• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.608-614
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• 2009

The cation-exchange membrane which was sulfonated styrene-ethylene/buthlene-styrene(SEBS) block copolymer containing the high impact polystyrene (HIPS) was prepared via post-sulfonation and casting method using the epoxidized polybutadiene and divinylbenzene as crosslinking agents. Post-sulfonation was carried out with sulfuric acid as sulfonating agent and silver sulfate as initiator in the nitrogen atmosphere. The basic properties of membranes, degree of sulfonation (DS), water uptake, ion-exchange capacity (IEC), electrical resistance, and modulus have been examined. DS of membrane increased with increasing the sulfonation time. The maximum DS of membrane containing 10 wt% HIPS was 83.6 %. The water uptake and IEC of membranes gradually increased as increasing the DS. The maximum water uptake and IEC of membranes were 43.8 % and 1.14 meq/g, respectively. The lowest electrical resistance of membrane containing the 20 wt% HIPS was $83\;\Omega{\cdot}cm^2$. The electrical conductivity of membrane containing 10 wt% HIPS was $1.22\times10^{-4}S/cm$. The modulus of membrane increased with increasing DS and these values were 153 and $204\;kgf/cm^2$ before and after sulfonation, respectively.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.249-254
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• 1998

To synthesize cation exchange resin which has thermal stability, the sulfonated poly(ether ether sulfone) (SPEES) was obtained by sulfonation after synthesis of poly(ether ether sulfone) (PEES). It was prepared from hydroquinone and dichlorophenyl sulfone. From FT-IR results, the sulfonation was confirmed by the bands of asymmetric O=S=O stretching of $SO_3Na$ Na group at $1140cm^{-1}$ and S-C stretching at $621cm^{-1}$. The optimum condition of the sulfonation of PEES, based on IR absorbance, was 3 hr of reaction time, $30^{\circ}C$ of reaction temperature, and chlorosulfonic acid of 150 mol%. Ion exchange capacities calculated by the IR absorbance of PEES sulfonated in optimum condition was 6.2 meq/g, which was nearly similar to the ion exchange capacity calculated by titration. When the metal ion was adsorved, small brain, lump, hulled millet shape and compact surface, were observed in the morphology of SPEES.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.3
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• pp.294-302
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• 1988

The experiment was carried out to investigate the properties of bark extractives form Larix epilepsies and to evacuate their suitability as a bonding agent. The yield and reactivity were measured to examine the influence of temperature and time and the effect of carbonation and sulfonation. To define the possibility of practical application as wood adhesives the viscosity and gelation time were measured at 33% concentration. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. As the both yield and reactivity were high, extraction for 2 hours at $80^{\circ}C$ was the optimal temperature and time. 2. The highest effect achieved at 1% $Na_2CO_3$ about carbonation and 1% $Na_2SO_3$ : $NaHSO_3$ and 0.25% $Na_2SO_3$ about sulfonation. The sulfonation of 0.25% $Na_2SO_3$ increased the yield and reactivity most highly. 3. By using hot water as extraction liquid the yield was 17.2%, while the addition of 1% and 5% NaOH to the extraction liquid increased the yield to 38.6% and 44.6%, respectively. 4. Hot water extracts showed the highest reactivity(68.8%). The addition of 1% and 5% NaOH led to decrease in reactivity(49.3% and 25.8%, respectively). 5. At 33% concentration of the extracts the viscosity appeared very variable. Significantly high values of viscosity was measured in 1% NaOH solution, while very low values appeared for 5% NaOH solution. 6. The shortest gelation time was determined at pH 7 to 10 and the highest at pH 4. The use of paraformaldehyde resulted in gelation times longer than those of 37% formaldehyde solution. 7. Except the sulfonation extracts of hot water and 1% NaOH, the other extracts were found unsuitable due to high viscosity(1% NaOH extracts, sulfonation extracts) or to curing inability(5% NaOH extracts, sulfonation extracts of 5% NaOH). 8. From the three extract solutions which appeared to be suitable for use as bonding agents the hot water extracts and the sulfonation extracts of hot water were superior in extract reactivity, while the sulfonation extracts of 1% NaOH exceeded the other two extracts in extract yield.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.29-34
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• 1986

The sulfuric acid sulfonation of 2-aminonaphthalene was preformed at $30^{\circ}C{\sim}200^{\circ}C$ for $1{\sim}15$ hours, using $4{\sim}10$ parts of 90% sulfuric acid${\sim}$20% oleum. This reaction was influenced by many factory such as reaction temperature, reaction time, strength of sulfuric acid and amount of sulfuric acid and among these factors, the effect of the reaction temperature was considerable. The main products of this reaction were Dahl's acid (2-aminonaphthalene-5-sulfonic acid, Broenner's-acid (2-aminonaphthalene-6-sulfonic acid), amnio-F-acid(2-aminonapthalene-7-sulfonic acid), and Baden acid (2-aminonaphthalene-7-sulfonic acid) and another isomers such as Tobia's acid (2-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid) and 2-aminonaphthalene-4-sulfonic acid were not formed. Of these isomeric acids, those containing the sulfonic acid group in an ${\alpha}-position$, namely, Dahl's acid and Baden acid, are simultaneously formed by sulfonation at low-temperature ($30{\sim}100^{\circ}C$), whilst those containing the sulfonic acid group in a ${\beta}$-position, namely, Broenner's acid and amino-F-acid, are formed simultaneously by sulfonation at high temperatures($150^{\circ}{\sim}200^{\circ}$).

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.155-173
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• 2016

The present work has been focused on the development of polysulfone (PSf) ultrafiltration membrane via blending by sulfonated polyethersulfone (SPES) in order to permeability enhancement for ultrafiltration of cheese whey. In this regards, sulfonation of polyethersulfone was carried out and the degree of sulfonation was estimated. The effect of blend ratio on morphology, porosity, permeation and fouling of PSf / SPES membranes was investigated. Filtration experiments of whey were conducted for separation of macromolecules and proteins from the lactose enrichment phase. The morphology and performance of membranes were evaluated using different techniques such SEM, AFM, and contact angle measurements. The contact angle measurement showed that the hydrophilicity of membrane was increased by adding SPES. According to AFM images, PSf / SPES membranes exhibited lower roughness compared to neat PSf membrane. The water and whey flux of these membranes were higher than neat membrane. However, flux was decreased when the PSf / SPES blend ratio was 0/100. It can be attributed to pore size and morphology changes. Further, fouling parameters of PSf membrane were improved after blending. The blend membranes show a great potential to be used practically in proteins separation from cheese whey.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2006

Polyamide containing carboxylic acid was sulfonated with chlorosulfonic acid in dichloroethane under various conditions. The impact of the sulfonating agent concentration, the reaction temperature, and the reaction time on the ion exchange capacity was investigated. The mechanical and thermal properties, the contact angle, and the change of poly-dispersity were calculated for studying change of their properties. The reactions were effective, when the temperature was below $10^{\circ}C$ and the concentration of chlorosulfonic acid was below 0.05 mol. The value of ion exchange capacity was increased with reaction time. Thermal and mechanical properties were nearly unchanged according to the degree of sulfonation, but the contact angle was increased with increasing the value of ion exchange capacity.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.18 no.6 s.91
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• pp.31-36
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• 2006

Study has been made for producing anionic surfactant using waste fleshing scraps from the leather making process through refining, esterification, sulfonation and blending processes. As a most optimum lard oil refining method, refining was carried out for 4 hours under temperature of $120^{\circ}C$ and approximately 200 mbar vacuum, which gave a recovery of more than 80% lard oil. Refined lard oil obtained thus was undergone methlyl-esterification, then sulfonated to make a degreasing agent. By methyl-esterification using lard oil, more than 85% of fatty acid and $12{\sim}13%$ of glycerine were extracted from the oil. Sulfonation of the extracted fatty acid ester lard oil has shown most optimum at $15{\sim}20%$ chlorosulfonic acid content, and the content of bonding sulfate at this time was higher than 3.5%. Finally the followed anionic surfactant having degreasing force of 80% and higher could be made by blending process.

• Korean Membrane Journal
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.44-54
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• 2004

Organic-inorganic composite membranes based on sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone) (sPPES)/silica hybrid were prepared using the sol-gel process under acidic conditions. The sulfonation of PPES with concentrated sulfuric acid as sulfonation agent was carried out to prepare proton exchange membrane material. The behaviors of the proton conductivity and methanol permeability are depended on the sulfonation time (5-100 hr). The hybrid membranes composed of highly sulfonated PPES (IEC value: 1.42 meq./g) and silica were fabricated from different silica content (5-20 wt%) in order to achieve desirable proton conductivity and methanol permeability demanded for fuel cell applications. The silica particles within membranes were used for the purpose of blocking excessive methanol cross-over and for forming the path way to transport of the proton due to absorbing water molecules with ≡SiOH on silica. The presence of silica particles in the organic polymer matrix results in hybrid membranes with reduced methanol permeability and improved proton conductivity.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 1999.07a
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• pp.115-115
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• 1999

In this work a new process was developed for the sulfonation of the chemicallly stable engineering polymer polyethersulfone as membrane materials for electrodialysis or a flow battery applications. Commercially available polyethersulfone polymer was partially sulfonated using a CSA sulfonating agent in a dichloromethane solvent, which sulfonated polyethersulfone with various sulfonation levels have been prepared. Sulfonated polyethersulfone (SPES) membranes with different ion capacities were prepared for the purpose of identifying cation exchange membrane properties, in an attempt to find a low cost replacement for Nafion, which most of the perfluorinated membranes, known to exhibit a prolonged service life, are expensive and difficult to process. The following features were determined: the degree of sulfonation, water uptake, thermal analysis, and electrochemical properties such as ion exchange capacities, resistivity, selectivity of ion permeation. The surface of the cation exchange membranes, decomposed with the H202-treatment, were observed by using scanning electron microscope. The area resistivities of SPES mebranes in 5N-NaOH decreased from $2,150{\;}{\Omega}-cm2$ to less than $15{\Omega}-cm2$ as the ion exchange capacity (IEC) increased from 0.62 to 1.73 millieequivlants per dry gram(meq/dg).eq/dg).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.92-97
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is heavy metal absorption of recycled PET(poly ethylene terephatalate) NWF(non woven faric). The results of test are summarized as follows; Heavy metal abworption rates in Ni ions were higher then Zn and Cu ions, whereas heavy metal absorption rates by sulfonation times were not different. The heavy metal absorption times have a higher tendency from 60 min to 120 min. There were significant negative correlations among the amount used CSA(Chloro Sulfuric Acid) and the amount of absorption Zn(r = -0.33784, p < 0.05), Cu(r = -0.61177, p < 0.01) ions, whereas correlations between heavy metal absorption rates and sulfonation times were not significant. There were significant positive correlations among the amount of absorption Zn ions and the amount of absorption Ni(r = 96475, p < 0.014), Cu(r = 0.51614, p < 0.01) ions, likewise the positive correlations between the amount of absorption N ions and the amount of absorption Cu(r = 0.54766) ions were significant(p < 0.01).