• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.131-142
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• 2004

In recent years, adjuvants have received much attention because of the development of purified subunit and synthetic vaccines which are poor immunogens and require adjuvants to evoke the immune response. Therefore, immunologic adjuvants have been developed and testing for most of this century. During the last years much progress has been made on development, isolation and chemical synthesis of alternative adjuvants such as derivatives of muramyl dipeptide, monophosphoryl lipid A, liposomes, QS-21, MF-59 and immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMS). Biodegradable polymer microspheres are being evaluated for targeting antigens on mucosal surfaces and for controlled release of vaccines with an aim to reduce the number of doses required for primary immunization. The most common adjuvants for human use today are aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate. Calcium phosphate and oil emulsions have been also used in human vaccination. The biggest issue with the use of adjuvants for human vaccines is the toxicity and adverse side effects of most of the adjuvant formulations. Other problems with the development of adjuvants include restricted adjuvanticity of certain formulations to a few antigens, use of aluminum adjuvants as reference adjuvant preparations under suboptimal conditions, non-availability of reliable animal models, use of non-standard assays and biological differences between animal models and humans leading to the failure of promising formulations to show adjuvanticity in clinical trials. The availability of hundreds of different adjuvants has prompted a need for identifying rational standards for selection of adjuvant formulations based on safety and sound immunological principles for human vaccines. The aim of the present review is to put the recent findings into a broader perspective to facilitate the application of these adjuvants in general and experimental vaccinology.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.177-184
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• 2021

Vaccines based on single-cycle viruses that are replication-incompetent due to knockout of replication-related structural gene(s) are more immunogenic than inactivated or subunit vaccines and can be used as delivery vehicles for foreign antigens without concerns on the reverting to virulent forms. The aim of this study was to develop a delivery vehicle for nervous necrosis virus (NNV)-like particles (VLPs) using G gene deleted single-cycle VHSV (rVHSV-𝚫G). Recombinant single-cycle VHSVs carrying NNV capsid protein gene between N and P gene of rVHSV-𝚫G genome (rVHSV-𝚫G-NNV_Cap) were rescued by reverse genetic technology. The successful expression of NNV capsid protein in cells infected with rVHSV-𝚫G-NNV_Cap was demonstrated by Western blot analysis, and the production of NNV VLPs in infected cells was confirmed using an electron microscopy. The results suggest that single-cycle VHSVs can be used as a safe delivery vehicle for NNV VLPs, and can be extended to other pathogens for the development of prophylactic vaccines.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.305-310
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• 2016

In this study, we compared two different tumor cell vaccines for their induction of anti-tumor immunity; one was a tumor cell clone expressing a membrane-bound form of IL-12 p35 subunit (mbIL-12 p35 tumor clone), and the other was a tumor clone expressing heterodimeric IL-12 as a single chain (mb-scIL-12 tumor clone). The stimulatory effect of mb-scIL-12 on the proliferation of ConA-activated splenocytes was higher than that of mbIL-12 p35 in vitro. However, the stimulatory effect of mbIL-12 p35 was equivalent to that of recombinant soluble IL-12 (3 ng/ml). Interestingly, both tumor clones (mbIL-12 p35 and mb-scIL-12) showed similar tumorigenicity and induction of systemic anti-tumor immunity in vivo, suggesting that tumor cell expression of the membrane-bound p35 subunit is sufficient to induce anti-tumor immunity in our tumor vaccine model.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.161-169
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was conducted to compare immunogenicities and reactogenicities of the trivalent inactivated subunit influenza vaccine and split influenza vaccine in Korean children and adolescents. Methods: In total, 202 healthy children aged 36 months to <18 years were enrolled at six hospitals in Korea from October to December 2008. The subjects were vaccinated with either the split or subunit influenza vaccine. The hemagglutinin inhibition antibody titers against the H1N1, H3N2, and B virus strains were measured, and the seroconversion rates, seroprotection rates, and geometric mean titers were calculated. All subjects were observed for local and systemic reactions. Results: Both the split and subunit vaccine groups had similar seroprotection rates against all strains (95.9%, 94.9%, 96.9% vs. 96.0%, 90.9%, and 87.9%). In children aged 36 to <72 months, the seroprotection rates were similar between the two vaccine groups. In children aged 72 months to <18 years, both vaccines showed high seroprotection rates against the H1N1, H3N2, and B strain (98.4%, 98.4%, 98.4% vs. 97.0%, 95.5%, and 91.0%), but showed relatively low seroconversion rates (39.1%, 73.4%, 35.9% vs. 34.3%, 55.2%, and 38.8%). There were more local and systemic reactions in the split vaccine group than in the subunit vaccine group; however, no serious adverse reactions were observed in both groups. Conclusions: Both the split and subunit vaccines showed acceptable immunogenicity in all age groups. There were no serious adverse events with both vaccines.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.1396-1405
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• 2022

Cholera remains a major global public health problem, for which oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) being a valuable strategy. Patients, who have recovered from cholera, develop antibody responses against LPS, cholera toxin (CT), toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP) major subunit A (TcpA) and other antigens; thus, these responses are potentially important contributors to immunity against Vibrio cholerae infection. However, assessments of the efficacy of current OCVs, especially inactivated OCVs, have focused primarily on O-antigen-specific antibody responses, suggesting that more sophisticated strategies are required for inactivated OCVs to induce immune responses against TCP, CT, and other antigens. Previously, we have shown that the toxT-139F allele enables V. cholerae strains to produce CT and TCP under simple laboratory culture conditions. Thus, we hypothesized that V. cholerae strains that express TCP via the toxT-139F allele induce TCP-specific antibody responses. As anticipated, V. cholerae strains that expressed TCP through the toxT-139F allele elicited antibody responses against TCP when the inactivated bacteria were delivered via a mouse model. We have further developed TCP-expressing V. cholerae strains that have been used in inactivated OCVs and shown that they effect an antibody response against TcpA in vivo, suggesting that V. cholerae strains with the toxT-139F allele are excellent candidates for cholera vaccines.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.103-108
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• 1986

The oil emulsion and alhydrogel pilli vaccines were prepared from a strain(O9: K35, K99, F41) of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from calves with diarrhea and their immunogenicity was tested in guinea-pigs, pregnant goats and cows. Serum antibody responses to K99 and F41 antigens in guinea-pigs given experimental oil and gel vaccines peaked at 4 and 6 weeks after vaccinations. At that time, the mean hemagglutination inhibition titers to K99 and F41 antigens in guinea-pigs given oil vaccine were 1:25 and 1:1, 218 and those given gel vaccine were 1:54 and 1:724 respectively. Agglutinin titers in pregnant goats given the oil vaccine were significantly higher(mean 1:2,347) compared to those of control group(mean 1:160). Less than 12.5% of goatlings from vaccinated goats developed scours compared to nearly 100% in control group after oral challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coil within 24 hours after birth. The highest agglutinin titers of cow serum and colostrum and of the serum of calves 48 hours after birth from cows given oil vaccine were 1:256, 1:512 and 1:64 respectively. On the other hand, those titers of serum and colostrum and of the serum of nursing calves from nonvaccinated cows were 1:8, 1:16 and 1:20 respectively. The protective efficacy of the oil emulsion vaccine was 72.1% under field conditions. These results strongly indicated that the vaccine could be applied for protection of diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in calves.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.361-368
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• 1998

The E2 protein of HCV (hepatitis C virus) is thought to have a potential role in the development of subunit vaccines and diagnostics. To express it by the insect cell/baculovirus expression (Bacu) system, we constructed a recombinant Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcIL3E2), determined the most appropriate expression conditions in terms of host cell line and culture medium, and characterized the expressed HCV E2 protein. A culture system using Trichoplusia ni BTI-TN5Bl-4 cells and SF 900IISFM medium expressed a relatively high level of HCV E2 protein. It was revealed that its glycosylation properties and subcellular localization were almost the same as the ones in the mammalian cell expression system previously reported, suggesting the recombinant HCV E2 protein derived from our Bacu system can be utilized for development of a subunit vaccine and diagnostics. Interestingly, HCV E2 protein was not degraded at all even at 43 h post-heat shock in the heat shock-induced necrotic cells, probably due to its integration into the microsomal membrane, indicating that heat shock can be employed to purify HCV E2 protein.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.261-268
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• 2012

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza virus are the most significant pathogens causing respiratory tract diseases. Composite vaccines are useful in reducing the number of vaccination and confer protection against multiple infectious agents. In this study, we generated fusion of RSV G protein core fragment (amino acid residues 131 to 230) and influenza HA1 globular head domain (amino acid residues 62 to 284) as a dual vaccine candidate. This fusion protein, Gcf-HA1, was bacterially expressed, purified by metal resin affinity chromatography, and refolded in PBS. BALB/c mice were intranasally immunized with Gcf-HA1 in combination with a mucosal adjuvant, cholera toxin (CT). Both serum IgG and mucosal IgA responses specific to Gcf and HA1 were significantly increased in Gcf-HA1/CT-vaccinated mice. To determine the protective efficacy of Gcf-HA1/CT vaccine, immunized mice were challenged with RSV (A2 strain) or influenza virus (A/PR/8/34). Neither detectable viral replication nor pathology was observed in the lungs of the immune mice. These results demonstrate that immunity induced by intranasal Gcf-HA1/CT immunization confers complete protection against both RSV and homologous influenza virus infection, suggesting our Gcf-HA1 vaccine candidate could be further developed as a dual subunit vaccine against RSV and influenza virus.

• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.163-171
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• 1996

The recombinant pseudorabies virus major capsid protein (rMCP) was produced by expression of the MCP gene in Sf-9 cell using baculovirus transfer vector system. Following evaluation of the immunochemical properties of the rMCP, the immunogenicity of the recombinant subunit protiens were investigated in guinea pig and swine to obtain the preliminary guide line for the subunit vaccine using rMCP and gP50. It was proved that ultrasonication and 30% ammonium sulfate was most efficient to concentrate and purify the protein. The rMCP was safe in mice, guinea pigs and piglets. In guinea pigs, rMCP mixed with various adjuvants induced substantial degree of serum neutralizing antibody titers, but revealed incomplete protectivity against challenge. In swine, the combination of rMCP and gP50 showed the higher serum neutralizing antibody titers and cellular immune responses than rMCP alone. However, the protectivity was lower in comparison with the commercial gI-deleted inactivated vaccine. We expect these results to contribute to characterization of MCP gene of Korean isolate of PRV and to ultilize as preliminary information for prodution and evaluation of PRV recombinant subunit vaccines.