• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.50-54
• /
• 2005

Some basic summer precipitation features over East Asia during the $20^{th}-21^{st}$ century as simulated / projected by the 22 coupled climate models under the IPCC AR4 program are investigated. Keeping in view that these are climate runs without prescribed SSTs, models perform well in simulating the regional annual cycle, spatial patterns (not shown) and the inter-annual variability. The projections under the 1% increase in $CO_2$ compounded until reaching double and held constant thereafter reveal that (a) Precipitation is likely to increase in all the months in particular during the summer monsoon (JJA) months. (b) The mean summer monsoon rainfall can increase from 4.2 to 13.5% and its variability is also likely to increase in the warming world due to increase in $CO_2$ (c) Extreme excess and deficient seasonal monsoons are likely to become more intense (not shown here) (d) Once the increase in $CO_2$ is cut-off, the system will reach a state of equilibrium, and then the rate of increase in precipitation is also expected to remain constant.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.263-271
• /
• 2002

This research was designed to investigate the preference to textiles for shirts of college students. 105 subjects majored in fashion design were surveyed and SPSS WIN 11.0 program was used for statistical analysis. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Design was the primary factor in purchasing a clothing and college students considered color and texture as important factors for clothing materials. 2. There were significant differences in preference to textiles for winter shirts, especially grade and resident area. 3. College students preferred plain wool two and two check foremost as a textile for spring and fall. 4. Plain cotton poplin was the most preferred material for summer. 5. Twill cotton drill was the most preferred textile for winter. 6. Textiles for winter were thicker and heavier than others and natural fiber were preferred such as cotton and wool. 7. Plain weave was preferred for spring. fall and summer, and twill weave for winter. 8. College students preferred plain texture foremost and blue shaded light color was preferred for spring. fall and summer and brown shaded dark color was for winter.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.104-114
• /
• 1997

This study was carried out to research the influence of climatic conditions including wind direction, wind speed on air pollution in Seoul. The data were obtained from the 4 sites of air pollution monitoring stations in Seoul from '95 to '96, and analyzed statistically by SAS program. The results were as follows 1. The prevailing wind directions by season in each site were as follows Nangajwa-dong were showed SE in spring, fall, winter and WNW in summer. Ssangmun-dong were showed NW in spring, fall, winter and NNE in summer. Kuro-dong were showed SW in spring, summer, ENE in fall and NW in winter. Bangi-dong were showed WNW in four seeasons. 2. The concentrations of 5 kinds(SO$_2$, Dust, NO$_2$, CO, THC) of air pollutants were relatively low in west wind. In case of O$_3$ was opposite. 3. The concentrations of 5 kinds of air pollutants were increase with decreasing wind speeds. 4. The washing effects of air pollution by rain were significant. The concentrations of 5 kinds of air pollutants were high when the humidity were 61-80%, and low as it were 0-20%. In case of O$_3$ was opposite. 5. All of air pollutants concentrations but O$_3$ were high when the UV intensity level and temperature within the range of above zero were low level.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.44-49
• /
• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate effect of low temperature and $GA_3$ treatment on flowering and cut flower yield of Limonium spp. 'Ocean Blue' and 'Fantasia' in summer and winter cultivations. Plants were kept at $3^{\circ}C$ for 4 weeks, and were treated with a foliar spray of $400mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $GA_3$ at seven weeks after transplanting in both seasons. The effect of low temperature $3^{\circ}C$ for two weeks $GA_3$ application was tested only in winter. In summer cultivation, 'Ocean Blue' and 'Fantasia' of cut flower production by low temperature treatment were increased about 16% and 53%, respectively, while bolting and flowering advanced significantly in 'Ocean Blue' as compared to those in the control. In winter cultivation, growth and development increased, especially, in 'Fantasia'. With low temperature treatment to 'Fantasia' for 4 weeks, cut flower production was increased about 35%. In addition, bolting and flowering were hastened by about 20 and 10 days, respectively. Combined treatment of low temperature and $GA_3$ advanced bolting and flowering with little difference among the cultivars, while, in 'Fantasia' it shortened days to flowering and produced more and best quality flowers as compared to the other treatments and the control.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.247-262
• /
• 2007

TPCK is the knowledge of intersection in mathematics, technology, and pedagogy. This study investigated a teacher's change of his TPCK. He participated in the professional development program which was designed to develop mathematics teachers' TPCK. The professional development program was based on using spreadsheets in teaching mathematics. The researcher suggests a consideration for the integration of technology in mathematics education and mathematics teacher education. The program consisted of a four week summer professional development program and three actual mathematics classroom teaching. Ten teachers took part in the program. One teacher who changed his TPCK most was selected to investigate what made it change most. Following teaching practice was the most influential factor in changing his TPCK.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.20 no.6
• /
• pp.872-879
• /
• 2007

A study was conducted to investigate the seasonal changes in nutrient composition of pasture, voluntary intake and digestibility of sheep grazing an introduced Leymus chinensis pasture located in western Jilin Province, China. The whole-plant of L. chinensis and the samples simulating ingestion by sheep (simulating sample) were collected in spring (May, 2004), summer (July, 2004), autumn (September, 2004) and the end of winter (April, 2005). The contents of gross energy (GE), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and alkanes were determined. Voluntary intake and apparent digestibility of the nutrients in each season were also examined using 6 mature Chinese Northeast Merino ewes (differed among the seasons) grazing on a paddock of 1 ha size. The apparent digestibilities of GE, dry matter (DM), OM, CP, NDF and ADF of L. chinensis were significantly greater (p<0.05) in spring and summer than in autumn and winter. Metabolizable energy (ME) content was 12.13, 11.62, 8.66 and 10.40 MJ/kg DM for L. chinensis in spring, summer, autumn and winter respectively, and the corresponding voluntary feed intakes were 91, 119, 59 and 58 g/d per kg metabolic weight ($LW^{0.75}$). The ME contents and DM intakes in autumn and winter were significantly lower than in spring and summer (p<0.05). The intake of L. chinensis pasture was sufficient to provide ME requirements for maintenance by the dry ewes in all the seasons, but inadequate for maintenance protein requirement in winter. (Supported by funds from National Basic Research Program of China, Grant No. 2007CB106800).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.42 no.3
• /
• pp.221-233
• /
• 2009

Korea's aging population has been remarkably increased. They want to have not only extension of life expectancy but also improving quality of life. To maintain the quality of life, it is essential to have good nutrition. However, nutritional status of elderly in Korea has problems qualitatively and quantitatively. Risk factors for poor nutrition are advanced age, woman, living alone and low economic status. Another risk factor in rural area is season because seasonal changes can affect food intake of elderly. Thus this study surveyed the health status and dietary intakes of elderly by season in rural area. In this study, the elderly were grouped as group 1 {elderly who have one risk factor for chronic diseases (obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes)} and group 2 (elderly who have more than 2 risk factors). Can-Pro 3.0 was used for dietary data analysis and SPSS 12.0 program was used for statistical analysis. Obesity had the highest percentage 62%, followed by hypertension 59.5%, dyslipidemia 21.5% and diabetes 11.6%. Obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia were high in winter and WHR, diabetes and anemia were high in summer. Mean intakes of energy and nutrients were less than RI. Nutrients which were changed most by season were vitamin A and Vitamin C. Intakes of calcium and folic acid were less than recommended in summer. The ratio of CPF for carbohydrate was higher and fat was lower than recommended. In conclusion, the nutrient intake of Group 2 was better in quality but Group 1 was better in quantity. Nutrient intakes were poor in summer. In rural area, more careful nutritional assesment and management are needed for aged population, especially in summer.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.10-19
• /
• 2017

Objectives: The aim of study was to investigate the effect of herbal medicine on obesity and to define which seasonal factor could be utilized to make an obesity treatment program more effective. Methods: Three hundred and forty-four subjects were recruited and data were analyzed for weight, body fat, muscular volume, body fat ratio, body mass index (BMI) change and treatment duration. At first, age classification was performed for the comparisons. Moreover, starting season of treatment was categorized to determine it's influence over the treatment. Results: It was found the administration of herbal medicine could diminish every analyzed fields of entire patients. Compared among age groups, there were no significant differences of all fields. However, the categorization of start season showed significant differences of weight, BMI change and treatment duration. In addition, the analysis of assumed 10% weight loss elicited patients started treatment in spring and winter should spend 12 and 13 weeks and summer would be 9.5 weeks. Conclusions: It was found herbal medicine would be effective for female obesity and expected patients could achieve 5.91 kg weight loss for 65.88 days treatment. Summer group had significant shorter treatment duration and it was presumed summer group had more concentration for achievement. Days required for assumed 10% weight loss was calculated to be 84 days in spring, 67 days in summer, 96 days in winter. Hereafter, further controlled study with more numbers of patients should be needed to determine the goal of medical treatment for obesity.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.175-191
• /
• 1998

The purpose and content of Chonnam National University Center for Science Talented Education program and students' responses were described. The program was developed with the purpose of providing various learning opportunities for science talented students according to the level of their learning abilities. Students are given a variety of activities based on their potentials and interest. The program was developed in four subjects, such as mathematics, information science, science Ⅰ (physics and earth science), and science Ⅱ (biology and chemistry). Each subject consisted of simple inquiry, advanced one, and project, even though it had its own distinctions. Students were selected for each subject based on two criteria, that is, achievements in school science or mathematics (the upper 3 percent of the 8th grade students) and examination scores. Means and standard deviations for each subject were as follows: 51.8 and 13.3 for Science Ⅰ, 53.1 and 13.9 for Science Ⅱ, 36.7 and 10.7 for mathematics and 36.4 and 12.5 for information science. Thirty hours of summer classes were performed, and a survey was administered to obtain students' responses concerning difficulty, interest, teaching and content of the program. They gave relatively favourable responses in most area, but lack of time for studying was revealed in mathematics and information science. Further study in needed to get detailed and more accurate results of our program.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
• /
• v.15 no.5
• /
• pp.3-7
• /
• 2012

Utsunomiya University started a 3-year project to develop an education program for postgraduate students to cultivate leadership spirits. The program is centered on a PBL in which each group of students is required to find an engineering or social problem themselves and start a project to solve the problem. Projects vary widely, from a straight product development to a summer program for children or local area development. Student groups are advised by senior engineers from industries. They give advice as to how a project should be managed and run, but will not give instructions. The PBL is compulsory for all students in the engineering master course students. The new education program also includes a series of lectures by engineers to show engineers' job, activities, and career in the industry. Internship programs are also provided, in which students will be given opportunities to actively apply their knowledge and skills to real engineering tasks offered by the industry. The students are expected to gain something more than just experiences.