• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.74-80
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• 2008

Heavy metals, Cd and Pb, in soil were extracted by using anionic surfactants such as AOS (alpha olefin sulfonate), SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate), and LAS (linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acid). Metal extractability from soil was affected by the carbon number and solution pH of surfactants. LAS showed higher metal extractability due to the acidic solution condition. Although SDS has a fewer carbon number than AOS, it would produce smaller micelles and resulted in more efficient extraction of metals by increased soil contact. Cd extractability of surfactant was twice enhanced by adding NaI as a ligand. However, Pb extractability of surfactant was sometimes reduced by adding NaI. Those ligand effects were dependent on solubility of metal-ligand. The column experiment also showed that SDS having smaller micelles resulted in higher metal extractability than AOS.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.125-129
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• 2015

In this study, the antioxidant and anti-wrinkling effects of fraction from Vitex trifolia L. were investigated. Among the fractions, ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antioxidant activities in 1-1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoine-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging and elastase inhibition with 76, 89, and 74%, respectively, at a concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/mL$. This fraction, at the concentration of $25{\mu}g/mL$, inhibited 70% fibroblast cell viability and 86% the matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-1. In addition, the results from Western blot assay showed that this fraction ($25{\mu}g/mL$) expressed the MMP-1 protein level by decreasing 50%. The findings suggest that the ethyl acetate fraction from V. trifolia has great potential as a cosmeceutical ingredient with antioxidant and anti-wrinkling effects.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.30 no.sup
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• pp.8.1-8.5
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• 2015

Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate the biodegradation potential of four perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) alternatives that were developed at Changwon National University. While PFOS has been used widely in industrial and consumer products, it is known to be a persistent organic pollutant. Therefore, greener alternatives are highly desirable. Methods Biodegradation tests were run for 28 days using standard test protocols. The biochemical oxygen demand was measured daily throughout the experimental period, and the data were used to calculate the biodegradation rates. Microorganisms were isolated from the some of the tests that showed evidence of biodegradation. Results $C_8H_8F_9KO_3S$, which has the same number of carbons as the parent compound PFOS but a reduced number of fluorines, showed the highest biodegradation rate followed by $C_{10}H_8F_{13}KO_3S$. Chemical alternatives with lower number of carbons did not biodegrade readily in the experiments. Conclusions Together, these results suggest that it may be advantageous to develop PFOS alternatives with 8 carbons, the same as PFOS, but a reduced number of fluorines; as such, chemicals are more susceptible to biodegradation than the parent compound.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.169-172
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• 2010

Silver ions of poly(vinyl chloride)-g-poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PVC-g-PSSA) graft copolymer were reduced to form silver nanoparticles under thermal condition ($80^{\circ}C$). We were successful in synthesizing silver nanoparticles with various morphologies by changing reaction time. At short reaction times (~1 h), silver nanoparticles with 5 nm in size were formed without disrupting a microphase-separated structure of graft copolymer. At medium reaction times (~5 h), silver nanoparticles were aggregated to form large clusters ranging 30~50 nm in size. At much longer reaction times (~18 h), hurricane-like silver clusters were observed due to strong particle aggregation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.404-406
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• 1993

In order to detect the gelation of ultrahigh temperature (UHT) treated market milks during storage at 20+1C, the free amino groups were quantified with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, and the measurement of pH values and the alcohol test were monthly carried out. The average tree amino groups were $0.94{\sim}1.11{\mu}M$ at 1 month, $1.95{\sim}2.17{\mu}M\;at\;5{\sim}6$ month and $4.95{\sim}6.36{\mu}M$ at 12 month. The pH values at the same time as above were $6.72,\;6.49{\sim}6.55\;and\;6.14{\sim}6.16$, respectively. The alcohol test showed positive results at $5{\sim}6$ month, which could indicate the casein instability and beginning of gelation. These results suggest that the gelation of UHT market milks could he predicted through checking some chemical parameters weekly and be helpful for quality control.

• Clean Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.141-146
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• 2005

The composite membranes were made by grafting using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) impregnation and polymerization procedures. The membranes were synthesized by changing amount of monomer. The polypropylene grafted polystyrene sulfonic acid (PP-g-pssa) membranes were characterized with various methods. The morphology and structure of PP-g-pssa membranes were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). As amount of monomer was increased, ion conductivity, cell performance was increased and methanol permeability was decreased. However PP-g-pssa membranes with 1.5g monomer and over had similar values of methanol permeability, ion conductivity and cell performance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.1285-1292
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• 2016

Changes in surface hydrophobicity of soy protein isolate (SPI), which plays an important role in the functional characteristics of protein, were measured according to various SPI concentrations, pH levels, electrolytes concentrations, and alginate molecular weights by using 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonic acid as a fluorescent probe. SPI surface hydrophobicity decreased as SPI concentrations increased. SPI surface hydrophobicity reached a maximum at pH 7.0. SPI surface hydrophobicity rapidly increased as the NaCl concentration of SPI solution increased up to 100 mM, and showed no large increases above 100 mM. However, SPI surface hydrophobicity radically decreased until the $CaCl_2$ concentration reached 50 mM and revealed no large variations above 50 mM. A similar trend was exhibited in the case of $MgCl_2$. As both the concentration and molecular weight of sodium alginate increased, SPI surface hydrophobicity decreased. The increasing rate of SPI surface hydrophobicity decreased as the molecular weight of sodium alginate increased.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2006

Background: Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is known as a cytokine central to the hematopoiesis of blood cells and to modulate their cellular functions. Besides granulocytes and their precursors, monocytes/macrophages and endothelial cells are direct target cells of G-CSF action. G-CSF influences immune cells in an anti inflammatory way. Methods: To evaluate whether G-CSF has a potential for preventing or ameliorating diseases characterized by mucosal inflammation, we used a mouse model with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced inflammatory colitis. To the mice model G-CSF was administrated daily by intraperitoneal injection. Macroscopic evaluation and immunohistochemical analysis of colonic tissues were performed. Results: Re combinant human G-CSF significantly inhibited LPS-induced TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA expression in THP-1 cells. As for in vivo relevance, G-CSF dramatically reduced the weight loss of mice, colonic damage, and mucosal ulceration that characterize TNBS colitis. Moreover, G-CSF suppressed the expression of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin-$1{\beta}$, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in TNBS colitis. Conclusion: Current results demonstrate that G-CSF may be an effective agent for the treatment of diseases characterized by mucosal inflammation.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2020

P. linteus (Korea Sanghwang, PLKS) and P. baumii (Jangsoo Sangwhang, PBJS) were artificially cultivated under the same conditions. Fruiting bodies were extracted using 70% methanol, 60% ethanol, and hot water. Phenol and flavonoid contents were optimally extracted using 60% ethanol. Antioxidant activities of 60% ethanol extracts from fruiting bodies and mycelia from each Sanghwang mushroom species were measured using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbisthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activities, and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power). The antioxidant activities of fruiting bodies were relatively higher in comparison to those of mycelial samples. In high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, styrylpyrone-class poly phenolic compounds, davallialactone, hispidin, hypholomine B, and inoscavin A were detected in fruiting body samples of two Sanghwang mushroom species, but not in their mycelial samples.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 1989

Inhibition of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection by 4 surfactants, sodium salts of alpha olefin (AOS), linear alkylbenzene (LAS), dioctyl sulfosuccinate (OSS), and dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (SAS), was examined on tobacco cv. Xanthi-nc and NC 82. Infection of virions or TMV RNA was inhibited over 98% by the surfactants (2500 rpm). However, symptom development and viral concentration in tobacco plants treated with the surfactants into the rhizosphere soil 3 days before inoculation with TMV on leaves were not different from those in untreated tobacco plants. This indicates no significant systemic effects of the surfactants on the inhibition of TMV infection. The surfactants, except LAS, had no effect on the inhibition of viral infection when purified virions mixed with each surfactant and ultracentrifuged were inoculated on the tobacco plants. The virus was almost inactivated by LAS, showing that the viral infection was reduced more than 96%. The virus particles treated with the surfactants were not distinguishable in size and dimension from untreated normal particles, suggesting that the inhibitory action of the surfactants to TMV infection may not involve disintergration or uncoating of the virus at the early stage of infection.