• 생약학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.299-304
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• 2007

The residual sulfur dioxide in the five herbal medicines dried with burning bituminous coal for 9 hours showed from 339 (Glycyrrhizae Radix) to 1,138 mg/kg (Zingiberis Rhizoma) measured right after drying. The residual sulfur dioxide, from 70.1 to 95.5%, was remained in the above five matrices even after 30 days passed. The marker components concentration in above five herbal medicines like glycyrrhizic acid, betaine et al., were almost same after drying in oven and with burning bituminous coal.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.489-495
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to analyze harmful heavy metals, sulfur dioxide and residual pesticides in 30 kinds of oriental medical materials. This study was carried out on 30 samples of oriental medical materials. The examination's methods fallow the guideline of Food and Drug Administration. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-OES) was used to analyze lead, arsenic, cadmium. Mercury was analyzed by amalgamation method. A modified Monier-Williams method was used to analyze sulfur dioxide. The Gas Chromatography / Electron Capture Detector (GC/ECD) was used to analyze residual pesticides. Most of the results were within normal limits at baseline. but Cadmium was detected 0.523 mg/kg more than 0.3 mg/kg in Cinnamomi ramulus and Endosulfan was detected 11.595 mg/kg more than 0.2 mg/kg in Alismatis rhizoma. We needs to keep the quality of herbal medicines assessing and controling for safety of herbal medicines.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.26-30
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• 2019

Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel on Earth and is used in a wide range of applications. The direct combustion of high-sulfur coal produces a large amount of sulfur dioxide, which is a toxic and corrosive gas. A new superconducting high gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) technology was studied to remove sulfur from high sulfur coal. The magnetic separation concentrate was obtained under the optimum parameters, such as a particle size of -200 mesh, a magnetic field strength of 2.0 T, a slurry concentration of 15 g/L, and a slurry flow rate of 600 ml/min. The removal rate of sulfur is up to 59.9%. The method uses a magnetic field to remove sulfur-containing magnetic material from a pulverized coal solution. It is simple process with, high efficiency, and is a new way.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.435-447
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• 2011

본 연구는 시중 유통 한약재 총 189품목 1,522건(국내산 84품목 618건, 수입산 158품목 904건)을 대상으로 모니어-윌리엄스변법에 따라 잔류이산화황을 측정하였으며, 전체 한약재의 잔류이산화황 평균은 30.3 mg/kg, 국내산의 평균 잔류량은 12.7 mg/kg(검출범위 0.0-1,298.0 mg/kg), 수입산의 평균 잔류량은 42.4 mg/kg(검출범위 0.0-3,982.2 mg/kg)으로 수입산이 국내산보다 약 4배가량 높게 나타났다. 한약재 중 1,330건(88.1%)이 10 mg/kg 이하 함유량을 나타냈고, 그 중 219건(14.4%)은 전혀 검출되지 않았으며 192건(11.9%)만이 인위적 함유량으로 추정되는 10 mg/kg을 초과하였다. 사용부위별 잔류량을 살펴보면 Tuber, Radix, Rhizoma, Cortex에서 평균 잔류량이 각각 122.3, 69.3, 37.4, 33.3 mg/kg순으로 나타났고 Cortex, Radix, Tuber의 평균 잔류량이 국내산의 경우 각각 2.1, 24.2, 5.6 mg/kg인 것에 반해 수입산의 경우 53.5, 116.1, 191.3 mg/kg으로 나타나 상당한 차이를 보였다. 전체 한약재 중 52건(3.4%)이 허용기준을 초과하였는데, 수입산 한약재에서 기준을 초과한 한약재는 모두 중국산으로 766건 중 36건(4.7%), 국내산은 총 618건 중 16건(2.6%)이 허용기준을 초과하였다. 국내산의 경우 7품목 16건 모두 30 mg/kg이하의 기준이 적용되어 부적합으로 판정된 것으로 갈근(298.8 mg/kg), 길경(1030.1 mg/kg), 독활(163.8 mg/kg), 사삼(290.0 mg/kg), 작약(89.3 mg/kg), 목통(73.0 mg/kg), 산약(420.4 mg/kg)이 기준을 초과하였고, 특히 산약의 경우 의뢰된 국내산 산약 5건 모두 기준을 초과하였다. 수입산은 23품목 36건이 기준을 초과하였는데 이 중 반하1건과 시호1건은 기존의 200 mg/kg이하의 기준 적용으로 각각 269.3, 552.7 mg/kg으로 검출되었고, 천마 1건과 황금은 기존기준인 500 mg/kg이하의 기준 적용으로 각각 847.3, 3982.2 mg/kg의 결과를 보였으며, 그 외 다른 품목들은 모두 30 mg/kg이하의 기준 적용으로 나온 결과였다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.445-454
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• 2002

Material exposure experiments were performed to evaluate the relationship between air pollution and material corrosion rates based on collaboration with researchers in China, Japan, and Korea. Qualitative and quantitative atmospheric corrosion was estimated from damage caused to bronze, copper, steel, marble, cedar, cypress, and lacquer plates exposed to outdoor and indoor conditions in certain East Asian cities. The effects of atmospheric and meteorological factors on the damage to the copper plates and marble pieces were estimated using a regression analysis. The results indicated that sulfur dioxide produced the most destruction of the materials, especially in South Korea and China. In Japan, the copper plates were damaged as a result of natural conditions and sea salt. Copper was also found to be damaged by the surface deposition of sulfur and chlorine. Meanwhile, marble was substantially degraded by gaseous sulfur dioxide, yet sulfate ions in rain had no effect. Accordingly, the analysis of air pollution from the perspective of material damage was determined to be very useful in evaluating and substantiating the intensity of air pollution in East Asia.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.132-140
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• 2010

1. Objective: To compare the contents and transfer rate of hazardous substances in crude, washing solution, crude after washing, decoction and remnant after boiling. 2. Methods: The heavy metal contents of each step were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) and mercury analyzer (MA-2). In order to analyze pesticides in each sample we used simultaneous multi-residue analysis of pesticides by GC/ECD, which was followed by GC/MSD analysis to confirm the identity of the detected pesticide in each sample. In addition, the contents of sulfur dioxide (SO2) were performed by Monier-Williams distillation method. 3. Results: 1) Contents (mg/kg) of heavy metals in decoction of all herbal medicine prescriptions were not detected. 2) Transfer rates (%) of heavy metals from crude to remnant were As (83.3%), Cd (100.0%), Pb (182.6%) and Hg (100.0%). 3) Contents (mg/kg) of residual pesticides were not detected. 4) Transfer rate (%) of sulfur dioxide (SO2) from crude to remnant was 44.2%. 4. Conclusion: Our results showed that boiled herbal medicine prescriptions which we take is safe from the hazardous substances.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.196-201
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• 2014

Pyunkang-hwan (Pyunkang-tang) extract (PGT) is a traditional folk medicine for controlling diverse pulmonary diseases including bronchitis, tonsiltis and pneumonitis. We investigated whether PGT significantly affects secretion, production and gene expression of airway mucin using in vivo and in vitro experimental models reflecting the hypersecretion and/or hyperproduction of mucus observed in inflammatory pulmonary diseases. For in vivo experiment, effect of PGT was checked on hypersecretion of pulmonary mucin in sulfur dioxide-induced bronchitis in rats. For in vitro experiment, confluent NCI-H292 cells were pretreated with PGT for 30 min and then stimulated with EGF (epidermal growth factor), PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) or TNF-${\alpha}$ (tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$) for 24 h. The MUC5AC mucin gene expression and mucin protein production were measured by RT-PCR and ELISA. The results were as follows: (1) PGT inhibited the expression of MUC5AC mucin gene induced by EGF, PMA or TNF-${\alpha}$ from NCI-H292 cells, respectively; (2) PGT also inhibited the production of MUC5AC mucin protein induced by the same inducers from NCI-H292 cells, respectively; (3) PGT inhibited secretion of mucin in sulfur dioxide-induced bronchitis rat model. This result suggests that PGT can regulate secretion, production and gene expression of airway mucin.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.278-287
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• 1993

In order to calssify smog type durnig the summer season in Seoul, air Quality and meterorological data were analyzed by multivariate analysis. Among 15 variables relating to visibility, 10 variables were selected by multiple regression analysis for clustering of smog types; total suspended particle, sulfur dioxide, ozone, ntrogen dioxide, total hydrocarbon, south-north wind component, ralative humidity, precipitable water, mixing height and air temperature. Somg types were grouped into three clusters using cubic clustering criterion and the mumbers of days in each cluster were contained 74, 28 and 16 days. Each cluster was seperated clearly by sulfur dioxide, precipitable water and air teperature. The first cluster was representative of high ozone concentration and prevailing meterological conditions for ozone formation. Therefore, visibility in the first cluster was considered to be affected by photochemical smog. The third cluster showed characteristics of sulphurous smog type due to the higher concentration of primary pollutant, based on the dry condition than that in another cluster. On the other hand, the characteristic of the second cluster was not relatively clear, but considered to be in an intermediate characteristic between photochemical smog and sulphurous smog type.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.303-309
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• 2010

본 연구는 신선채소류의 건조전 후의 이산화황함량의 변화를 조사하여 건조채소류에 이산화황사용여부를 판단하기 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 시행하였다. 신선채소류 6품목 182건을 수거하여 열풍건조하였고, 건조온도는 50~60도에서 최종수분함량이 10%정도 되도록 건조하였다. 건조전 신선채소류의 측정값은 발표된 문헌과 유사하였고, 건조후 측정값은 파, 양파, 양배추, 마늘, 무잎, 그리고 무에서 각각 평균적으로 104.6, 75.4, 129.1, 197.6, 23.0, 52.4 mg/kg 검출되었다. 국내 유통중인 건조채소류 41건을 분석한 결과 실험실에서 전처리 없이 건조한 시료들보다는 적은 값이 검출되었고, 아황산처리를 하지 않은 것으로 판단할 수 있었다. 건조에 따른 이산화황함량 변화를 검토한 결과 이산화황함량은 수분이 감소함에 따라 증가하지만, 증가량은 수분감소량을 고려한 예측값과는 다른 결과를 보여 주었고, 그 형태는 품목마다 몇가지 그룹으로 분류할 수 있었다. 무, 양파, 파 등은 측정값이 예측값보다 적게 검출되었고, 무잎은 다른 시료에 비해 매우 낮은 값을 보여주었으며, 양배추는 유사한 값으로 검출되었다. 마늘의 경우는 측정값이 예측값 보다 높은 경우도 있었으며, 일관성있는 결과를 얻을 수 없었다. 이것은 건조채소류에서 검출되는 이산화황함량은 단순하게 수분함량의 변화에 의해 좌우되는 것이 아님을 의미한다. 곧, 시료내에 이산화황함량에 영향을 주는 성분들이 건조과정중에 휘산 또는 효소반응등의 물리 화학적 변화가 수반되며, 수분의 감소가 시료내 이산화황함량의 증가에 중요한 요소이기는 하지만, 그 외에 함유 성분의 특성이나 건조조건 그리고 건조과정에서 발생하는 주요 성분들의 변화등도 의미있는 영향을 미칠 것임을 간접적으로 알 수 있었다. 결과적으로 수입 또는 유통중인 건조채소류에 대한 아황산염류 관리를 위해서는 각 품목별 특정도 고려되어야 한다. 이를 위해 지금까지와 같이 지속적으로 자연발생 이산화황함량에 대한 조사가 이루어져야 할 뿐 아니라 나아가 선택성있는 분석법의 검토가 진행되어야 한다고 생각된다. 본 연구결과는 건조채소류의 아황산염류의 안전한 관리를 위한 자료로서 활용되어질 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.142-148
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• 2008

2007년 3월부터 11월까지 광주지역에 소재하는 재래시장과 할인마트에서 구입한 건과류 채소류와 건포류 등 94건, 전통 막걸리 판매점 등에서 구입한 탁류 23건, 모두 117건을 구입하여 식품첨가물인 이산화황, 타르색소와 인공감미료를 조사하였다. 건과류 채소류와 건포류 등 94건에서 이산화황을 조사한 결과 17건에서 $11.5{\sim}4,452.3\;mg/kg$이 검출되었으며, 식품공전의 기준을 적용한 결과 건조과실류인 대추채 2건이 각각 2,476.6 mg/kg, 4,452.3 mg/kg이 검출되어 부적합하였고, 중국산 건방울 토마토에서 88.9 mg/kg, 국내산 건호박에서 1,653.7 mg/kg이 검출되어 부적합 판정되었다. 또한, 주류 23건을 구입하여 인공감미료와 타르색소를 검사한 결과, 탁주에서 사용할 수 없는 인공감미료인 삭카진나트륨이 2건에서 0.4 mg/kg, 11.1 mg/kg이 검출되었으며, 합성 착색료로 주류에서 많이 사용할 가능성이 있는 황색5호 등 타르색소는 검출되지 않았다.