• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.65-78
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• 2008

This study compares the relative accuracy and consistency of four split-window land surface temperature (LST) algorithms (Becker and Li, Kerr et ai., Price, Ulivieri et al.) using 24 sets of Terra (Aqua)/Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, observed ground grass temperature and air temperature over South Korea. The effective spectral emissivities of two thermal infrared bands have been retrieved by vegetation coverage method using the normalized difference vegetation index. The intercomparison results among the four LST algorithms show that the three algorithms (Becker-Li, Price, and Ulivieri et al.) show very similar performances. The LST estimated by the Becker and Li's algorithm is the highest, whereas that by the Kerr et al.'s algorithm is the lowest without regard to the geographic locations and seasons. The performance of four LST algorithms is significantly better during cold season (night) than warm season (day). And the LST derived from Terra/MODIS is closer to the observed LST than that of Aqua/MODIS. In general, the performances of Becker-Li and Ulivieri et al algorithms are systematically better than the others without regard to the day/night, seasons, and satellites. And the root mean square error and bias of Ulivieri et al. algorithm are consistently less than that of Becker-Li for the four seasons.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.241-249
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the volume, amount, and localization of root resorption in the maxillary first premolars using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) after expansion with four different rapid maxillary expansion (RME) appliances. Methods: In total, 20 patients who required RME and extraction of the maxillary first premolars were recruited for this study. The patients were divided into four groups according to the appliance used: mini-implant-supported hybrid RME appliance, hyrax RME appliance, acrylic-bonded RME appliance, and full-coverage RME appliance. The same activation protocol (one activation daily) was implemented in all groups. For each group, the left and right maxillary first premolars were scanned using micro-CT, and each root were divided into six regions. Resorption craters in the six regions were analyzed using special CTAn software for direct volumetric measurements. Data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance and Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni adjustment. Results: The hybrid expansion appliance resulted in the lowest volume of root resorption and the smallest number of craters (p < 0.001). In terms of overall root resorption, no significant difference was found among the other groups (p > 0.05). Resorption was greater on the buccal surface than on the lingual surface in all groups except the hybrid appliance group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that all expansion appliances cause root resorption, with resorption craters generally concentrated on the buccal surface. However, the mini-implant-supported hybrid RME appliance causes lesser root resorption than do other conventional appliances.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.363-368
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• 2010

N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)1-1' biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (TPD) hole-transporting layers were deposited using a continuous slot-die coating method on ITO/PET flexible substrates. It is crucial that the substrates have a very smooth surface with a RMS roughness of less than 2 nm for the deposition of semiconductor nanocrystals or Quantum Dots. The parameters of the slot-die coating, including the solution concentration of the TPD, the gap between the slot-die and the substrates, and the coating speed were controlled in these experiments. To obtain full coverage of the TPD films on the ITO/PET substrates (40 mm wide and several meters long), the injection rates of the TPD solution were increased proportional to the coating speed of the flexible substrates. Additionally, the injection rates must be increased as the gap distance changes from 400 to 600 ${\mu}m$ at the same coating speed. A RMS surface roughness of less than 2 nm was obtained, in contrast to bare ITO/PET substrates, at 13 nm, as the coating speed and gap distance increased.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.197-205
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• 2001

Platelet adhesion onto elastic polymeric biomaterials was tested in vitro by perfusing human whole blood at a shear rate of 100 sec$\^$-1/ for possible verification of mechanisms of initial platelet adhesion perfusion of blood on the polymeric substrates was performed after treatments either with or without pre-adsorption of 1% blood plasma, and either with or without residence of the protein-preadsorbed substrate in phosphate buffered solution. The surfaces employed were elastic polymers such as poly(ether urethane urea), poly(ether urethane), silicone urethane copolymer, silicone rubber and poly(ether urethane) with the anti-calcifying agent hydroxyethane bisphosphate. Each polymer surface treated was exposed in vitro to the dynamic, heparinized whole blood perfused for upto 6 min and the surface area of platelets initially adhered was measured by employing in situ epifluorescence video microscopy. The blood perfusion was performed on the surfaces treated at the following three different conditions: directly on the bare surfaces, after protein pre-adsorption and after residence in buffer for 3 days of the surfaces protein pre-adsorbed for 2 h. The effects of blood plasma pre-adsorption on the initial platelet adhesion was surface-dependent. The amount of the adsorbed fibrinogen and the surface coverage area of the adhered platelets were dependent on the surface conditions whether substrates were bare surfaces or protein pre-adsorbed ones. To test an effect of possible morphological (re)orientations of the adsorbed proteins on the initial platelet adhesion, the polymeric substrate pre-adsorbed with 1% blood plasma was immersed in phosphate buffered solution for 3 days and then exposed to physiological blood perfusion. The surface area of the platelets adhered on these surfaces was significantly different from that of the surfaces treated with protein pre-adsorption only. These results indicated that platelet adhesion was dependent on the surface property itself and pre-treatment conditions such as blood perfusion without any pre-adsorption of proteins, and blood perfusion either after protein pre-adsorption or after subsequent substrate residence in buffer of the substrate pre-adsorbed with proteins. Understanding of these results may guide for better designs of blood-contacting materials based on protein behaviors.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제98권4호
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• pp.458-463
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• 2009

산불 발생 후 시간경과에 따른 표면유출수량의 변화과정 및 환경인자와의 관계를 비피해지와 비교분석한 결과 산불피해지가 비피해지에 비해 산불 발생 당해연도인 1996년도에는 1.72배, 산불발생 후 1년이 경과한 1997년도에는 1.44배, 5년이 경과한 2001년도에는 1.38배, 10년이 경과한 2006년도에는 1.16배 정도 많은 표면유출수량을 보여 산불발생 후 10년이 경과하면 산불피해지의 표면유출수량은 비피해지와 거의 같은 수준으로 회복이 이루어지는 것으로 조사되었다. 산불피해지 및 비피해지의 표면유출수량은 단위강우횟수, 누적강우횟수, 단위강우량 등 강우인자에 직접적인 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.653-662
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• 2011

Land surface temperature (LST) is a one of the key variables of land surface which can be estimated from geostationary meteorological satellite. In this study, we have developed the three sets of LST retrieval algorithm from MTSAT-2 data through the radiative transfer simulations under various atmospheric profiles (TIGR data), satellite zenith angle, spectral emissivity, and surface lapse rate conditions using MODTRAN 4. The three LST algorithms are daytime, nighttime and total LST algorithms. The weighting method based on the solar zenith angle is developed for the consistent retrieval of LST at the early morning and evening time. The spectral emissivity of two thermal infrared channels is estimated by using vegetation coverage method with land cover map and 15-day normalized vegetation index data. In general, the three LST algorithms well estimated the LST without regard to the satellite zenith angle, water vapour amount, and surface lapse rate. However, the daytime LST algorithm shows a large bias especially for the warm LST (> 300 K) at day time conditions. The night LST algorithm shows a relatively large error for the LST (260 ~ 280K) at the night time conditions. The sensitivity analysis showed that the performance of weighting method is clearly improved regardless of the impacting conditions although the improvements of the weighted LST compared to the total LST are quite different according to the atmospheric and surface lapse rate conditions. The validation results of daytime (nighttime) LST with MODIS LST showed that the correlation coefficients, bias and RMSE are about 0.62~0.93 (0.44~0.83), -1.47~1.53 (-1.80~0.17), and 2.25~4.77 (2.15~4.27), respectively. However, the performance of daytime/nighttime LST algorithms is slightly degraded compared to that of the total LST algorithm.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.49-54
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• 2011

Curtain coating has been considered as the best coating technology because it is a coating technology that forms contour coating layer with better coverage. To increase the curtain stability surfactants are being used. In this study, the effect of a surfactant on the stability of curtain coating colors was examined by evaluating dynamic surface tension with a bubble surface tensiometer. Di-2-ethylhexyl sodium sulfosuccinate was used as a surfactant since it showed low dynamic surface tension at low surface age. And we evaluated the influence of surfactant on coating color properties including surface tension, viscosity and curtain stability. The surface tension of coating color was decreased when surfactant addition was increased up to 0.5 pph, but it was leveled off at 0.3 pph of surfactant addition. With the increase of surfactant addition rate, viscosity of coating color were increased. Micelles formed by surfactant contributed to the increase of the viscosity. Curtain stability was improved with the addition of surfactant until it reached up to 0.5 pph. Excessive addition of surfactant (> 0.5 pph) didn't improve curtain stability. This was attributed to Marangoni effect(self-healing) and decreasing of curtain thickness.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제90권6호
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• pp.683-691
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• 2001

산림의 수원함양기능 지표로서 표층토양에서의 조공극률(組孔隙率)(pF2.7)에 영향하는 인자를 밝히기 위해 1995년 3월부터 10월까지 전국의 활엽수림 표본조사구를 대상으로 입지, 토양, 임분환경인자 등 총 24종에 대하여 spss/pc+를 이용하여 상관 분석하였다. 표층토양에서의 조공극률에 영향을 미치는 인자는 B층 토양에서의 조공극률, 하층식생 피복도, 표층 토양의 유기물함량비, F층 두께 등 4개 인자가 유의한 정(正)의 상관관계를, 표층토양의 견밀도, 10cm 깊이의 토양견밀도가 각각 5%, 1% 수준에서 유의한 부(負)의 상관관계를 나타내었다. Stepwise를 이용한 다중회귀분석결과 산림의 수원함양기능 증대에 영향하는 표층토양에서의 조공극률에 영향하는 인자는 B층 토양에서의 조공극률, 유기물함량비 등 2개 인자이었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제82권4호
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• pp.354-365
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• 1993

일반적으로 시공후(施工後) 방치되고 있는 임도(林道)의 성토사면(盛土斜面)에 있어서 물리적(物理的) 고정(固定)과 목본(木本)의 자연침입(自然侵入)에 의한 사면(斜面) 안정(安定)에 대한 기초자료의 제공을 목적으로 현지조사(現地調査)를 실시하였으며, 성토사면(盛土斜面)의 사면(斜面)길이, 사면(斜面)물매 및 시공후(施工後) 경과년수(經過年數)에 따른 목본(木本)의 자연침입율(自然侵入率)에 대하여 비교(比較), 분석(分析)하였다. 또한 이를 기초로 수관투영면적(樹冠投影面積)에 의한 목본침입율(木本侵入率)을 구하였으며, 이를 사면(斜面)길이, 사면(斜面)물매 및 임도개설후(林道開設後) 경과년수(經過年數)와 대비(對比)하여 보았다. 1. 경기도(京畿道)와 강원도(江原道) 일원에 시공(施工)된 7개 노선(路線)(경기도(京畿道) 가평군(加平郡)의 소법로(所法路), 개곡록(開谷路), 중부(中部) 임업시험장(林業試驗場)의 접동로(接洞路), 마명로(馬鳴路), 직동로(直洞路) 및 육림로(育林路), 강원도(江原道) 춘천군(春川郡)의 방하로(芳荷路))을 대상으로 성토사면(盛土斜面)의 토사유출(土砂流出) 및 목본침입(木本侵入)의 실태(實態)를 조사하였다. 2. 성토사면(盛土斜面)은 표면침식(表面侵蝕) 및 사면각부(斜面脚部)의 붕괴(崩壞)에 의해 사면(斜面)의 물리적(物理的) 안정(安定)이 이루어지지 않았으나, 안정화(安定化)된 구간에는 목본침입(木本侵入)이 진행되었다. 3. 성토사면(盛土斜面)의 사면(斜面)길이는 4.0~61.0m로 조성되었으며, 최근의 임도개설지(林道開設地)는 30m이상의 장대사면(長大斜面)이 다량으로 조성되었다. 사면(斜面)길이와 목본침입율(木本侵入率) 사이에는 지역적(地域的)인 영향을 강하게 받고 있으며, 구역별(區域別)로는 사면(斜面)길이와 목본침입율(木本侵入率)은 반비례(反比例)하였다. 4. 사면(斜面)물매와 목본침입율(木本侵入率)과는 전체적으로는 상관관계(相關關係)가 인정되지 않았으나 안식각(安息角) 이내로 조성된 사면(斜面)은 상대적으로 목본침입율(木本侵入率)이 높게 나타났다. 5. 임도시공후(林道施工後) 경과년수(經過年數)와 목본침입율(木本侵入率)은 동일 지역내에서는 명확한 상관관계(相關關係)는 확인되지 않았으나 전체적으로는 시공후(施工後) 경과년수(經過年數)에 비례하여 목본침입율(木本侵入率)도 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 그러나 목본(木本)의 자연침입(自然侵入)을 기대하는 데에는 한계가 있었다. 6. 따라서 임도시공(林道施工)에는 물리적(物理的) 안정(安定)을 위한 토목(土木) 기초공(基礎工)과 식생공(植生工)을 병행하여 식생(植生)의 생육환경(生育環境)을 정비(整備)해야 하며, 이를 위해서는 적정한 사면처리(斜面處理) 비용(費用)을 포함한 임도시공비(林道施工費)의 책정 등이 선행되어야 할 것이다.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제65권1호
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• pp.135-141
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• 2016

Recently, the needs for the development and application of marine robots are increasing as marine accidents occur frequently. However, it is very difficult to acquire the information by utilizing marine robots in the marine environment. Therefore, the needs for the researches of sensor networks which are composed of underwater, surface and aerial robots are increasing in order to acquire the information effectively as the information from heterogeneous robots has less limitation in terms of coverage and connectivity. Although various researches of the sensor network which is based on marine robots have been executed, all of the underwater, surface and aerial robots have not yet been considered in the sensor network. To solve this problem, a collaborative control method based on the acoustic information and image by the sonars of the underwater robot, the acoustic information by the sonar of the surface robot and the optical image by the camera of the static-floating aerial robot is proposed. To verify the performance of the proposed method, the collaborative control of a MUR(Micro Underwater Robot) with an OAS(Obstacle Avoidance Sonar) and a SSS(Side Scan Sonar), a MSR(Micro Surface Robot) with an OAS and a BMAR(Balloon-based Micro Aerial Robot) with a camera are executed. The test results show the possibility of real applications and the need for additional studies.