하는 물질 중 P 및 Fe와의 관계를 중점적으로 연구하였다. 분석 결과, 수층의 용존 산소는 시간의 경과에 따라 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으며, 퇴적물의 산화환원전위 또한 음의 방향으로 진행되어 혐기적 환원환경이 조성되었다. 퇴적물 산소요구량(SOD)은 배양 초기 0.05mg/g로 측정되었으며, 20일차 0.09mg/g으로 퇴적물이 소모하는 산소량이 증가하는 경향을 관찰하였다. 이는 chl-a의 증가로 퇴적물 표층에 축적된 유기물의 분해에 의한 산소 소모(Biological-SOD), 그리고 환원반응에 의해 생성된 금속 환원물이 재산화 할 경우 소모되는 산소(Chemical-SOD)에 의한 것으로 보인다. 퇴적물에서 추출한 존재형태별 인과 SOD의 상관관계를 살펴보면 Ex-P, Org-P의 경우 양의 상관관계, Fe-P의 경우 음의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 또한, 실험 20일차 퇴적물의 미생물 군집을 분석한 결과 혐기성 철 환원균(FeRB)이 우점종으로 검출되었다. 따라서, 철 산화물과 결합한 인산염이 환원반응에 의해 분리될 경우 인산염은 수중으로 용출되어 일차생산력을 증가시키며, 환원물은 재산화 하여 퇴적물 산소 소모량에 기여하므로 본 연구는 산소 수지의 개선을 위한 기초 자료로 이용될 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.64-70
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• 1998

Forty sediment samples from Kyeonggi Bay, Korea were analyzed for butyltins, including tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT), and monobutyltin (MBT) to determine their distribution and source in this area. Total butyltin concentrations in Kyeonggi Bay sediments ranged from 0.8 to 297 ng/g dry wt. with a mean value of 38 ng/g. The highest butyltin concentration was found in the innermost site in Incheon Harbor basin. The mouth of Han River had higher butyltin levels in sediments compared to open ocean. Butyltin levels correlated well with organic carbon content of sediment, but the major factor was the distance from the source area where antifouling paints were used for vessels and marine structures. Butyltin concentrations in the study area were lower than those reported for bays in other parts of the world. Considering the high toxic potential and sediment/water partition coefficient of TBT, further studies are needed to assess its biological effect in the marine ecosystem of Kyeonggi Bay.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농공학회 2001년도 학술발표회 발표논문집
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• pp.45-50
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to estimate of soil loss form hillslope using WEPP(Water Erosion Prediction Project) model. WEPP model was developed for predicting soil erosion and deposition, fundamentally based on soil erosion prediction technology. The model for predicting sediment yields from single storms was applied to a tested watershed. Surface runoff is calculated by kinematic wave equation and infiltration is based on the Green and Ampt equation. Governing equations for sediment continuity, detachment, deposition, shear stress in rills, and transport capacity are presented. Tested watershed has an area of 0.6ha, where the runoff and sediment data were collected. The relative error between predicted and measured runoff was $-16.6{\sim}2.2%$, peak runoff was $-15.6{\sim}2.2%$ and soil loss was $-23.9{\sim}356.5%$.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권12호
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• pp.1299-1305
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• 2002

Thirty sediment samples of the <63${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ fraction collected from the southwestern coast of Korea were analysed for their heavy metal (Fe, Mn, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn and Pb) concentration. The results show that sediment texture plays a controlling role on the total metal concentrations and their spatial distribution. A single lM HCl extraction procedure was used in order to assess the environmental risk of heavy metals in bottom sediments. The non-residual fraction was the most abundant pool for Mn and Pb in most samples, which means that this metals are highly avaliable in these sediments. Cr, Ni, Fe, Co, Zn and Cu were mainly associated with the residual fraction, suggesting that their concentrations are controlled significantly by transport processes with the fine particles as carriers from diffuse pollution source. Concentration enrichment ratios(CER) were calculated from the non-residual contents and their values allowed us to classify the sediments according to their environmental risk.