• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.180-186
• /
• 1985

Field and phytotron experiments were conducted to determine the effect of morphological growth stage and environmental temperature on Weender components and net energy lactation (NEL) in corn cv. Blizzard and sorghum cv. Pioneer 931 and Sioux at Munich Technical University from 1978 to 1981. Various growth stages of maize and sorghum were grown for 42 days at 4 temperature regimes (30/25, 25/20, 28/18 and 18/8 degree C) and mid-summer sunlight over 13 hour days. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Accumulation of crude protein in maize and sorghum plants was associated with leaf weight ratio and leaf area ratio ($P{\leq}0.1%$). Crude protein in the plants were shown to have a greate synthesis rates at early growth stages. The highest concentration of crude protein were found at 3-leaf stage with 31.4% and 33.9% for maize and sorghum, respectively. 2. Synthesis of crude fiber was increased after growing point differentiation markedly and were shown the highest concentration at heading stage with 28.4% and 31.5% for maize and sorghum, respectively. During the maturities, the crude fiber contents in maize were, however decreased and shown a value of 19.5% at physiological maturity, while that of sorghum were increased continuously. 3. NEL value in maize and sorghum plants were declined as morphological development and shown the lowest at growing point differentiation with 5.82 MJ (maize) and 5.46 MJ/kg (sorghum). During the late maturity, the NEL value of maize were increased markedly and shown a value of 6.70 MJ and 6.94 MJ/kg for milkstage and maturity stage, respectively, while NEL value in sorghum were not increased markedly. 4. Net energy lactation in maize and sorghum plants were associated with synthesis rate of non-structural carbohydrates, especially mono- and disaccharose while cell-wall constituents and crude fiber lowerd NEL contents ($P{\leq}0.1%$). 5. NEL accumulation and starch value were decreased under temperature. The NEL concentration of 4-leaf sorghum under different environmental temperatures of 30/25, 25/20, and 18/8 degree C were 4.87 MJ, 5.46 MJ and 5.81 MJ/kg, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.485-505
• /
• 2022

On November 15, 2017, a Mw 5.4 Pohang Earthquake occurred at about 4 km hypocenter in the Heunghae area, and caused great damage to Pohang city, Korea. In the Heunghae area, which is the central part of the Pohang Basin, the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Supergroup and the Late Cretaceous to Early Paleogene Bulguksa igneous rocks as basement rocks and the Neogene Yeonil Group as the fillings of the Pohang Basin, are distributed. In this paper, structural and geological researches on the crustal deformations (folds, faults, joints) in the Pohang Basin and the coseismic ground deformations (sand volcanoes, ground cracks, pup-up structures) of Pohang Earthquake were carried out, and the deformation history of the Pohang Basin and characteristics of the coseismic ground deformations were considered. The crustal deformations were formed through at least five deformation stages before the Quaternary faulting: forming stages of the normal-slip (Gokgang fault) faults which strike (N)NE and dip at high angles, and the high-angle joints of E-W trend regionally recognized in Yeonil Group and the faults (sub)parallel to them, and the conjugate normal-slip faults (Heunghae fault and Hyeongsan fault) which strike E-W and dip at middle or low angles and the accompanying E-W folds, and the conjugate strike-slip faults dipped at high angles in which the (N)NW and E-W (NE) striking fault sets show the (reverse) sinistral and dextral strike-slips, respectively, and the conjugate reverse-slip faults in which the NNE and NNW striking fault sets dip at middle angles and the accompanying N-S folds. Sand volcanoes often exhibit linear arrangements (sub)parallel to ground cracks in the coseismic ground deformations. The N-S or (N)NE trending pop-up structures and ground cracks and E-W or (W)NW trending ground were formed by the reverse-slip movement of the earthquake source fault and the accompanying buckling folding of its hanging wall due to the maximum horizontal stress of the Pohang Earthquake source. These structural activities occurred extensively in the Heunghae area, which is at the hanging wall of the earthquake source fault, and caused enormous property damages here.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.368-374
• /
• 2006

Purpose : The prevalence of obesity in children is increasing rapidly. Epidemiologic studies suggest that obesity induced atherosclerosis may start in childhood. We investigated whether obese children show early abnormalities of the arterial wall and endothelial dysfunction. Methods : Thirty-eight obese children(14-16 years old of age, male, body mass index $29.40{\pm}3.18kg/m^2$) and forty-five age and sex-matched healthy control children(body mass index $18.43{\pm}1.01kg/m^2$) were enrolled. Their carotid artery intima-media thickness(IMT) and brachial artery flowmediated dilation(FMD) response were measured by high-quality ultrasound system, and compliance, distensibility, stiffness index, incremental elastic modulus and wall stress were calculated by equation. In addition, we looked at the relations between these arterial features and metabolic cardiovascular risk factors. Results : The obese children had significantly increased IMT($0.52{\pm}0.09mm$ vs $0.40{\pm}0.07mm$, P< 0.001) and markedly impaired FMD($7.35{\pm}7.78$ percent vs $20.34{\pm}16.81$ percent, P<0.001) than the healthy controls. But the compliance and distensibility were lower, and the stiffness index, incremental elastic modules and wall stress were higher in the obese group than the control group, but not statistically significantly. Body mass index was highly associated with increased IMT(r=0.612, P<0.001) and reduced FMD(r=-0.414, P<0.001). Conclusion : We showed the deleterious effect of child obesity on both early functional and structural atherosclerotic markers. The ultrasonic findings will be used for screening and follow up markers to identify high-risk patients among obese children.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.54 no.2
• /
• pp.38-55
• /
• 2021

Cherwon Castle is located in Pungcheonwon, Cherwon, in the center of the Korean Peninsula. Currently, it is split across the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between the two Koreas. It attracts attention as a symbol of inter-Korean reconciliation and as cultural heritage that serves as data in making important policy decisions on the DMZ. Despite its importance, however, there has not been sufficient investigation and research done on Cherwon Castle. This is due to the difficulty involved in investigation and research and is caused by the site's inaccessibility. As a solution, the current investigative methods in satellite and aerial archeology can be applied to interpret and analyze the structure of Cherwon Castle and the features of its inner space zoning. Cherwon Castle was built on the five flat hills that begin in the northern mountainous hills and stretch to the southwest. The inner and outer walls were built mainly on the hilly ridges, and the palace wall was built surrounding a flat site that was created on the middle hill. For each wall, the sites of the old gates, which were erected in various directions , have been identified. They seem to have been built to fit the direction of buildings in the castle and the features of the terrain. The castle was built in a diamond shape. The old sites of the palace and related buildings and landforms related to water drainage were identified. It was verified that the roads and the gates were built to run from east to west in the palace. In the spaces of the palace and the inner castle, flat sites were created to fit different landforms, and building sites were arranged there. Moreover, the contour of a reservoir that is believed to be the old site of a pond has been found; it lies on the vertical extension of the center line that connects the palace and the inner castle. Between the inner castle and the outer castle, few vestiges of old buildings were found, although many flat sites were discovered. Structurally, Cherwon Castle is rotated about nine degrees to the northeast, forming a planar rectangle. The planar structure derives from the castle design that mimics the hilly landform, and the bending of the southwestern wall also attests to the intention of the architects to avoid the wetland. For now, it is impossible to clearly describe the functions and characters of the building sites inside the castle. However, it is believed that the inner castle was marked out for space for the palace and government offices, while the space between the outer and inner castle was reserved as the living space for ordinary people. The presence of the hilly landform diminishes the possibility that a bangri (grid) zoning system existed. For some of the landforms, orderly zoning cannot be ruled out, as flat areas are commonly seen. As surveys have yet to be conducted on the different castles, the time when the walls were built and how they were constructed cannot be known. Still, the claim to that the castle construction and the structuring of inner spaces were inspired by the surrounding landforms is quite compelling.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.19 no.9
• /
• pp.279-287
• /
• 2018

Sealants are an important element of modern architecture and serve as a building protection against weathering by providing barriers against ingress of moisture, air, and other materials. Exposure to a variety of environments often reduces lifespan due to changes in physical, chemical and mechanical characteristics, and UV, humidity, and temperature expansion are important issues that are directly related to durability. In this study, a combined deterioration test chamber was developed to simulate the environment of the open air as an instrument for verifying the durability of structural sealing materials indoors. In order to replicate special weather conditions, such as yellow dust, acid rain, and contamination by microorganisms, it was deemed impossible to replicate the outdoor environment by 100 %, and the results of the results of the results of the external exposure test of the structural sealant and the combined deterioration testing device. As a result of the displacement test of the outdoor exposure test, it was determined that the sealant was breaking apart and that it would be smooth, and the displacement would be up to three times greater than the initial material value of 1 year. The displacement test results of the combined deterioration test device show the tendency to deteriorate, decreasing the elasticity and tensile characteristics. In the case of denatured silicon, the current 400 cycles have been completed to confirm 12 months of degradation of the external exposure. The deformation of the test specimen cannot be verified with the naked eye, so it is considered that the conditions of the specimen are more stable than the silicon sealant. As a result of the outdoor exposure test, if the combined deterioration test device is structured and proposed in the relevant guidance or specification, the anticipated lifespan of 12 months in the actual use environment can be verified indoors and below 3 months later, economically.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.54 no.2
• /
• pp.271-283
• /
• 2021

The Imjingang Belt in the middle-western Korean Peninsula has tectonically been correlated with the Permo-Triassic Qinling-Dabie-Sulu collisional belt between the North and South China cratons in terms of collisional tectonics. Within the belt, crustal-scale extensional ductile shear zones that were interpreted to be formed during collapsing stage with thrusts and folds were reported as evidence of collisional events by previous studies. In this study, we tried to understand the nature of deformation along the southern boundary of the belt in the Munsan area based on the interpretations of recently conducted structural analyses. To figure out the realistic geometry of the study area, the down-plunge projection was carried out based on the geometric relationships between structural elements from the detailed field investigation. We also conducted kinematic interpretations based on the observed shear sense indicators from the outcrops and the oriented thin-sections made from the mylonite samples. The prominent structures of the Munsan area are the regional-scale ENE-WSW striking thrust and the N-S trending map-scale folds, both in its hanging wall and footwall areas. Shear sense indicators suggest both eastward and westward vergence, showing opposite directions on each limb of the map-scale folds in the Munsan area. In addition, observed deformed microstructures from the biotite gneiss and the metasyenite of the Munsan area suggest that their deformation conditions are corresponding to the typical mid-crustal plastic deformation of the quartzofeldspathic metamorphic rocks. These microstructural results combined with the macro-scale structural interpretations suggest that the shear zones preserved in the Munsan area is mostly related to the development of the N-S trending map-scale folds that might be formed by flexural folding rather than the previously reported E-W trending crustal-scale extensional ductile shear zone by Permo-Triassic collision. These detailed examinations of the structures preserved in the Imjingang Belt can further contribute to solving the tectonic enigma of the Korean collisional orogen.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.275-283
• /
• 2007

This study was carried out to: (1) analyze structural stability of representative rain-sheltering greenhouses for large-grain grapevine cultivation with widths of 3.6 m and 5 m in case of using the existing pipe for agriculture; (2) present the optimum specification of pipes in the greenhouse with a width of 5 m under the condition of using the pipe of which ultimate strength has been above $400N{\cdot}mm^{-2}$; (3) evaluate stability and also present the optimum specification of pipes as eaves height was augmented. The above analyses were done for greenhouses with roof vents and also with a main-column interval of 3 m and a rafter interval of 60 cm. First, the existing 3.6 m greenhouse with a rafter of ${\Phi}25.4{\times}1.5t@600$ was stable far a snow-depth of 35 cm but unstable for a wind velocity of $35m{\cdot}s^{-1}$. Meanwhile the existing 5 m greenhouse with the same rafter was not stable for a wind velocity of $335m{\cdot}s^{-1}$ as well as a snow-depth of 35 cm. This meant that existing greenhouses had to be reinforced to secure stability. Second, the specification of pipes, especially rafter, could be classified as two cases. One had a structural stability at a safe wind velocity of $35m{\cdot}s^{-1}$ and a safe snow-depth of 40 cm for which stability the rafter had to be ${\Phi}31.8{\times}1.5t@600$, and the other had a stability at $30m{\cdot}s^{-1}-35cm$ at the specification of rafter ${\Phi}25.4{\times}1.5t@600$. Finally, eaves height had a significant effect on safe wind velocity. But it had little influence on safe snow-depth. The results showed that the specification of side-wall pipes had to be reinforced for the safe side velocity accord-ing to the increment of eaves height and similarly the specification of fore-end post far the safe fore-end velocity.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.35-45
• /
• 2006

Plants of Vitex negundo are known to develop numerous trichomes throughout their body, where certain trichome types have been believed to be one of the plausible structures for the unique scents. In the current study. structural aspects of the trichomes have been examined in leaves and stems of Vitex negundo using TEM and SEM. Trichome types as well as structural changes that occurred in certain trichomes during secretion have been mainly focused. Three type of glandular trichomes and two types of non-glandular trichomes were developed in the epidermis of young and mature Vitex negundo plants. The glandular trichomes included the peltate type (Type 1), the capitate type (Type 2), and degraded capitate type (Type 3), whereas the non-glandular warty trichomes contained the multicellular (Types 4) and unicellular type (Type 5). Type 1 and 2 consisted of head and stalk cells, but their number and size were different. One secretory cavity was formed from the four head cells in the former, but only two head cells were involved in the latter. The cytoplasmic density in the head cell was quite high and in particular, sER and Golgi bodies were well developed. At initiation of their development, the cuticle layer of the head cells separated from the outer tangential wall to form a secretory cavity. Subsequently the cavity expanded acropetally and a large number of secretory vesicles continuously produced from the head cells until they filled the entire cavity. The cavity contained materials that would be soon discharged into intercellular spaces and/or into the air. The cavity began to decrease the volume by contracting at initial secretion but degrade rapidly within short time. It has been suggested that the mode of secretion in V. negundo is probably the eccrine secretion, since no break or rupture of the cavity has been observed during examination. Contrastingly Type 3 exhibited deterioration of the head cell at early stage. Type 4 was about $110{\sim}190{\mu}m$ long, consisting of $2{\sim}3$ cells, and distributed more in the adaxial epidermis compared to the abaxial surface. However, $20{\sim}30{\mu}m$ long Type 5 was extremely dense in both epidermis. Among several trichome types, Type 1 and 2 probably play an important role in discharging unique aromatic scents in plants of V. negundo.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.105-112
• /
• 1981

The morphological and structural studios of Anisakinae larva has been carried out since Sept. of 1980. The larva were collected from naturally infested eleven swine of 1,531 examined at Kwang-Ju abattoir and from marine fishes, Somber japonicus, bought at Kwang-Ju fish market. The results observed were as follow : 1. Anisakis larva found in the stomach wall and on the surface of the mucosa were more or less degenerated. According to the progress of degeneration, the cross sections showed varied structures (Fig. 6, 7). 2. Size of the larva both from swine and fishes were measured respectively in average(mm); 18.0 and 18.7 in body length, 0.30 and 0.41 in body width, 1.64 and 1.68 in esophagus(muscular-part), 0.56 and 0.67 in ventriculus (glandular part), and 0.13 and 0.12 in tail. It was notable that body length of the larva in this present data, 18.0mm and 1.87mm, were shorter than those in previous dada, 24.3mm from human cases and 28.4mm from, however, the present data were almost similar to the data, 1.75mm, from swine case. 3. The Boring tooth, Mucron, long ventriculus and short round tail were observed in the larva of this present study. These structures were differentiated from Anisakis type II larvae which was provided with short ventriculus, and conical and tapering tall without mucron. 4. The ventricular appendix and intestnal caecum were not present in the larva. These might be differentiated from other Anisakidae larva such as Terranova larvae, Contracaecum larvae, Raphidascaris larvae and Thynnascaris larvae. 5. The findings through the histological observation were a pair of Y-shaped or butterfly-shaped lateal chords, ventral and dorsal chords, excretory(Renette) cell, high columnar epithelial cells of digestive tract and muscle cells. These morphological characteristics revealed varied features in the structures in the degenerative degree of the larva in the stomach wall. 6. The above-mentioned characteristics of the larva observed could be indentified as Anisakis type I larvae. 7. The reports on natural infestation of domestic animal with Anisakis type I larvae were two swine cases in Korea and Japan respectively, On the other hand two human cases of the larva were reported in Korea and more than one thousand cases in Japan. In Twiwan no reports of human and domestic animal cases could be found.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.112-121
• /
• 1988

Soybean seed coat consisted of three layers, and the aleurone layer was attached to the innermost part of seed coat. It showed the different morphological characteristics with single cell layer compared with many cell layers in barley aleurone layer. The structural difference in aleurone cell among varieties was not detected in this experiment. The hole of middle part of hilum consisted of net formed material in order to pass water and gas. In the experiment, it was not studied whether the varieties with hard seed consist of the same structure or not, but the detailed study on this would be necessary. The activity of acid phosphatase showed a tendency to increase in process of imbibition in distilled water. There was no significant difference in the enzyme activity among the varieties tested, but the enzyme activity of Danyoupkong was slightly higher than that of Hwanggeumkong. In germinability, Danyoupkong is higher than Hwangkeumkong, so it might be attributed to the higher activity. There was no difference in acid phosphatase activity between released from the aleurone cell and accumulated in the aleurone cell from 6 to 12 hours incubation of the medium in the absence of GA$_3$, but the difference was detected after 12 hours incubation. And enzyme activity was the highest in the 18 hours incubation. The increase in the release of acid phosphatase from the aleurone cell would be considered as passive diffusive effect due to the increase in turgo pressure of aleurone cell. The acid phosphatase released from aleurone layer increased greatly after 24 hours incubation of the medium in the presence of GA$_3$ and the accumulation within the aleurone cell decreased linearly after 18 hours incubation. The result indicates that GA$_3$ enhance the rate of enzyme release from aleurone layer, suggests that the aleurone cell wall be digested by the introduction of GA and the digested wall act as the channels for enzyme release.