• Progress in Medical Physics
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-24
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• 2013

As image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) has been commonly used for more accurate patient setup and monitoring tumor movement during radiation therapy, the necessity for management of imaging dose is increased. However, it has not been an interest issue to radiation therapy communities because the imaging dose is much lower than the therapeutic dose. However, since the cumulative dose from 4DCT and repeated imaging for daily setup verificationin would not be ignorable, appropriate dose management based on ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle is required. In this study, we aimed that (1) survey on imaging equipments and modalities used for IGRT, (2) estimation of IGRT imaging dose depending on treatment types and equipments, (3) collecting data of effective dose on treatment sites from each equipment and imaging protocol, and thus finally provide guideline for imaging dose reduction and optimization.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2007

Purpose : To evaluate the mucoid degeneration (MD) of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee by correlation of MRI findings with pathology, in the patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Materials and Methods : This study included 17 patients (mean 68.8 years old) who underwent preoperative MRI. In proton density-weighted sagittal and coronal images ACLs were evaluated for the thickness and signal intensity (SI). Total knee replacement arthroplasty was performed and the pathologic findings of ACL were evaluated. MD was classified as 3 grades according to the degenerated amount in microscopy. Thickness and SI was evaluated as normal or increased on MRI. Results : All of the 4 patients who showed thickened ACL showed increased SI on MRI. All of the 8 patients with increased SI of the ACL on MRI had MD in the ACL. However, remained 9 patients also had MD, in spite of their normal thickness and SI on MRI. Calcification was seen in 5 patients. Conclusion : Eight cases who showed ACL thickening or increased SI on MRI were well correlated with MD, however, because the other nine cases who showed normal thickness and normal SI of ACL on MRI also showed MD in pathology, normal MRI finding should not exclude the possibility of MD of ACL.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• 제88권4호
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• pp.541-554
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• 1999

The objectives of this study were to examine the amount of nutrient input by throughfall and stemflow, and the nutrient dynamics by throughfall, stemflow and soil solution among Piuns koraiensis, Larix leptolepis and hardwood forests including oaks at Kwangju-Gun, Kyonggi-Do. A total amount of rainfall during the study period was 1410.1mm. Of the total rainfall, 85% was from throughfall at the L. leptolepis stand, 84.5% at the thinned P. koraiensis stand, 83.2% at the unthinned P. koraiensu stand and 81.2% at the hardwood stand, showing greater throughfall at the conifer stand than at the hardwood stand. Stemflow showed 2.7% of rainfall at the hardwood stand, 1.3% at the unthinned P. koraiensis stand, 1.2% at the thinned P. koraiensis stand and 0.8% at the L. leptolepis stand, showing greater stemflow at the hardwood stand than at the conifer stand. Ion concentration of stemflow was greater than those of rainfall and throughfall. The conifer stand showed higher ion concentration than the hardwood stand both for cation and anion. The ion concentrations of throughfall and stemflow were higher in the descending order : $NH{_4}^+$-N > $K^+$ > $K^+$ > $Na^+$ > $Mg^{2+}$ for cations and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ > $NO{_3}^-$-N > $Cl^-$-N for anions. After the precipitation passed through the canopy, $K^+$ increased most at the hardwood stand, whereas $NH{_4}^+$-N did most at the P. koraiensis and L. leptolepis stands. The ion concentration of soil solution was higher in the descending order : $Ca^{2+}$ > $Mg^{2+}$ > $Na^+$ for cations and $NO{_3}^-$-N > $Cl^-$ > $SO{_4}^{2-}$ for anions. $NH{_4}^+$-N and $K^+$ seemed to be supplied primarily from atmospheric deposition while $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $Na^+$ from weathering.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제45권11호
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• pp.1332-1339
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• 2002

Purpose : Through a survey undertaken among doctors practicing pediatric patients in primary medical facilities on nutrition during infancy, the present study was done to determine whether these doctors were giving appropriate advice on infant nutrition. Methods : We visited pediatric specialists(group one) and non-pediatric specialists or general practitioners(group two) who were practicing in Daegu to ask them to fill out a questionaire on infant nutrition. Results : When 10 points were given to each question for a total of 100 points, the results of the evaluation showed that the score in group one was $73.0{\pm}15.8$ points and $45.1{\pm}18.4$ points in group two, showing a significant difference. No statistical difference was seen in the scores between non-pediatric specialists and general practitioners. Each answer to each question on the feeding period of breast milk, on loose stools during breast milk feeding, methods to deal with jaundice during breast milk feeding, choice of commercial baby food, criteria on directing soy milk, and criteria of guiding infant cereal was different between group one and two. Conclusion : The results of the present investigation showed that specialists in other fields or general practitioners were giving inappropriate advice on nutrition during the infant stage compared with pediatric specialists; thus, we need to confirm methods to prevent inappropriate consultations by specialists of other fields, together with continued education of pediatric specialists.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제44권10호
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• pp.1422-1430
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• 2015

This study was conducted to determine the effect of fermented water extracts from Ligularia fischeri (LAF) on reduction of hepatotoxicity induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) in rats. In this experiment, male Sprague-Dawley rats were used as experimental animals, which were divided into eight groups: normal group, D-GalN-treated group (control), D-GalN and non-fermented water extracts from Ligularia fischeri (LA)-treated groups [100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW (body weight)], and D-GalN and LAF-treated groups (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW). ${\gamma}$-Glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities in serum of the D-GalN and LAF-treated groups decreased significantly compared to those of the control group (P<0.05). The high density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels of the D-GalN and LAF-treated groups increased significantly compared to those of the control group (P<0.05). The low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglyceride levels of the D-GalN and LAF-treated groups decreased significantly compared to those of the control group (P<0.05). The atherogenic index values of the D-GalN and LAF-treated groups decreased significantly compared to those of the control group (P<0.05), and their high density lipoprotein cholesterol by total cholesterol ratio increased significantly in these groups (P<0.05). Superoxide dismutase activity of liver tissues were enhanced significantly (P<0.05) in the D-GalN and LAF-treated groups compared to that of the control group (P<0.05), whereas their malondialdehyde content decreased significantly in these groups (P<0.05). The histopathological observations revealed apoptotic cells and mild portal inflammation in liver tissues of the D-GalN and LAF-treated groups. Taken together, these results demonstrate that LAF may improve plasma lipid profile and alleviate hepatic damage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제44권10호
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• pp.1431-1438
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• 2015

This study was conducted to determine the effects of fermented water extracts from Ligularia fischeri (LAF) on reduction of hepatotoxicity induced by ethanol in rats. Ethanol-treated Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following eight groups: ethanol-treated group (control), ethanol and ursodeoxycholic acid-treated group (positive control), ethanol and non-fermented water extracts from Ligularia fischeri (LA)-treated groups [100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW (body weight)], ethanol and LAF-treated groups (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW). ${\gamma}$-Glutamyl transferase activities of the ethanol+LA-treated (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW) groups and ethanol+LAF-treated (400 mg/kg BW) group decreased significantly compared to those in the control group (P<0.05). Aspartate aminotransferase activities of the ethanol+LAF-treated (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW) groups and ethanol+LA-treated (200 and 400 mg/kg BW) groups decreased significantly compared to those in the control group (P<0.05). Alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase activities of all groups significantly decreased compared to those in the control group (P<0.05). The total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglyceride levels of all groups tended to decrease compared to those in the control group, but the differences were not significant. Superoxide dismutase activity of liver tissues was enhanced in the ethanol+LAF-treated (400 mg/kg BW) group (P<0.05). The contents of malondialdehyde in liver tissues decreased in the ethanol+LAF-treated groups (P<0.05). All treated groups showed well preserved lobular architectures with no evidence of steatosis or liver damage compared to the control group. As the results of this study, LAF may improve the plasma lipid profile and alleviate hepatic damage by ethanol.

• Trans-
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• 제1권
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• pp.117-139
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• 2016

Radio, the first broadcasting medium in history, is also the first mobile medium that meets the currently mobile ecology based on mobile communications network. As a result, it is easily approachable to consumers, can easily engage individual consumers, and its program contents have a huge appealing power to individual listeners, allowing it to form intimacy with audiences at the closest distance. However, the listening rating of radio has decreased greatly because it has experienced various changes by many other competitive media such as TV and internet and it has been influenced by relative constant hypothesis. Also, radio now faces a bigger competition due to the emergence of smartphone. In this circumstance, radio showed movements to evolve into a digital radio that presents improved sound, strengthened reception power, and increased number of channels, but it suddenly changed to DMB and portable multimedia DMB is having huge problems in its marketability due to smartphone. Yet, the listening rating of analogue radio broadcasting that remained unchanged was 13.99% in 2014, an increase by 47% from 2011, and the percentage of listeners under the age of 18 increased by 2.4 times from 2011 to 2014, which was a unique and interesting phenomenon. Accordingly, this paper compared the characteristics of internet and radio that have the traits of daily life, information, individuality, participatory, adventurousness, alternative media, expertise, and sound media. The paper then examined the listening method of radio, in which the direct groundwave antenna reception through a vehicular device is the most common form during the use of transportation means. Finally, it sought to investigate the future of radio based on the understanding of the increase in radio listening ratings, especially by comparing it to the characteristics of smart generation that focus on smartphone and the internet The study results demonstrated that entertainment and amusements are attempting at changes while they used to be obtained selectively by the smart generation from fragmentary information. In addition, radio is expected to become an influential medium in the future through its advantages of 'selected information' and reliability. However, considering such possibilities, radio needs to build the expertise and reliability of broadcasting contents much more at the same time as its digitalization, and it will be able to have its own competitiveness by focusing on various experiences and cultural exposures.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.537-546
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• 2005

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of supplementation of chlortetracycline (CTC,110ppm), copper sulfate(Cu, 125ppm) and two levels of probiotics(Prob I, 0.04%, Prob II, 0.1%), Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and manure characteristics in growing pigs. A total of 50 pigs that averaged 20.78$\pm$0.35kg BW and 50$\pm$2.3d age were allocated in a randomized block design with two pigs per pen and 5 pens per treatment. Pigs and feeders were weighed 10-days interval for the 40-d trials to determine ADG, ADFI and feed:gain ratio(F:G). Average daily gain, feed intake, feed/gain and nutrient digestibility were not improved(P>0.10) by the supplementation of CTC, Cu and two levels of probiotics. There were significant(P<0.05) Cu effects on digestibility of crude protein, and probiotics effects on digestibilities on organic matter, crude protein and energy between first 20 days and subsequent 20 days. Fecal concentrations of copper were highly increased(P<0.001) by the copper supplementation. Total bacteria and coliform counts were not altered by the supplementation of CTC, Cu and two levels of probiotics. Ammonia emission from slurry, measured during first 3 weeks, was reduced (P<0.001) in pigs fed diet with 125 ppm copper from copper sulfate. Results indicate that CTC, Cu and Probiotics supplementation had a little or not positive effect on grower pig performance under sound environmental conditions. Further studies may be warranted to investigate the effects of dietary copper-either reduced or in combination with dietary ammonia control agents-on the ammonia emission characteristics of swine manure.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.565-572
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• 2005

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of supplementation of insoluble dietary fiber (Vitacel®) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weanling pigs. A total of 96 pigs that averaged 6.49$\pm$0.52kg BW and 23$\pm$2.1d age were allocated in a randomized block design with two pigs per pen and 12 pens per treatment. Pigs and feeders were weighed 10-days interval for the 40-d trials to determine ADG, ADFI and feed:gain ratio(F:G). Pigs were fed one of four diets:1) Control diet (C) 2) C+0.3% insoluble dietary fiber(IDF) 3) C+0.6% IDF and 4) c+0.9% IDF. For the determination of fecal nutrients digestibility, pigs were fed diets(diet 2) with 1% Celite-545(Fluka) as a marker and feces were collected on $9^{th}$ day and $18^{th}$ day after feeding diet 2. During the whole experimental period, pigs fed diet with 0.3% IDF have significantly higher ADG than other dietary treatment groups(P<0.05). ADG of pigs fed diet with 0.6% IDF was higher than that of pigs fed control diet(P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in ADG between control group and 0.9% IDF group(P>0.05). ADFI of pigs fed diet with 0.3% IDF was significantly higher than any other dietary treatment groups(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in ADFI among control group, 0.6% and 0.9% IDF supplementation groups (P>0.05). Digestibilities of organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber and energy were significantly higher in 0.3% IDF supplementation group than any other dietary groups. However, there was no difference in over all nutrient digestibilities between 0.6% and 0.9% IDF group. Feeding diets more than 0.6% IDF did not affect the rest of the nutrients digestibilities except for ADF digestibility compared to control diet. Dietary supplementation level of IDF showed a significant quadratic effect on performance improvement of piglets. This response of growth performance to IDF supplementation is, as expected, in agreement with that of nutrient digestibility. Our results showed that IDF supplementation to diet for weaned piglets might be beneficial in terms of growth and nutrient digestibility. However, there should be more study on the relationship between level of IDF supplementation and piglet response as well as the exact mode of action of IDF in weaned piglets.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제51권12호
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• pp.1320-1323
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• 2008

Purpose : The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiologic status of Kawasaki disease (KD) in infants ${\leq}6months$ of age. Methods : For the epidemiologic study of KD in Korea, data from 22,674 KD patients were collected from 1997 to 2005 on a 3-year basis by a retrospective survey. From this survey, data of 1,739 KD patients ${\leq}6months$ of age were analyzed and compared with those of KD patients >6 months of age. Results : A total of 1,739 patients ${\leq}6months$ of age, including 1,088 males and 651 females, represented 7.7% of total KD patients. These subjects included 22 patients aged <1 month, 171 patients aged 1-2 months, 304 patients aged 2-3 months, 407 patients aged 3-4 months, 372 patients aged 4-5 months, and 463 patients aged 5-6 months. Their mean age of onset was 4.3 months, and the male-to-female ratio was 1.67:1. Incidences of coronary arterial (CA) abnormalities (21.0% versus 18.7%) and CA aneurysms (4.7% versus 3.1%) detected by echocardiography showed differences between patients with KD younger and older than 6 months, respectively. Conclusion : Comparison of data from KD patients >6 months old with data from 1,739 KD patients ${\leq}6months$ old showed significantly higher incidences of CA abnormalities and CA aneurysms in the younger patients.