• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.181-189
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• 2022

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the factors influencing sleep among Korea adolescents. Methods: This was a secondary data analysis of the 7th-8th National Health and Nutrition Survey 2016-2020. Participants were 1,984 people age 12-18. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, χ² test, and complex sample multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The risk of sleeping more than 10 hours was 2.50 times higher in normal subjects, than subjects underweight in body weight perception (95% CI= 1.29-4.81). The risk of sleeping more than 10 hours was 2.10 times higher in overweight subjects, than subjects underweight in body weight perception (95% CI= 1.14-3.87). The risk of sleeping less than 8 hours was 1.36 times higher in subjects high in stress status, than subjects low in stress status (95% CI= 1.05-1.75). The risk of sleeping more than 10 hours was 1.99 times higher in subjects who had not eaten, than subjects who had been eating breakfast (95% CI= 1.11-3.55). Conclusion: Thus, it is necessary to intensify sleep management required through proper health behavior as well as the mental health management of adolescents and improvement in eating behavior.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.135-139
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• 2022

Purpose: We investigated the satisfaction of physical therapy course according to teaching ways after COVID-19. Methods: 336 students in major of physical therapy were recruited in this study. Based on the classification of subjects in the national examination, the questionnaire was divided into 6 subjects in the basic field of physical therapy, 2 subjects in the field of physical therapy diagnostic evaluation, 8 subjects in the field of physical therapy intervention, and 3 subjects in other fields. The Likert scale was used. Results: In the basic field of physical therapy, all subjects were shown the high score of the satisfactory in face-to-face classes except for the public health and medical law compared to the non-face-to-face classes and mixed classes. Regarding the field of physical therapy diagnostic evaluation, the principle of diagnostic evaluation was shown the high score of the satisfactory in face-to-face classes compared to the non-face-to-face classes and mixed classes. In the field of physical therapy intervention, all subjects were shown the high score of the satisfactory in face-to-face classes compared to the non-face-to-face classes and mixed classes. Conclusion: We found that the face-to-face classes in most of subjects was shown the high score of satisfactory. We believed that our results can be used as basic data for physical therapy major learning methods.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.248-252
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• 2012

This study aimed to evaluate the perception of informed consent for subjects who are participated in oriental medicine clinical trials and over 60 years old. In this research, 215 subjects who were participated in clinical trials were surveyed between Apr. 13, 2011 and Jul. 20, 2011. And the collected data was analyzed with computer software of SPSS 17.0. In the case of objective perception, almost all of subjects answered that they have ever heard of the consent form. However, 50.7 points were collected for the question of "As I already signed the consent form, I have to participate in the clinical trials", which showed the subjects had misperception about quitting the clinical trials. In the case of subjective perception, subjects well knew that the purpose of clinical trial is research, not medical treatment. However, the perception about the purpose of clinical trials that they are participated in was low. In the both cases of objective and subjective perception with general characteristics, they showed differences (p<0.045) with the marital status of subjects, however other categories did not show any difference. In conclusion, researchers should provide sufficient explanation as well as adequate Information in order to protect the personality of subjects, so that the subjects can make a right decision.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.163-168
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immune response to serotype 19A in children aged 12-23 months after immunization of the 19F containing 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). Methods: Blood samples from a total of 45 subjects (age 12-23 months) were included in the study. Subjects were categorized according to immunization status into three groups as follows: 18 subjects with 3 primary doses and 1 booster dose of PCV7 (booster group), 21 subjects with 3 primary doses before 12 months of age (primary group), and 6 subjects with no vaccination history of PCV7 (control group). An ELISA and opsonophagocytic killing assay (OPKA) was done to evaluate the immune responses against serotypes 19F and 19A. Results: According to the ELISA, all subjects had antibody titers ${\geq}0.35{\mu}g/mL$ for serotypes 19F and 19A in the booster and primary group and 83.0% and 66.7% in the control group, respectively. According to the OPKA, subjects with opsonic activity (${\geq}20$) against serotypes 19F and 19A were 100% and 61.1% of the subjects in the booster group and 66.7% and 19.0% in the primary group, respectively. No subjects in the control group had opsonic antibodies against both serotypes. Conclusion: In conclusion, in children 12-23 months age who were previously vaccinated with PCV7, a cross-reactive immune response is elicited against serotype 19A after a primary series of 3 doses in a small proportion of subjects, and this response is amplified after booster vaccination.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.283-294
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• 1988

To study the factors related to childhood obesity, 75 subjects were selected as an obese group and 75 subjects were selected as a control group according to their obesity index and BMI among the 583 children of 5th and 6th grade in elementary school in Seoul. For each subject, skinfold thickness was measured, information on the characteristics of family, nutrient intake and activity time of the subjects were obtained by questionnarie. The results were summarized as following: 1) Parents' obesity indices of obese group were significantly higher than those of control group(Father's Obesity Index : P<0.01, Mother's Obesity Index : P<0.05). 2) Questions about eating rate and behavior showed that subjects in obese group were significantly faster in their eating rate(p<0.05) and always more eager to eat food(p<0.001) compared to control group. 3) Dietary intake data showed that average daily intake of all the nutrients exceeded Korean recommended dietary allowances for the age group. In female children, fat intakes of obese group were significantly higher than control group(P<0.05). There was no such significant difference in male subjects. 4) Activity time record of subjects reveal that there was a trend for males to spend more time in moderate and high activity and less time in light activity compared to females. Subjects in obese group spent significantly more time for light activity(P<0.001) and significantly less time for moderate activity (P<0.001) compared to subjects in control group. The difference of activity was more pronounced in male subjects. 5) Correlation matrix of the variables showed that obesity index, BMI, and skinfold thickness of the subjects were highly correlated with each other. These indices were positively correlated to parent's obesity indices and the time spent for light activity, but negatively correlated to the time spent for moderate activity. Nutrient intakes were not significantly correlated to obesity indices. Form the results shown above, although both obese and control groups are from high socioeconomic class, obese children tended to come from family with fat parents. They eat fast and are always eager to eat. They tend to eat more fat but are very different from controls in nutrient intake. Obese children are significantly lower in their actinity compared to controls. So, for the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity, it seems to be more important to increase their activity levels.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.107-112
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• 2004

This study investigated the interactions of bone health with several variables such as outdoor activity hours, nutritional status including habitual intake of calcium andvitamin D status in 72 high school girls aged 16-17 yearsattending day classes or night classes. The subjects consisted of 39 day-class students and 33 night-class students. Dietaty nutrient intakes were estimated using the 24-hour recall method. The daily activities of each subject were assessed using an activity questionnaire. Urinary calcium and creatinine excretion were assayed from subjects' 24-hoururine, while 25-OH-vitamin D[25-(OH)-D] and osteocalcin were measured from the subjects' fasting blood. Intake of energy, iron, vitamin A and vitamin C were worse in the night-class students. There was no significant difference in dietary calcium between the subjects in the different class types. Time spent on outdoor activities was significantly less in subjects attending night classes. Urinary calcium excretion of the night-class subjects was significantly higher than that of the day-class subjects (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in serum 25-(OH)-D level according to class type. Serum osteocalcin for night-class subjects was significantly higher than that for day-class subjects (p<0.01). It appeared that the night-class students had poorer dietary habits as well as fewer outdoor activities. Even though the estimated bone health of both groups of subjects appeared to be normal, the overall nutritional intake and duration of outdoor activities appeared to be important for maintaining bone health and lowering the future risk of osteoporosis.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.729-738
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• 1998

Background and purpose : Stroke is a leading cause of death in Korea. Early measures to prevent stroke are extremely important since it has no cure. Korean might have different risk factors since their dietary habits and socio-economical status differ from most western countries. However, the risk factors for stroke in Korea have not yet been identified. Moreover, the lifestyle of healthy Korean adults has not been investigated. In this study we investigate the lifestyle of healthy adults living in Seoul and rural areas and compare the lifestyles of the two. Methods : One hundred seventy one subjects were studied. Among the subjects studied, 128 were from Seoul, the other 43 were from the country area. The age of the subjects was limited to over 40 years. Blood pressure, fast blood sugar, and cholesterol were measured. The subjects' height, weight, body mass index, total body fat, skinfolds thickness of triceps, subscapular and abdomen were measured to determine obesity. Using a structured interview, we assessed : sodium intake, physical activity and exercise, consumption of vegetables, fat, fish and fruits. The results of the two groups were compared. Results : There were no statistical differences in age and education between the two groups of subjects. The mean age of the subjects were 66 years old. The subjects residing in rural areas had a higher intake of sodium(p<0.05), lower physical activity(P<0.05), and higher BMI and body fat (p<0.05) as compared to the subjects in Seoul. Subjects with hypertension were between 24% and 33% and the prevalence of hypertension was the highest when compared to the prevalence of DM or hypercholesterolemia. However, the prevalence of hypertension, DM, hypercholesterolemia, were not significantly different in these areas. Conclusion : Our results show that subjects living in rural areas eat more salty food, exercise less, and tend to be obese. The finding of this study lead to speculation that Korean living in rural areas have less information about the effects of diet on health than city dwellers do. General health and nutrition education programs aimed at the prevention of stroke and other such conditions for rural area Koreans may close the risk factor gap between rural and urban dwellers.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.477-487
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to assess the thermographic differences of craniomandibular area between normal individual and patients with craniomandibular disorders and to compare the differences between clinical and thermographical assessment. The author had used 50 subjects as materials for this study, which was divided into 2 groups (first group included 15 healthy subjects and second group included 35 patients) with craiomandibular disorders; 17 subjects had normal disc-condyle relationship, 13 subjects had disc displacement with reduction and 5 subjects had disc displacement without reduction. Agema 870 thermovision(D.I.T.I.) was used to take thermographs with $0.1^{\circ}C$ difference of gradual temperature shift. The results were as follows : 1. Of 34 patients with craniofacial pain, 15(44%) subjects showed hyperthermia on the pain site in the thermography, 8(23.5%)exhibited hyperthermia on the site opposed to the pain site, and 11(32.4%) did not show any significant thermal change. One patient without craniofacial pain showed hyperthermia on the site opposed to the site of disc displacement without reductin. 2. Of 35 patients with craniofacial pain or disc displacement, 24(68.6%) subjects showed a significant thermal difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic sides of the face, but 11(31.4%) did not show any difference. 3. Of 17 patients with pain but with normal disc-condyle relationship, 8(47.1 subjects showed hyperthermia on the pain site, 4(23.5%) showed on the site opposed to the pain site, and 5(29.4%) did not show any significant thermal change. 4. Or 13 patients with pain and disc displacement with reduction, 6(46.2%) subjects showed hyperthermia on the pain site, 3(23.1%) showed on the site opposed to the pain site, and 4(30.8%) did not show any significant thermal change. 5. 15 healthy subjects did not show any thermal differences between the both sides of the face.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2012

Objectives : To evaluate the clinical utility of Muscle Energy Techniques(MET) in Elector Spinae Muscle on subjects. Methods : We compared electrical activity between a before MET and a after MET in Elector Spinae Muscle on subjects in same group(n=26) in dynamic flexion-reextension state during five seconds. We analyzed amplitudes and areas of electrical activity and Asymmetry Index(AI) and Median Edge Frequency(MEF). Results : 1. After MET in Elector Spinae Muscle on subjects were lower electrical activity than before MET in Elector Spinae Muscle on subjects but it is not a pointless observation(p<0.05). 2. AI of the after MET in Elector Spinae Muscle on subjects significantly decreased compared with before MET in Elector Spinae Muscle on subjects(p<0.05). 3. MEF of the after MET in Elector Spinae Muscle on subjects decreased compared with before MET in Elector Spinae Muscle on subjects but it is not a pointless observation(p<0.05). Conclusions : According to above results, there is clinical effect MET on subjects.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.294-300
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• 2009

Nowadays, as the era of aging is developing remarkably fast, conventional disease treatments such as surgery or emergency therapy are now being substituted to 'health promotion' and 'health prevention through whole-life management. Recently, many oriental medicine colleges are teaching subjects related to Yangsaeng and Gigong. However, detail investigation about the exact education situation and correlation between among subjects has not been performed yet. Thus, in this research, I collected data about each oriental medicine college's Yangsaeng/Gigong-related subjects' prevalence and management situation through the analysis of 'National Education Report about Korea's Oriental Medicine Colleges' and direct investigation, First, I analyzed oriental medicine colleges' education object. Among 11 basic medicine subjects, there were 2 subjects related to Yangsaeng and Gigong. And among 13 clinical medicine subjects, there were 7 subjects related to Yangsaeng and Gigong. In these subjects, the word 'Yangsaeng' was used for 14 times. The word 'Gigong' was used for 5 times and the words 'natural medicine' and 'alternative medicine' were used for 4 times. Total class hours related to Yangsaeng and Gigong were 19.6 hours (practice classes were 4.6 hours). Each class of subjects had 'study objects'. Study objects were categorized into A (Essential) and B (Recommendation) Items. There were44 A items and 23 B items. Among 11 oriental medicine colleges all over Korea, 10 classes related to Yangsaeng and Gigong existed in 9colleges. 7 classes were included in pre-OM course and 3 classes were included in major-OM course. 6 classes were taught only for one semester and 4 classes were taught for 2 semesters. 6 classes were single unit and 4 classes were 2-units sunjects. 3 classes were held 3 hours a week. 6 classes were held 2 hours a week and one class was held an hour per week. In conclusion, each oriental medicine college should focus on the education and research about Yangsaeng and Gigong. To achieve this object, systemic regulation and specialized human resources should also be made.