• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.493-501
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• 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study is to present basic data for appropriate therapeutic intervention by confirming changes in the autonomic nervous system and pain by applying high-frequency deep diathermy to the lower abdomen in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. Design: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Methods: Thirty-eight women aged 18-50 years who complained of regular menstrual cycles (24-32 days) and primary dysmenorrhea symptoms were randomly assigned to a high-frequency therapy group (5, 7, or 9 mins) and a superficial heat therapy group (20 min). High frequency treatment group: The subject was in a supine position, and radio frequency was applied to the lower abdomen below the umbilicus. The radio frequency therapy device used in this study uses a 300 kHz capacitive electrode and a 500 kHz resistive electric transfer to deliver deep heat. Superficial heat treatment Group: Subjects applied a hot pack to the lower abdomen for 20 minutes while lying on their back. Evaluations were made of Heart rate variability and Visual Analogue Scale. Results: In subjects with menstrual pain, there was a significant difference in pain between the high-frequency therapy group and the superficial heat therapy group (p=0.026). However, there was no significant difference between the autonomic nervous system and the stress resistance (p>0.05). Conclusions: As a result of this study, high-frequencytreatment using radiofrequency was effective in relieving pain because it can penetrate deeper tissues than conventional hot packs using superficial heat. In particular, it was found that the optimum effect was obtained when high frequency was applied forfive-seven minutes.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.47-57
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of the superficial heat therapy on the cutaneous blood flow and the skin temperature at pre-auricular region. Two types of the superficial heat therapy-moist hot pack & infrared lamp- were applied to 20 healthy subjects(male: 10, female: 10). For each subject, the two parameters of cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature were measured before and after heat therapy, using laser doppler flowmetry(LDF). The author analyzed the differences of the effects between the two therapies and also characteristics of responsiveness between the two parameters. The results were as follows : 1. The two parameters were significantly increased after both superficial heat therapies. 2. Skin temperature showed a maximum peak immediately after both superficial heat therapies, but cutaneous blood flow showed a maximum peak 4 minutes after both superficial heat therapies. 3. Increased cutaneous blood flow after application of moist hot pack lasted longer than infrared lamp. 4. Increased skin temperature after both superficial heat therapies lasted for 60 minutes, but increased skin temperature after infrared lamp decreased more rapidly than moist hot pack. 5. Amount of changes in cutaneous blood flow after infrared lamp was larger in female than in male, but no significant gender difference was found since 20 minutes after infrared lamp. Both moist hot pack and infrared lamp showed favorable effectiveness in raising cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature. Moist hot pack was slightly superior in maintaining this effect.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate influence of superficial heat and deep heat for lumbo-sacral segment on H-reflex. Methods: Subjects of this research were 12 normal men and women (6 men and 6 women) and they were assigned to superficial heat group (6) and deep heat group (6). Heat treatment was applied between Th12-L2 by placing them at prone posture. superficial heat was applied for 20 min at 30 cm height with infrared lamp. Deep heat was applied for 20 mm at 5 cm height with 100 watt of microwave diathermy. H-reflex used diagnostic electromyography, active electrode was placed at muscle belly of medial gastrocnemius muscle at prone posture and electrical stimulation was given to posterior tibial nerve. Measurement was made before and after experiment and 10 min. and 20 min. after experiment. All data were analyzed with window 12.0 program, comparison of differences among measured items of groups according to repeated measurement was made with repeated measures ANOVA and significance level a was 0.05. Results: M latency at latency analysis showed little changes at two groups. H latency was reduced a little immediately after experiment and recovered to original state, there was significant difference. In analysis of amplitude, Mmax amplitude showed rise a little immediately after.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.269-275
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was designed to help preparing the evidence-based data for the manual of heat applications by finding the differences of superficial and core temperatures after applying dry and moist heats on shoulder and thigh. Methods: Moist and dry heats were alternately applied on the 33 subjects a day apart from May 15, 2010 through June 9, 2010. The experiment was conducted with $23^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$ room temperature and 50% to 66% of moisture from 2 to 6 p.m. After heat was applied on the shoulder of the subjects wearing shorts and gowns for 30 minutes, their superficial and core temperatures were measured. The same method was used on the thigh after two hours. Results: Both superficial and core temperatures on the shoulder and thigh increased significantly after heat therapy. There was no significant difference between the temperatures before and after intervention according to applying methods and regions. Conclusion: This study provides a theoretical basis that a dry heat is a convenient nursing intervention for hypothermic patients.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.19-28
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to asses and compare the effects of superficial heating on the pain threshold at limbs in healthy adult and adult hemiplegia. We used hot pack for superficial heat and applied to healthy adult(n=12) and adult hemiplegia(n=12) on lumbar region. Pain treshold was quantatively measured by an electrical stimulator and measured before hot pack application, immediatly and post 30 minutes after hot pack application on the distal parts of limbs(styloid process of radius, medial malleoulus of tibia). The results were as follows 1) A statically significant defference in pain treshold were not found at limbs of healthy adult and adult hemiplegia that have an affected side and a non-affected side before hot pack application, immediatly and post 30 minutes after hot pack apllication(p>0.05). 2) In comparance of pain threshold of upper and lower limbs in the all subjects, pain threshold was significantly increase at lower limbs(p<0.01). 3) In comparance of pain threshold of limbs between healthy adult and adult hemiplegia, pain threshold was showed a significant defferance at the upper and lower limbs of affected side before hot pack application(p<0.05, p<0.01).

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.41-43
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• 2002

PDT-mediated cyototoxicity basically depends on the penetrated light-dose into the tumor tissue. This limits the efficiency of PDT to the superficial tumor region typically less than 1 cm. The localized photochemical generation of reactive oxygen species, including singlet oxygen is known to increase expression of assortment of early response genes including heat shock protein. In order to increase PDT cytotoxicity in the treatment of solid tumor, it is desirable to combine PDT with other therapeutic effects. In this preliminary study we evaluated enhanced cytotoxicity from the PDT-mediated expression of thymidine kinase in a transfected tumor cell line. Two types of photo sensitizers, a hematoporphyrin derivative(Photogem, Russia) and aluminium sulphonated phthalocyanine(Photosense, Russia) were used to evaluate the overexpression of hsp-70 in PDT-treated cell. Transient increase of hsp-70 was observed at 6-8 hrs later following irradiation in the photosense-treated cell whereas it was not observed in Photogem-treated cell. In the presence of ganciclovia, transfected cell showed a 17％ increase in the cytotoxicity compared to the PDT only cell.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.191-202
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• 2020

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the segmental mobilization technique of the lower back on the characteristics of the muscles and limited of stability of chronic backache patients. Methods : The subjects of the study were 30 chronic back pain patients who were divided into groups of 15, a manual therapy group (Group I) and a spinal decompression therapy group (Group II), via random assignation. The subjects had 15 minutes of superficial heat therapy, 15 minutes of interference wave therapy, and 5 minutes of ultrasound therapy for conservative physical therapy. Additionally, manual therapy and spinal decompression therapy were administered to each group for 30 minutes, 5 times a week for 8 weeks. Before intervention, the characteristics of the muscles and limited of stability of the muscles were analyzed. After 8 weeks of intervention, the above items were re-measured in the same manner and analyzed between groups. Results : The results of comparative analysis of the characteristics of the muscles and limited of stability between groups showed that there were statistically significant differences. The manual therapy group (Group I) showed significant differences in characteristics of the muscles compared to the spinal decompression therapy group (Group II). The manual therapy group (Group I) showed significant differences in limited of stability compared to the spinal decompression therapy group (Group II). Conclusion : The result confirmed that manual therapy was more effective in the characteristics of the muscles and limited of stability. Based on this study, additional studies are necessary on the effect of various techniques of manual therapy on muscle activity and muscle thickness in chronic back pain patients. In order to develop an effective manual therapy program, studies using a variety of evaluations are needed.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.146-177
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the teeth and Zhang-Fu(臟腑), dental diseases, and the hygiene of the mouth through the literature of oriental medicine. First, the relatonship between the teeth and Zhang-Fu is reviewed as follows: The teeth are influenced by Shen(腎) because they are the end of bone and Biao(標) of Shen. Gingiva is related to Wei(胃) and Da-Chang(大腸) because it is passed by Yangming-Channel(陽明經). The growth and nutrition of teeth depends on Shen. The pathological condition of Shen causes the gingival atrophy, the loose of teeth, dedentition due to aging, withering of teeth, and tartar: whereas the pathological condition of Wei and Da-Chang causes toothache, gingivitis, inflamed gums, bad breath, and gingival hemorrhage. Second, the causes and therapies of dental diseases through the literature can be summarized as follows: The major causes of toothache are the pathogenic condition of wind-heat and wind-cold, the heat syndrome of Wei, the damp-heat of intestine, flaring-up of fire of deficiency type, rotten tooth, etc... The principal causes of dedentition and the shaking and loose of teeth are the deficiency of Shen, and the rest of causes are the damp-heat of Yangming. Gingival atrophy is caused by the deficiency of Shen, whereas the gingival hemorrhage comes from the factors in the pathogenic factor of wind-heat of Yangming-Channel, the heat syndrome of stomach, and the deficiency of Shen. The causes of grinding of teeth during sleeping are stomach-heat, and the delayed dentition and the withering result from the deficiency of Shen-Jing.(腎精) The principal therapies of toothache are removing wind and heat, clearing away heat and prompting diuresis, clearing away the stomach-heat, replenishing vital essence to tonify the Shen, relieving superficial syndrome by wind-cold, and alleviating pain by destroying parasites. For the prescription of the principal therapies, there are Xijio Dihuang Tang, Jiajian Ganlu Yin, Qufeng Wan, Qingwei San, Tiaowei Chenggi Tang Shengong Wan, Liangge San Qingwei Tang Yunu Jian, Liuwei Dihuang Wan Zuogui Yin Bawei Wan Wanshao Dan, Xixin San Badou Wan Gianghuo Fuzi Tang, Jiuzi Tang Badou Wan, etc... The therapies of dedentition and the shaking and loose of teeth are replenishing vital essence to tonify the Shen, and warming and recuperating the Shen-Yang: as the prescription, there are Liuwei Dihuang Wana Zuogui Yin, and Bawei Wan Anshen Wan Wanshao Dan Yougui Wan etc... The therapies of gingival hemorrhage are clearing away the stomach-heat, replenishing vital essence to tonify the Shen, warming and recuperating the Shen-Yang(腎陽), and moisturing and purging intence heat with the prescription of Tiaowei Chenggi Tang Xijiao Dihuang Tang, Liuwei Dihuang Wan Zuogui Yin, Bawei Wan Anshen Wan, and Yunu Jian. The therapy of gingival atrophy is replenishing vital essence to tonify the Shen in the prescription of Liuwei Wan Bawei Wan Ziyin Dabu Wan. The therapies of grinding of teeth during sleeping are clearing away the stomach-heat and purging intense heat, and invigorating the spleen through eliminating dampness in the prescription of Qingwei San, Wumei Wan, etc... The therapy of delaed dentition is replenishing vital essence to tonify the Shen with the prescription of Liuwei Wan Buyin Jian, etc... Third, clinical treatment reports of dental diseases are reviewed as follows: The toothache due to stomach-heat was treated by medical herbs like Gypsum, Natrir Sulfas, Rehmanniae, Schizonepetal Herba, Menthae Folium, Cimicifugae Rhizoma, and Scrophulariae Radix. The therapies of toothache due to flaring-up of fire in deficiency type from deficiency of Shen provided with replenishment of vital essence to tonify the Shen and clean ministerial fire, and the prescription was the kind of Liuwei Wan, which worked very well. The therapy of dedentition and loose of teeth due to deficiency of Shen was done to stablize the teeth as tonifing the Shen with the prescription of Guchi Wan. The rate of imrovement was over 90%. The destruction of periodontal tissue due to periodonititis was cured of dispelling wind, reducing heat, and alleviating pain, It was improved by taking Zizhi Xingiong Tang, Guchi Xiaotong San, Yunii Jian, and Qingwei San about 3-7 days, and the rate of improvement was over 80%. Fourth, the prevention and regimens are reviewed as follows: As a physical and breathing exercise of the teeth, tapping teeth which stimulates the circulation of Qi(氣) and Xue(血) had been used. The tapping time of 14, 17, 36, etc... has been reported, and it should be applied based on the body condition. The medical herbs for gargling and brushing teeth have been used. Specifically, Cimicifugae Rhizoma, Gypsum, Gypsum Fibrosum, and Indigo pulrelrata Lereis have been used to reduce heat, Coptidis Rhizama and Yang Jinggu to eliminate damp-heat, Amomi Semen, Cyperi Rhizoma, Flos Caryophylli, Asari Radix, Piperis Longi Fructus, Santali Albae Lignum, Meliae Fructus, Moschus, Aquillaiae Lignum, and Borneol to promote the circulation of Qi and to relieve pain, Ligustici Radix, Angelice Radix, Rhizoma Nardostachydis, Tribuli Semen to relieve superficial syndrome by means of diaphiresis, and Cnidii Rhizoma, Angelicae sinensis Radix, and Olibanum to promote blood circulation to stop pain.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.61-72
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• 2007

INTRODUCTION: Local heat and cold application has been frequently used as means of muscle relaxation and blood circulation or reinforcing muscle strength, relaxing muscle tension in clinical situation. In particular, it has been known that long-term heat and cold application for relaxing muscle tension inhibits muscle spasticity or tension. But, it has been rarely reported that what influences of heat and cold application on activation of muscle action potential. Therefore, this study aims to analyze surface temperature and electromyography activities according to the heat and cold application. METHODE: Subjects of this research were 10 normal men and women (5 men, 5 women). Hot pack and cold pack was applied to vastus medialis muscle of thigh and rectus femoris muscle for 20 min. Surface temperature of vastus medialis muscle and rectus femoris muscle was measured, knee joint of subjects was in $45^{\circ}$ flexion, sitting on a chair, maximal isometric contraction was induced, surface electromyography (sEMG) signals were collected and root mean square (RMS) and median frequency (MOF) were analyzed. All measurements were conducted before and immediately after experiment, 10 min., 20 min. and 30 min. after experiment. Data were analyzed with SPSS 12.0 program, comparison of changes in superficial temperature and sEMG signals through repeated measurement was conducted with repeated measures ANOVA and significance level $\alpha$ was 0.05. RESULTS: Changes of surface temperature of vastus medialis muscle according to cold application were radically decreased immediately after application, but it was recovered after 30 min. of application and it showed significant difference (F4. 36=72.216, P<0.001). Surface temperature of rectus femoris also showed radical decrease immediately after application, but it was recovered after 30 min. of application and showed significant difference (F4. 36=88.930, P<0.001). Changes of surface temperature of vastus medialis muscle according to heat application were radically increased immediately after application, but it was recovered after 30 min. of application and it showed significant difference (F4. 36=27.267, P<0.001). Surface temperature of rectus femoris also showed radical decrease immediately after application, but it was recovered after 30 min. of application and showed significant difference (F4. 36=19.774, P<0.001). Changes of sEMG by heat and cold application were no statistical difference. Surface temperature of skeletal muscle after heat and cold application showed significant change for 30 min., but it was found that increase or decrease of surface temperature had not great influence on sEMG activities.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1-7
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of movement training based on motor control theory on pain and average power of muscles in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome and to develop more effective training methods. Methods: We studied 35 patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. Patients were randomly assigned to an experimental group or a control group according to the intervention. The therapeutic modalities such as superficial heat, deep heat, and electronic stimulus, and motor control training with strengthening exercises were applied to the experimental group and therapeutic modalities only were applied to the control group. All interventions were done 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Before the intervention and again after the 4 weeks, we measured pain utilizing a visual analog scale. We measured average power using isokinetic equipment. Results: After application of the intervention, pain significantly decreased in both the experimental group and the control group. There was a significant difference between the extent of the decrease between experimental and control groups. After the intervention, the average power between the two groups were significant at an angle of $60^{\circ}$/sec and $180^{\circ}$/sec for external rotator and internal rotator muscles. They also showed significant improvement in all variables post-intervention compared to pre-intervention. Conclusion: This study indicates that there is an effect in giving appropriate motor control training to patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. It is assumed that there will be a need for more surveys on various variables for motor control training from now on.