• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제68권6호
• /
• pp.747-760
• /
• 2018

In the present study, a methodology for developing fragilities of arch concrete dams to assess their performance against seismic hazards is introduced. Firstly, the probability risk and fragility curves are presented, followed by implementation and representation of the way this method is used. Amirkabir arch concrete dam was subjected to non-linear dynamic analyses. A modified three dimensional rotating smeared crack model was used to take the nonlinear behavior of mass concrete into account. The proposed model considers major characteristics of mass concrete. These characteristics are pre-softening behavior, softening initiation criteria, fracture energy conservation, suitable damping mechanism and strain rate effect. In the present analysis, complete fluid-structure interaction is included to account for appropriate fluid compressibility and absorptive reservoir boundary conditions. In this study, the Amirkabir arch concrete dam is subjected to a set of 8 three-component earthquakes each scaled to 10 increasing intensity levels. Using proposed nonlinear smeared crack model, nonlinear analysis is performed where the structure is subjected to a large set of scaled and un-scaled ground motions and the maximum responses are extracted for each one and plotted. Based on the results, fragility curves were plotted according to various and possible damages indexes. Discrete damage probabilities were calculated using statistical methods for each considered performance level and incremental nonlinear analysis. Then, fragility curves were constructed based on the lognormal distribution assumption. Two damage indexes were introduced and compared to one another. The results indicate that the dam has a proper stability under earthquake conditions at MCE level. Moreover, displacement damages index is more conservative and impractical in the fragility analysis than tensional damage index.

• 한국지반신소재학회논문집
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.179-188
• /
• 2018

본 연구에서는 새로운 형태의 패널식 보강토옹벽에 대한 현장 적용성 및 구조 안정성을 평가하기 위하여 두 개소 현장에서 현장계측을 수행하였다. 새로운 형태의 패널식 보강토옹벽은 접힘홈이 형성된 띠형 섬유보강재를 패널식 전면벽체에 매립된 C형 삽입구를 통해 직접 연결함으로써 보다 일체화된 구조를 형성시킨 보강토옹벽이다. 현장계측에서는 보강토옹벽의 시공 중 및 완료 후에 발생하는 전면벽체의 수평변위와 띠형 섬유보강재의 인장변형, 전면벽체에 작용하는 수평토압 등을 측정하고 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 보강토옹벽 시공 완료 후에 전면벽체에 작용하는 최대 수평토압은 Rankine 토압의 2/3 이하 수준이고, 전면벽체에 발생된 최대 수평변위는 보강토옹벽 높이의 0.5% 이하 수준이며, 보강재에 유발된 최대 인장변형률은 1.0% 이하로 나타나 두 현장의 보강토옹벽이 모두 안정한 상태를 유지하고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제68권5호
• /
• pp.603-619
• /
• 2018

In this research, an effective computational technique is carried out for nonlinear and post-buckling analyses of cracked imperfect composite plates. The laminated plates are assumed to be moderately thick so that the analysis can be carried out based on the first-order shear deformation theory. Geometric non-linearity is introduced in the way of von-Karman assumptions for the strain-displacement equations. The Ritz technique is applied using Legendre polynomials for the primary variable approximations. The crack is modeled by partitioning the entire domain of the plates into several sub-plates and therefore the plate decomposition technique is implemented in this research. The penalty technique is used for imposing the interface continuity between the sub-plates. Different out-of-plane essential boundary conditions such as clamp, simply support or free conditions will be assumed in this research by defining the relevant displacement functions. For in-plane boundary conditions, lateral expansions of the unloaded edges are completely free while the loaded edges are assumed to move straight but restricted to move laterally. With the formulation presented here, the plates can be subjected to biaxial compressive loads, therefore a sensitivity analysis is performed with respect to the applied load direction, along the parallel or perpendicular to the crack axis. The integrals of potential energy are numerically computed using Gauss-Lobatto quadrature formulas to get adequate accuracy. Then, the obtained non-linear system of equations is solved by the Newton-Raphson method. Finally, the results are presented to show the influence of crack length, various locations of crack, load direction, boundary conditions and different values of initial imperfection on nonlinear and post-buckling behavior of laminates.

• 소성∙가공
• /
• 제27권6호
• /
• pp.370-378
• /
• 2018

Cold forging, carried out at room temperature, leads to high dimensional accuracy and excellent surface integrity as compared to other forging methods such as warm and hot forgings. In the cold forging process, WC-Co (Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt) alloy is the mainly used material as a core dies because of its superior hardness and strength as compared to other structural materials. For cold forging, die life is the most significant factor because it is directly related to the manufacturing cost due to periodic die replacement in mass production. To investigate die life of WC-Co alloy for cold forging, mechanical properties such as strength and fatigue are essentially necessary. Generally, uniaxial tensile test and fatigue test are the most efficient and simplest testing method. However, uniaxial tension is not efficiently application to WC-Co alloy because of its sensitivity to alignment of the specimen due to its brittleness and difficulty in thread machining. In this study, shape of specimen, tools, and testing methods, which are appropriate for uniaxial tensile test for WC-Co alloy, are proposed. The test results such as Young's modulus, tensile strength and stress-strain curves are compared to those in previous literature to validate the proposed testing methods. Based on the validation of test results it was concluded that the newly developed testing method is applicable to other cemented carbides like Titanium carbides with high strength and brittleness, and also can be utilized to carry out fatigue tests for further investigation on die life of cold forging.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.81-88
• /
• 2018

Seismic isolation systems have typically been used in the form of base seams in mid-rise and low-rise buildings. In the case of high-rise buildings, it is difficult to apply the base isolation. In this study, the seismic response was analyzed by changing the installation position of the seismic isolation device in 3D high - rise model. To do this, we used 30-story and 40-story 3D buildings as example structures. Historic earthquakes such as Mexico (1985), Northridge (1994) and Rome Frieta (1989) were applied as earthquake loads. The installation position of the isolation device was changed from floor to floor to floor. The maximum deformation of the seismic isolation system was analyzed and the maximum interlaminar strain and maximum absolute acceleration were analyzed by comparing the LB model with seismic isolation device and the Fixed model, which is the base model without seismic isolation device. If an isolation device is installed on the lower layer, it is most effective in response reduction, but since the structure may become unstable, it is effective to apply it to an effective high-level part. Therefore, engineers must consider both structural efficiency and safety when designing a mid-level isolation system for high-rise buildings.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.221-232
• /
• 2019

Material non-linearity of Reinforced Concrete (RC) framed structures is studied by modelling concrete using the Concrete Damage Plasticity (CDP) theory. The stress-strain data of concrete in compression is modelled using the Hsu model. The structures are analyzed using a finite element approach by modelling them in ABAQUS / CAE. Single bay single storey RC frames, designed according to Indian Standard (IS):456:2000 and IS:13920:2016 are considered for assessing their maximum load carrying capacity and failure behavior under the influence of gravity loads and lateral loads. It is found that the CDP model is effective in predicting the failure behaviors of RC frame structures. Under the influence of the lateral load, the structure designed according to IS:13920 had a higher load carrying capacity when compared with the structure designed according to IS:456. Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) strip is used for strengthening the columns and beam column joints of the RC frame individually against lateral loads. 10mm and 20mm thick strips are adopted for the numerical simulation of RC column and beam-column joint. Results obtained from the study indicated that UHPFRC with two different thickness strips acts as a very good strengthening material in increasing the load carrying capacity of columns and beam-column joint by more than 5%. UHPFRC also improved the performance of the RC frames against lateral loads with an increase of more than 3.5% with the two different strips adopted. 20 mm thick strip is found to be an ideal size to enhance the load carrying capacity of the columns and beam-column joints. Among the strengthening locations adopted in the study, column strengthening is found to be more efficient when compared with the beam column joint strengthening.

• 한국항행학회논문지
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.273-280
• /
• 2019

구조 건전성 모니터링 기술을 이용하여 항공기의 유지 보수 비용을 줄이고 항공기의 가동률을 높이고자 하는 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 이에 FBG 센서에 대한 많은 연구가 함께 진행되고 있다. 하지만 복합재 내부에 FBG 센서를 설치할 경우, 복합재 층 사이에 보이드(void)가 발생하게 되고 이로 인해 신호 갈라짐 (split problem)이 발생하게 된다. 또한, FBG 센서는 전자기파에 영향을 받지 않지만, 후속처리 과정에서 사용되는 전자장비에 의한 전자기파 잡음이 발생하게 된다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 잡음으로 인한 오차를 줄이기 위해 이동 불변의 특성을 지니고 비선형적인 신호분석에 효율적인 정상 웨이블릿 변환 기법을 제시하였다. 그리고 위의 상황에서 웨이블릿 패킷 변환과 비교하였을 경우 정상 웨이블릿 변환의 잡음 제거 성능이 더 우수한 것을 확인하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제70권5호
• /
• pp.551-562
• /
• 2019

In the present study, a suitable mathematical model considering parabolic transverse shear strains for dynamic analysis of laminated composite skew plates under different types of impulse and spatial loads was presented for the first time. The proposed mathematical model satisfies zero transverse shear strain at the top and bottom of the plate. On the basis of the cubic variation of thickness coordinate in in-plane displacement fields of the present mathematical model, a 2D finite element (FE) model was developed including skew transformations in the mathematical model. No shear correction factor is required in the present formulation and damping effect was also incorporated. This is the first FE implementation considering a cubic variation of thickness coordinate in in-plane displacement fields including skew transformations to solve the forced vibration problem of composite skew plates. The effect of transverse shear and rotary inertia was incorporated in the present model. The Newmark-${\beta}$ scheme was adapted to perform time integration from step to step. The $C^0$ FE formulation was implemented to overcome the problem of $C^1$ continuity associated with the cubic variation of thickness coordinate in in-plane displacement fields. The numerical studies showed that the present 2D FE model predicts the result close to the analytical results. Many new results varying different parameter such as skew angles, boundary conditions, etc. were presented.

• 한국해양공학회지
• /
• 제33권3호
• /
• pp.259-271
• /
• 2019

It is important to obtain reasonable predictions of the extent of the damage during maritime accidents such as ship collisions and groundings. Many fracture models based on different mechanical backgrounds have been proposed and can be used to estimate the extent of damage involving ductile fracture. The goal of this study was to compare the damage extents provided by some selected fracture models. Instead of performing a new series of material constant calibration tests, the fracture test results for the ship building steel EH36 obtained by Park et al. (2019) were used which included specimens with different geometries such as central hole, pure shear, and notched tensile specimens. The test results were compared with seven ductile fracture surfaces: Johnson-Cook, Cockcroft-Latham-Oh, Bai-Wierzbicki, Modified Mohr-Coulomb, Lou-Huh, Maximum shear stress, and Hosford-Coulomb. The linear damage accumulation law was applied to consider the effect of the loading path on each fracture surface. The Swift-Voce combined constitutive model was used to accurately define the flow stress in a large strain region. The reliability of these simulations was verified by the good agreement between the axial tension force elongation relations captured from the tests and simulations without fracture assignment. The material constants corresponding to each fracture surface were calibrated using an optimization technique with the minimized object function of the residual sum of errors between the simulated and predicted stress triaxiality and load angle parameter values to fracture initiation. The reliabilities of the calibrated material constants of B-W, MMC, L-H, and HC were the best, whereas there was a high residual sum of errors in the case of the MMS, C-L-O, and J-C models. The most accurate fracture predictions for the fracture specimens were made by the B-W, MMC, L-H, and HC models.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제70권1호
• /
• pp.13-31
• /
• 2019

A nonlinear finite element model (FEM) using ATENA-3D software to simulate the axially compressive behavior of circular steel tube confined concrete (CSTCC) columns infilled with ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) was presented in this paper. Some modifications to the material type "CC3DNonlinCementitious2User" of UHPC without and with the incorporation of steel fibers (UHPFRC) in compression and tension were adopted in FEM. The predictions of utimate strength and axial load versus axial strain curves obtained from FEM were in a good agreement with the test results of eighteen tested columns. Based on the results of FEM, the load distribution on the steel tube and the concrete core was derived for each modeled column. Furthermore, the effect of bonding between the steel tube and the concrete core was clarified by the change of friction coefficient in the material type "CC3DInterface" in FEM. The numerical results revealed that the increase in the friction coefficient leads to a greater contribution from the steel tube, a decrease in the ultimate load and an increase in the magnitude of the loss of load capacity. By comparing the results of FEM with experimental results, the appropriate friction coefficient between the steel tube and the concrete core was defined as 0.3 to 0.6. In addition to the numerical evaluation, eighteen analytical models for confined concrete in the literature were used to predict the peak confined strength to assess their suitability. To cope with CSTCC stub and intermediate columns, the equations for estimating the lateral confining stress and the equations for considering the slenderness in the selected models were proposed. It was found that all selected models except for EC2 (2004) gave a very good prediction. Among them, the model of Bing et al. (2001) was the best predictor.