• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.242-250
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• 2016

Veterinary antibiotics (VAs) has been used to treat animal disease and to increase animal weight as growth promoter. However, abused usage of VAs can cause production of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment and additionally, residual of VAs in soil can be transferred into crops. Therefore, main objective of this research was to examine bioaccumulation of VAs in sprouts (red cabbage, Brassica Olearacea L. var. Capitata f. rubra and red radish, Raphanus sativus) with hydroponic method. Total of 7 VAs in 2 different classes of VAs (tetracyclcines: tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, sulfonamides: sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethazine, sulfamethiazole, macrolides: tylosin) were evaluated and experiment was conducted with solid phase extraction (SPE)/high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). Initial spiked concentration of 7 VAs was $5mg\;L^{-1}$ and cultivation period was 8 days. Result showed that growth of sprouts was inhibited about 23-27% when VAs was introduced. Amount of bioaccumulated VAs was also differed depending on class of VAs. The highest amount of bioaccmulated VAs was tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole in each class with a concentration of 4.05, $7.73mg\;kg^{-1}$ respectively. Calculated transfer ratio of VAs into crops was also ranged 0.38-54.27%. Overall, bioaccumulation of VAs in crops can be varied depending on crop species and class of VAs. However, further research should be conducted to verify bioaccumulation of VAs in crops in the soil environment.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.119-127
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• 2018

Veterinary antibiotics (VAs) has been used to treat animal disease and to increase body weight. However, released VAs in the soil via spreading of compost can transport to plant and affect its growth. Main purpose of this research was i) to monitor VAs concentration in plant and ii) to evaluate inhibition effect of VAs residuals on the plant growth. Red lettuce (Lactuca sativa) was cultivated for 35 days in the pot soil spiked with 3 different concertation (0.05, 0.5, $5.0mg\;kg^{-1}$) of chlortetracycline (CTC) and sulfamethazine (SMZ). After 35 days of cultivation, concentration of CTC and SMZ in the plant was measured. Residual of CTC and SMZ was only quantified at the range of $0.007-0.008mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $0.006-0.017mg\;kg^{-1}$ in the leaf and root respectively when high concentration ($5.0mg\;kg^{-1}$) of antibiotic was spiked in the soil. Leaf length and root mass was statistically reduced when $0.05mg\;kg^{-1}$ of CTC was spiked in the soil while no statistical difference was observed for SMZ treatment. This result might indicated that high $K_{ow}$ and $K_d$ value are the main parameters for inhibiting plant growth. Antibiotics that has a high $K_{ow}$ causing hydrophobicity and easy to bioaccumulate in the lipid cell membrane. Also, antibiotics that has a high $K_d$ properties can be sorbed in the root causing growth inhibition of the plant. Overall, management of VAs should be conducted to minimize adverse effect of VAs in the ecosystem.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.537-542
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• 1995

In this study, we aim to find the presence of virulence-related plasmid in Salmonella isolates from poultry, and the difference between S pullorum and S gallinarum on the plasmid profile and antibiotics resistance. We used seventeen isolates of Salmonella spp that were isolated from poultry. Thirteen isolates, S typhimurium(ST), S pullorum(SP) and S gallinarum(SG), contained virulence-related plasmids. These are 95Kd plasmid in ST and 85Kd plasmid in SP and SG. Three(1/4 of ST, 1/1 of SE, and 1/9 of SP) isolates have no detectable plasmids. The isolates of ST have relatively variable plasmid profile but the isolates of S pullorum except No 12(additional 3.0Kb plasmid) have common 85K6, 8.1Kb, 4.0Kb and 2.3Kb plasmid and two of three isolates of S gallinarum have common 85Kb, 4.0Kb and 2.3Kb plasmid but the rest has only 85Kb plasmid. Interestingly, all of the isolates of SP have 8.1Kb plasmid, and same size of plasmid is also found in one of ST isolates. All of the isolates have the resistance to penicillin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, streptomycin, sulfamethazine and some isolates show the resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline. There is no relatedness between plasmid profile and antibiotics resistance and no differences between SP and SG in antibiotics resistance. Therefore further differentiation of each isolates by restriction enzyme assay and, if possible, charaterization of each plasmid, especially, 8.1Kb plasmid in SP and ST, may be necessary.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.845-854
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• 2009

There has been increased concern regarding the release of antibiotics to different environmental compartments due to the possibility of the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria. However, limited information is available regarding the occurrence, fate, and transport of antibiotics in Korea in both the aqueous phase and in solid phases such as sediment and soil. Therefore, this study was conducted to monitor the concentration of released antibiotics in surface water, sediment, and soil adjacent to a cattle manure composting facility in Korea. Specifically, the following six antibiotics were monitored: tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC), oxytetracycline (OTC), sulfamethazine (SMT), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and sulfathiazole (STZ). To extract and quantify the antibiotics from different environmental compartments, solid phase extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) techniques were adopted. The concentration of the six antibiotics ranged from below the detection limit (BDL) to 0.71 ${\mu}g$/L in surface water, from BDL to 27.61 ${\mu}g$/L in sediment, and from 0.12 to 157.33 ${\mu}g$/L in soil. In addition, higher concentrations of antibiotics were observed in surface water and sediment at locations closer to the composting facility indicating that composting is the source of the antibiotics found in the environment. Furthermore, higher concentrations of antibiotics were observed in the solid phase (sediment and soil) than the aqueous phase. These findings indicate that the possibility of antibiotic resistant bacteria is increased because such bacteria are more stable in the solid phase. Overall, longterm monitoring of the aqueous phase and solid phase is necessary to gain a better understanding of the impact of antibiotics from source on the environment in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.325-347
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the epidemiological, clinicopathological, microbiological, pathological observations and other tests from sudden death in feedlot cattle at the region of Sarari in Korea during the period from 1994 to 1999. Massive or sporadic occurrence of sudden death has been observed in 101 heads of 47 farmhouse. There were 20.8% in spring, 29.7% in summer, 16.8% in autumn, 32.7% in winter, and 62.3% in reproductive, 27.7% in growing, 5.0% in beef cattle, 5.0% in calf in prevalence of sudden death in cattle. Enterotoxemia(88.0%), pneumonia(3.5%), intestinal diarrhea(3.5%), liver abscess(1.5%) and indigestion(1.5%) were detected from 67 heads of sudden death cattle. In clinical observations, cattle were generally died of sudden recumbency with convulsions followed anorexia, depression, ataxia, muscular tremor, tachycardia and dyspnea without any premonitory symptoms. Epidemiological surveys showed no evidence that other factors such as pesticide, insecticide, fertilizer, chemical drug3 and those of others caused sudden death. Macroscopically, there were coagulation disorders of blood, congestion, edema and haemorrhage of lung, congestion and haemorrhages, watery and blood-tinged contents of small intestine. Histopathologically, we observed pulmonary congestion and haemorrhage, necrotic intestinal mucosa accompanied with haemorrhage and congestion, and also increased globule leukocytes between bronchial epithelia with mild pneumonia. Clinicopathologically, only elevation of blood glucose and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) was detected. Magnesium and calcium deficiency were not detected, but parasites were detected highly in normal and dead cattles. Microbiologically, Clostridium(Cl) pefringens were detected from small intestinal contents of 94% (63/67) of sudden death cattle and 51%(51/101) of slaughter cattle, and the population were $10^{6-8}$/cfu/$m\ell$ after 16~32 hours. Consequently, it was proved that the cause of death in cattle was enterotoxemia. Pathogenic test of mouse and goat inoculated with Cl perfringens type A toxin has been demonstrated as similar observation to natural cases. In antimicrobial susceptibility test, ampicillin, bacitracin, polymycin, cephalothin, penicillin, choramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline were highly susceptible, and amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxine, sulfamethazine were resistant. Cl perfringens were resisted for 4 hours in 3% formalin, 20 minutes in 4% phenol, 20 minutes in 0.5% mercuric chloride and 40 minutes in 0.1% sodium hydroxide, respectively. The useful method to prevent from occurrance of enterotoxemia in feedlot cattle was a dietary administration of antibiotics and miyari acid.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.75-87
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• 2014

In order to analyze environmental impact of livestock manure and organic fertilizers, this study investigated livestock-breeding and pollution loads, the status of individual and public livestock manure treatment facilities, and the status of production, supply and components of compost and liquid fertilizers in the Nonsan area. Also, on a trial basis, this study investigated the life cycle of the environmental impact of livestock manure and its organic fertilizers on stream, groundwater, and agricultural soil. The results are as follows. Firstly, were detected the range of $0.13{\sim}1.32{\mu}g/L$ of As, $0.004{\sim}0.467{\mu}g/L$ of Cd and $0.5{\sim}9.2{\mu}g/L$ of Pb as a harmful substances which show lower concentrations than person preservation criteria of water qualities and aquatic ecosystem. However, it is not clear that heavy metals affect environment such as stream, groundwater and agricultural soil. Secondly, this influence could change according to investigation time and treatment efficiency. As were detected large amounts of persistent organic pollutants(e.g. $14.24{\sim}38.47{\mu}g/L$ of acetylsalicylic acid, $1.17{\sim}2.96{\mu}g/L$ of sulfamethazine, and $2.25{\sim}174.09{\mu}g/L$ of sulfathiazole) in effluent from livestock farms and small amounts of sulfathiazole($ND{\sim}1.63{\mu}g/L$) in the stream, it is necessary to monitor POPs at individual and public livestock manure treatment facilities. However, significant environmental impact did not appear at groundwater and agricultural soil in the test area supplied with liquid fertilizers. These results could be applied to investigate the environmental impact of livestock manure through a comprehensive livestock manure management information system.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.273-281
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• 2010

Concentration of antibiotics including a tetracycline group (TCs) of tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC), and oxytetracycline (OTC), a sulfonamide group (SAs) of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfathiazole (STZ), and sulfamethazine (SMT), an ionophore group (IPs) of lasalocid (LSL), monensin (MNS), and salinomycin (SLM), and a macrolide group (MLs) of tylosin (TYL) was determined from samples collected from the agricultural soil, stream water, and sediment. For the agricultural soil samples, the concentration of TCs had the highest value among all tested antibiotic's groups due to its high accumulation rate on the surface soils. The lower concentrations of SAs in the agricultural soils may be resulted from its lower usage and lower distribution coefficient (Kd) compared to TCs. The concentration of TCs in stream water was significantly increased through June to September. It would be likely due to soil loss during an intensive rainfall event and a reduction of water level after the monsoon season. A significant amount of TCs in the sediment was also detected due to its accumulation from runoff, which occurred by complexation of divalent cations, ion exchange, and hydrogen bonding among humic acid molecules. To ensure environmental or human safety, continuous monitoring of antibiotics residues in surrounding ecosystems and systematic approach to the occurrence mechanism of antibiotic resistant bacteria are required.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.113-123
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• 1995

The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalent characteristics of Fowl Typhoid and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella gallinarum isolated from 56 infective or dead chickens of 20 egg laying farms in Kyung Buk province during the period from August to December 1994. 1. Among 416, 000 chickens of 92 flocks in 20 egg laying farms, 17, 360 chickens of 31 flocks were died of Fowl Typhoid. 2. Salmonella gallinarum was isolated from 56 chickens in liver and spleen, and then blood of infective chickens was positive to Pullorum antigen. 3, In the survey of gross lesion of 56 chickens, 43 chickens(76.8%) were swelled at liver, 39(69.6%) were swelled at spleen, 12(21.4%) were changed with bronze, 3(5.4% ) were hemorrhagic in peritoneal cavity. 4. In transmission pattern, 4 farms were outbreaked the entrance of chicken house at first, but the others were outbreaked at various place. They were transmitted at right and left directions in flock. 5. 2 farms confirmed at the early stage of infection were eradicated by removing infective chickens and administrating antibiotics, but 18 farms at chronic stage were not. 6. The biochemical properties of 112 Salmonella gallinarum from chickens were generally identical to those of the referance, but H$_2$S was not productive, cellobiose was fermentive. 7 Minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of 20 isolates was performed by using 21 antibiotics, MICs of Amikacin(Ak), Gentamicin(Gm), Kanamycin(Km), and Tetracycline (Tc) were below 1.6 ug/ml, Ampicillin(Am), Furazolidone(Fu) and Neomycin(Nm) were below 3.1 ug/ml, Cephalothin(Ce), Cefazoline(Cf) and Chloramphenicol(Cm) were below 6.3 ug/ml, Nalidixic acid(Na), Polymyxin(Po) and Rifampicin(Rf) were below 12.5 ug/ml, Penicillin (Pm) was below 25 ug/ml, Colistin(Co) and Streptomycin(Sm) were below 50 ug/ml, Sulfamerazine(Sr) and Sulfamethazine (St) were below 200 ug/ml, Lincomycin(Lm) and Spiramycin(Sp) were below 400 ug/ml, Bacitracin(Ba) was below 800 ug/ml. 8. Among the 20 isolates, all(100%) of those were sensitive to Ak, Am, Ce, Cf, Cm, Fu, Gm, Km, Na, Nm, Po, Rf, Sr, St and Tc, but 6 isolates(30%) were resistent to Co, 20(100% ) to Ba, Lm, Pm, Sm, and Sp. The drug resistance patterns were simple which 6 strains were BaCoLmPmSmSp type, and 14 were BaLmPmSmSp type.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 1994

A total 103 strains of Edwardsiella tarda was isolated from eel culture-ponds and examined for drug resistance, distribution and transferabilities of R plasmids. The drugs used were lincomycin(LM), penicillin(PM), sulfamethazine(SF), sulfadimethoxine(SD), cephalosprin(CP), chloramphenicol(CH), streptomycin(SM), oxytetracycline(OT), ampicillin(AP), oxolinic acid(OA), kanamycin(KM), amikacin(AK), gentamicin(GM) and enrofloxacin(EF). Two strains were resistant to the all drugs used, and all isolates were multiply resistant to drugs(at least 8 among 14 drugs), mostly restricted to LM(103 strains), PM(103 strains), SD(103 strains), SF(103 strains), CP(102 strains), CM(101 strains), SM(100 strains), OT(94 strains), AM(92 strains), OA(80 strains), KM(60 strains), AK(30 strains), GM(19 strains) and EF(14 strains), in combination at high degree showing 34 different drug resistant patterns. The most frequently encountered patterns were LM PM SD SF CP CH SM OT AP OA KM(22 strains, 22.4%) followed by LM PM SD SF CP CH SM OT AP OT(12 strains, 11.7%). LM PM SD SF CP CH SM OT AP(7 strains, 6.8%), LM PM SD SF CP CH SM OT AP OA KM AK GM(6 strains, 5.8%) and LM PM SD SF CP CH SM OT AM OX KM AK GM(6 strains, 5.8%). Transfer experiment of drug resistance showed that of 103 resistant strains, 100 strains(97%) transferred part or all resistance to all drugs, indicating that most isolates carried conjugally transferrable R plasmids determining multiple drugs. The most frequently observed transferarble R plasmids were LM PM SD SF CP CH SM OT AP OA(10 strains), LM PM SD SF CP CH SM OT AP OX KM(7 strains) and LM PM SD SF CP CH AP OA(7 strains). These results sugested that eel culture-ponds were highly contaminated with different strains of Edwardsiella tarda, and that contaminated bacteria might be highly multiple resistant strains to drugs, carring transferable R plasmids.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.107-119
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• 2022

The frequent detection and occurrence of micropollutants (MPs) in aquatic ecosystems has raised public health concerns worldwide. In this study, the behavior of 50 MPs was investigated in three different domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Furthermore, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess the geographical and seasonal variation of MPs in the WWTPs. The results showed that the concentrations of 43 MPs ranged from less than 0.1 to 237.6 ㎍ L^-1, while other seven MPs including 17-ethynylestradiol, 17-estradiol, sulfathiazole, sulfamethazine, clofibric acid, simvastatin, and lovastatin were not detected in all WWTPs. Among the detected MPs, the pharmaceuticals such as metformin, acetaminophen, naproxen, and caffeine were prominent with maximum concentrations of 133.4, 237.6, 71.5, and 107.7 ㎍ L^-1, respectively. Most perfluorinated compounds and nitrosamines were found at trace levels of 1.2 to 55.3 ng L^-1, while the concentration of corrosion inhibitors, preservatives (parabens), and endocrine disruptors ranged from less than 0.1 to 4310.8 ng L^-1. Regardless of the type of biological treatment process such as MLE, A2O, and MBR, the majority of pharmaceuticals (except lincomycin, diclofenac, iopromide, and carbamazepine), parabens (except Methyl paraben), and endocrine disruptors were removed by more than 80%. However, the removal efficiencies of certain MPs such as atrazine, DEET, perfluorinated compounds (except PFHxA), nitrosamines, and corrosion inhibitors were relatively low or their concentration even increased after treatment. The results of statistical analysis reveal that there is no significant geographical difference in the removal efficacy of MPs, but there are temporal seasonal variations in all WWTPs.