• 제목/요약/키워드: Sun block

검색결과 644건 처리시간 0.033초

표준화된 화상 모델에서 화상 후 첫 24시간 내의 화상 깊이의 변화 (The Change of Burn Depth within 24 Hours after Burn in the Standardized Burn Model)

  • 손대구;최태현;권선영
    • Archives of Plastic Surgery
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    • 제35권4호
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    • pp.373-378
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    • 2008
  • Purpose: In full thickness burn, the depth of burn is known to increase until around 1-3 days after the burn. However, no study on how the depth increase during the first 24 hours has been conducted. Therefore, the authors investigated how the depth of burn changes within the first 24 hours after the burn by using the standardized burn model. Methods: A total of four experiments on pigs were carried out for this study. Experiment 1 was performed to examine how temperature affects the depth of burn. The digitally controlled aluminum thermal block was set at different temperatures-80, 90 and 100 degrees in Celsius, respectively. Then the pig was exposed to the block for 15 seconds each time. The time exposed to heat was set as a variable for the Experiment 2. The temperature was maintained at 80 degrees Celsius, and the pig was contacted with the thermal block for 5, 10 and 20 seconds, respectively. The biopsy of the tissues were performed in one hour, 6 hours, 24 hours, and 7 days after the burn. After hematoxylin and eosin staining a percentage of the depth from a basement membrane of epidermis to the deepest tissue damaged by the burn against total dermal thickness was measured. Results: In Experiment 1, the depth of burn increased considerably as time passed by. At all three temperatures, differences in depths measured in 6 and 24 hours, and in 1 hour and 7 days were both significant. In addition, the depth deepened as the temperature went higher. In the case of Experiment 2, the depth of burn also increased significantly as time passed by. At all three times, differences in depth measured in 6 and 24 hours, and in 1 hour and 7 days were also significant. Moreover, the depth extended with longer contact time when it was compared according to the time. Conclusion: Full thickness burn progressed rapidly from 6 to 24 hours after the burn and the depth of burn was almost decided within the first 24 hours after the burn. On the other hand, partial thickness burn also advanced from 6 to 24 hours after the burn but the depth deepened at slower level.

성상신경절 차단과 전기침 자극에 의한 알레르기성 비염의 치료 (Stellate Ganglion Block and Electrical Acupuncture for Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis)

  • 김진승;진성미;조성경;김봉일;이상화
    • The Korean Journal of Pain
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    • 제6권2호
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    • pp.208-212
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    • 1993
  • 1990년 5월부터 1993년 4월까지 알레르기성 비염으로 대구가톨릭대학 병원 통증치료실을 방문한 환자를 대상으로 하여 SGB와 E-AP로 병용 치료 하였는바 2회 이상 시행한 49명을 본 대상으로 하여 회고적으로 관찰하였다. 나이는 7세에서부터 70세까지로 평균 34.1세 였으며, 연령별로는 41~50세 사이가 많았으며, 내원 계절별로는 가을과 여름 순으로 많았다. SGB의 평균 시행 횟수는 $6.02{\pm}4.29$회였고, E-AP의 평균 시행 횟수는 $7.15{\pm}5.57$회였다. 환자의 병력은 평균 $5.53{\pm}7.10$년 이었으며, 1주일에서 30년까지 다양하였다. 6개월 이하의 병력시 SGB의 평균 시행 횟수가 $3.13{\pm}1.81$회로 6개월 이상 병력시의 평균 시행 횟수 $6.51{\pm}4.40$회 보다 통계적으로 의의있게 적었으며, 또한 치료기간도 6개월 이상 병력시의 $49.67{\pm}37.30$일 보다 6개월 이하 병력시의 $18.00{\pm}14.88$ 일이 통계적으로 의의있게 짧았다. 24명의 남자중 1명이, 25 명의 여자중 1명이 재발 내원하여 재 치료하였다. 치료 도중에 1명의 남자와 1명의 여자에게서 연하곤란증이 있었고, 1명의 여자에게서 4~5시간의 애성이 있었으나 그 후 정상으로 회복되었다. 본 질환은 일단 발병 하게되면 그 원인 규명도 어려울 뿐만 아니라 치료 역시 재발 악화 등 개운치 않은 질환인데도 전기침자극과 국소마취제에 의한 성상신경절 차단등 비교적 간단한 방법으로 매우 효과적인 반응을 얻게 되어 향후 널리 보급될 것으로 사료된다.

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분산 원장을 이용한 토큰 기반 사물 인터넷 접근 제어 기술 (Token-Based IoT Access Control Using Distributed Ledger)

  • 박환;김미선;서재현
    • 정보보호학회논문지
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    • 제29권2호
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    • pp.377-391
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    • 2019
  • 최근 사물 인터넷에서 인증, 접근 제어 등을 위해 토큰과 블록체인을 이용한 시스템 연구들이 국내외에서 진행되고 있다. 그러나 기존 토큰을 이용한 방식의 시스템은 중앙 집중적인 특성을 가지고 있으므로 보안성, 신뢰성, 확장성 측면에서 사물 인터넷과는 적합하지 않다. 또한 블록체인을 이용한 방식의 시스템은 블록체인을 유지하기 위해서 해시 등의 계산을 반복적으로 수행하고 모든 블록을 저장해야하므로 IoT 디바이스에 과부하가 따른다. 본 논문에서는 사물 인터넷에 적합한 접근 제어를 위하여 토큰을 기반으로 권한 관리를 한다. 또한 탱글을 적용한 P2P 분산 원장 네트워크 환경을 구성하여 중앙 집중적인 구조의 문제점을 해결하고 토큰을 관리한다. 인증 과정과 접근 권한 부여 과정을 수행하여 토큰을 발급하고 토큰 발급에 대한 트랜잭션을 공유하여 모든 노드들이 토큰에 대한 유효성을 검증할 수 있다. 기존 발급 받은 토큰을 재사용하여 반복적인 인증 과정과 접근 권한 부여 과정을 줄여서 접근 제어 프로세스를 경량화할 수 있다.

Comparison of ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block at 6th and 7th cervical vertebrae using the lateral paracarotid out-of-plane approach for sympathetic blockade in the upper extremity

  • Baek, Jongyoon;Kim, Bum Soo;Yu, Hwarim;Kim, Hyuckgoo;Lim, Chaeseok;Song, Sun Ok
    • Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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    • 제35권2호
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    • pp.199-204
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    • 2018
  • Background: The authors have performed ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block (SGB) in our clinic using a lateral paracarotid approach at the level of the 6th cervical vertebra (C6). Although SGB at C6 is a convenient and safe method, there are ongoing concerns about the weak effect of sympathetic blockade in the ipsilateral upper extremity. Therefore, ultrasound-guided SGB was attempted using a lateral paracarotid approach at the level of the 7th cervical vertebra (C7). This prospective study aimed to compare changes in skin temperature after SGB was performed at C6 and C7, and to introduce a lateral paracarotid approach for SGB. Methods: Thirty patients underwent SGB twice: once at C6 and once at C7. For every SGB, the skin temperature of the patient's hypothenar area was measured for 15 min at 1-min intervals. Skin temperatures before and after SGB and side effects were compared between C6 and C7 groups. Results: The temperature of the upper extremity increased after SGB was performed at C6 and C7. There were significant differences between mean pre-SGB and the largest increases in post-SGB temperatures ($0.50{\pm}0.38^{\circ}C$ and $1.41{\pm}0.68^{\circ}C$ at C6 and C7, respectively; p<0.05). Significantly increased post-SGB temperatures (difference > $1^{\circ}C$) were found in 5/30 (16.7%) and 24/30 (80%) cases for C6 and C7, respectively (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in side effects between SGB performed at C6 or C7 (p>0.05). Conclusion: The lateral paracarotid approach using out-of-plane needle insertion for ultrasound-guided SGB performed at C7 was feasible and more effective at elevating skin temperature in the upper extremity than SGB at C6.

견관절부 외상후 발생된 Shoulder-Hand Syndrome (A Case of the Shoulder-Hand Syndrome Caused by a Crush Injury of the Shoulder)

  • 전재수;이성근;송후빈;김선종;박욱;김성열
    • The Korean Journal of Pain
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    • 제2권2호
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    • pp.155-166
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    • 1989
  • Bonica defined, that reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) may develop pain, vasomotor abnoramalities, delayed functional recovery, and dystrophic changes on an affected area without major neurologic injury following trauma, surgery or one of several diseased states. This 45 year old male patient had been crushed on his left shoulder by a heavily laden rear car, during his job street cleaning about 10 years ago (1978). At first the pain was localizea only to the site of injury, but with time, it spreaded from the shoulder to the elbow and hand, with swelling. X-ray studies in the local clinic, showed no bone abnormalities of the affected site. During about 10 years following the injury, the had recieved several types of treatments such as nonsteroidal analgesics, steroid injections into the glenoidal cavity (10 times), physical therapy, some oriental herb medicines, and acupuncture over a period of 1~3 months annually. His shoulder pain and it's joint dysfunction persisted with recurrent paroxysmal aggrevation because of being mismanaged or neglected for a sufficiently long period these fore permiting progression of the sympathetic imbalance. On July 14 1988 when he visited our clinic. He complained of burning, aching and had a hyperpathic response or hyperesthesia in touch from the shoulder girdle to the elbow and the hand. Also the skin of the affected area was pale, cold, and there was much sweating of the axilla and palm, but no edema. The shoulder girdle was unable to move due to joint pain with marked weakness. We confirmed skin temperatures $5^{\circ}C$ lower than those of the unaffected axilla, elbow and palm of his hand, and his nails were slightly ridged with lateral arching and some were brittle. On X-ray findings of both the shoulder AP & lateral view, the left humerus and joint area showed diffuse post-traumatic osteoporosis and fibrous ankylozing with an osteoarthritis-like appearance. For evaluating the RSD and it's relief of pain, the left cervical sympathetic ganglion was blocked by injecting 0.5% bupivacaine 5 ml with normal saline 5 ml (=SGB). After 15 minutes following the SGB, the clinical efficacy of the block by the patients subjective score of pain intensity (=PSSPI), showed a 50% reduction of his shoulder and arm pain, which was burning in quality, and a hyperpathic response against palpation by the examiner. The skin temperatures of the axilla and palm rose to $4{\sim}5^{\circ}C$ more than those before the SGB. He felt that his left face and upper extremity became warmer than before the SGB, and that he had reduced sweating on his axilla and his palm. Horner's sign was also observed on his face and eyes. But his deep shoulder joint pain was not improved. For the control of the remaining shoulder joint pain, after 45 minutes following the SGB, a somatic sensory block was performed by injecting 0.5% bupivacaine 6 ml mixed with salmon calcitonin, $Tridol^{(R)}$, $Polydyn^{(R)}$ and triamcinolone into the fossa of the acromioclavicular joint region. The clinical effect of the somatic block showed an 80% releif of the deep joint pain by the PSSPI of the joint motion. Both blocks, as the above mentioned, were repeated a total of 28 times respectively, during 6 months, except the steroid was used just 3 times from the start. For maintaining the relieved pain level whilst using both blocks, we prescribed a low dose of clonazepam, prazocin, $Etravil^{(R)}$, codeine, etodolac micronized and antacids over 6 months. The result of the treatments were as follows; 1) The burning, aching and hyperpathic condition which accompanied with vaosmotor and pseudomotor dysfunction, disappeared gradually to almost nothing, within 3 weeks from the starting of the blocks every other day. 2) The joint disability of the affected area was improved little by little within 6 months. 3) The post-traumatic osteoporosis, fibrous ankylosis and marginal sclerosis with a narrowed joint, showed not much improvement on the X-ray findings (on April 25, 1989) 10 months later in the follow-up. 4) Now he has returned to his job as a street cleaner.

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H.264 동영상 압축에서의 가변 블록과 다중 프레임을 지원하는 효율적인 움직임 추정 방법 (An Efficient Motion Estimation Method which Supports Variable Block Sizes and Multi-frames for H.264 Video Compression)

  • 윤미선;장승호;문동선;신현철
    • 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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    • 제44권5호
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    • pp.58-65
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    • 2007
  • 휴대용 단말기에서의 멀티미디어 정보의 이용이 일반화 되면서 동영상 압축 등의 데이터 처리를 위한 연산량이 크게 증가하고 있다. 특히, 휴대용 단말기에서의 소모 전력 감소와 실시간 처리를 위한 다양한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 H.264 인코더에서 67% 이상의 많은 연산량을 차지하는 움직임 추정기를 새로운 구조로 설계하였다. 근사적인 SAD를 사용하여 움직임을 예측하고 Alternative Row Scan (ARS) 방법을 개발하였으며, DAU, FDVS 알고리즘을 사용하여, JM8.2에 제시된 다중 프레임 움직임 추정보다 연산량을 평균적으로 75%이상 감소시켰다. 또한, 다중 프레임 움직임 추정에서의 적절한 참조 프레임 수와 참조 프레임 블록의 크기를 결정하여 연산량을 감소시키면서도 화질 열화가 거의 없도록 하였다. iPROVE 검증툴을 사용하여 하드웨어/소프트웨어 Co-Simulation을 수행하여 제안한 움직임 추정기가 정상 동작함을 확인하였으며, 50MHz에서 30 CIF frames/sec가 처리됨을 확인하였다.

사람 대동맥 평활근 세포에서 이묘산(二妙散)의 항동맥경화 활성 (Anti-atherosclerosis Effect of Imyosan Extract in Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells)

  • 윤현정;허숙경;이효승;김태훈;김동완;김선모;박선동
    • 대한본초학회지
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    • 제23권4호
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    • pp.113-120
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    • 2008
  • Objectives: This study was evaluated to elucidate the inhibitory potential of Imyosan(IMS) and its components, Phellodendri Cortex(PC: Phellodendron amurense Rupr., Hwangbaek in Korean) and Atractylodis Rhizoma(AR: Atratylodes lancea D.C., Changchool in Korean), on human aortic smooth muscle cells(HASMC) migration and production of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 by TNF-${\alpha}$ treatment. Methods: Cytotoxic activity of IMS and its components on HASMC was using 5-(3-caroboxy meth-oxyphenyl)-2H-tetra-zolium inner salt(MTS) assay. Effect of IMS, PC and AR on TNF-${\alpha}$-induced HASMC migration underside of matrigel filter was stained with hematoxylin-eosin. And total number of cells that migrated to the underside of the filter was counted. MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity was evaluated by gelatin zymography assay. Results: The matrigel migration assay showed that IMS effectively inhibited the TNF-${\alpha}$-induced migration of HASMC. Moreover, IMS significantly inhibited MMP-9 activity. Our present study demonstrates that IMS and its components inhibit TNF-${\alpha}$-induced HASMC migration and MMP-9 activity. The inhibitory effect of IMS extract is more potent than that of its component herb extracts. Conclusions: These results provide evidence that IMS has multiple effects in the inhibition of HASMC migration and may offer a therapeutic approach to block HASMC migration.

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피부 노화 및 피부 주름 관리에 대한 고찰 (Study of Preventing Methods for Skin Aging and Wrinkles)

  • 김진명;전선우;이우건;남혜정;김윤범
    • 동의생리병리학회지
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    • 제24권4호
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    • pp.533-542
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    • 2010
  • Skin aging is a natural phenomenon. There are internal and external factors of skin aging. The internal factor of skin aging is from the wearing down of the body over time. The external factors are more noticeable from habits such as smoking, excessive alcohol, malnutrition, and extended exposure to UV rays. Completely stopping skin from aging is impossible but one can slow down and treat external signs of skin aging. In western medicine, the following methods are used to reduce the appearance of skin aging: applying lotions and creams containing ingredients such as fruit acid, antioxidants, plant exracts, depigmentation, moisturizer, retinoids, and sun block; botulinum toxin injections; chemical peels, laser and other painful methods remove the top layer of skin to promote new skin growth; fillers are injected to increase soft tissue growth; surgery. In oriental medicine, the following methods are used: acupuncture into facial muscles which stimulates acupuncture point; applying topical treatments and cosmetics containing herbs are effective of preventing skin aging and wrinkles. Above all thing, medicine that helps maintain essence and blood in the skin can be fundamental.

알파 아마니틴에 의한 간독성에 대한 갯방풍의 보호 효과 (In vitro Protective Effects of Glehnia Littoralis on Alpha-amanitin Induced Hepatotoxicity)

  • 김보현;선경훈;김선표;박용진
    • 대한임상독성학회지
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    • 제15권2호
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    • pp.107-115
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    • 2017
  • Purpose: Glehnia littoralis has been used to treat ischemic stroke, phlegm, cough, systemic paralysis, antipyretics and neuralgia. The pharmacological mechanisms of Glehnia littoralis include calcium channel block, coumarin derivatives, anticoagulation, anti-convulsive effect, as well as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Alpha-amanitin (${\alpha}$-amanitin) is a major toxin from extremely poisonous Amanita fungi. Oxidative stress, which may contribute to severe hepatotoxicity was induced by ${\alpha}$-amanitin. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Glehnia littoralis ethyl acetate extract (GLEA) has the protective antioxidant effects on ${\alpha}$-amanitin -induced hepatotoxicity. Methods: Human hepatoma cell line HepG2 cells were pretreated in the presence or absence of GLEA (50, 100 and $200{\mu}g/ml$) for 4 hours, then exposed to $60{\mu}mol/L$ of${\alpha}$-amanitin for an additional 4 hours. Cell viability was evaluated using the MTT method. AST, ALT, and LDH production in a culture medium and intracellular MDA, GSH, and SOD levels were determined. Results: GLEA (50, 100 and $200{\mu}g/ml$) significantly increased the relative cell viability by 7.11, 9.87, and 14.39%, respectively, and reduced the level of ALT by 10.39%, 34.27%, and 52.14%, AST by 9.89%, 15.16%, and 32.84%, as well as LDH by 15.86%, 22.98%, and 24.32% in culture medium, respectively. GLEA could also remarkably decrease the level of MDA and increase the content of GSH and SOD in the HepG2 cells. Conclusion: In the in vitro model, Glehnia littoralis was effective in limiting hepatic injury after ${\alpha}$-amanitin poisoning. Its antioxidant effect is attenuated by antidotal therapy.

Hepatic Gene Expression Analysis of Gadolinium Chloride Treated Mice

  • Jeong, Sun-Young;Lim, Jung-Sun;Hwang, Ji-Yoon;Kim, Yong-Bum;Kim, Chul-Tae;Lee, Nam-Seob;Yoon, Seok-Joo
    • Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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    • 제2권1호
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    • pp.21-28
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    • 2006
  • Gadolinium chloride ($GdCl_{3}$) was known to block Kupffer cells and generally its toxicity study based on blocking these cells. Therefore, $GdCl_{3}$ frequently used to study toxic mechanisms of hepatotoxicants inducing injury through Kupffer cells. We also tried to investigate the effect of $GdCl_{3}\;on\;CCl_{4}$ toxicity, typical hepatotoxicants. Administration of $GdCl_{3}$ to mice significantly suppressed AST (asparatate amino transferase), ALT (alanine amino transferase) levels which were increased by $CCl_{4}$ treatment. However, $GdCl_{3}$ didn't inhibit the phagocytotic activity of Kupffer cells. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a good indicator of the degree of lipid peroxidation. In this study, MDA increased by $GdCl_{3}$ administration not by $CCl_{4}$. To understand the toxicity of $GdCl_{3}$, we analyzed global gene expression profile of mice liver after acute $GdCl_{3}$ injection. Four hundred fifty two genes were differentially expressed with more than 2-fold in at least one time point among 3 hr, 6 hr, and 24 hr. Several genes involved in fibrogenesis regulation. Several types of pro-collagens (Col1a2, Col5a2, Col6a3, and Col13a1) and tissue inhibitor of metal-loproteinase1 (TIMP1) were up regulated during all the time points. Genes related to growth factors, chemokines, and oxidative stress, which were known to control fibrogenesis, were significantly changed. In addition, $GdCl_{3}$ induced abnormal regulation between lipid synthesis and degradation related genes. These data will provide the information about influence of $GdCl_{3}$ to hepatotoxicity.