• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.17-28
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• 2003

The objective of this study is to review and verify whether the functions and effect of roadside trees generally known in theory are actually realized in urban roads and how well they are performed if the function and effect are really realized. The study was conducted with a focus on air purification effect of roadside trees. The m헤r study result is as follows. First, calculation of air purification effect of roadside trees showed that it is minimal. However, 7.4 units of broad-leaved trees is necessary in order to purify $SO_2$ discharged by one passenger car and 1,803.3 trees to purify $NO_2$. Second, regarding pollutant absorption capacity, air pollutant absorption capacity increased as the number of rows planted gets higher (i.e., 2-row plantation absorbs pollutant better than I-row plantation). In particular, "2-row plantation + lower-level shrub + buffer green belt" was as eight times high as "I-row plantation" in absorption capacity. Third, out of 30 roads with over 8 lanes in 15 cities, only 33.3% or a total of ten roads in seven cities had a median strip. Out of these ten roads, nine roads were planted in a double-layer consisting forest trees, shrubs, ground plants (grass). Analysis showed that out of six tree species planted along these roads, about a half of them were weak to air pollution. Also, based on the outcome of this study, charging a "plantation due" when people purchase a new car, improving layout of roadside trees, and reinforcing plantation of air purification tree species when selecting tree species for roadside trees were proposed.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1999

본 논문에서는 충주호에서 유람선으로 사용되고 있는 광폭천흘수형 선박을 대상으로 선정하고, 공기를 공급하여 선저에 공동을 형성시켜 마찰저항을 감소시킬 수 있도록 선박의 선저형상을 개량하였다. 2차원 공동문제로 이상화하여 선저에 부착되는 공동을 이론적 방법으로 수치해석하여 공기공동의 형상과 내부압력을 추정하였고 공동현상을 지배하는 무차원수를 살펴보았다. 예인수조에서 모형선실험을 시행하고 단의 높이변화, 선측의 공기유출막이벽 등에 의한 공기공동의 형성과 저항감소효과를 조사하였다. 또한 투명한 아크릴로 제작된 선저부를 통해, 선저에 부착되는 공기공동의 발달과정을 관측하였다. 이러한 연구를 통하여, 실선선형의 선저부 형상을 적절히 개량하고 공기를 공급함으로써 설계속도 부근에서 원래선형의 전저항의 25%정도를 줄일 수 있음을 모형선에서 확인하였다.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.353-369
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• 2017

Flutter is a dangerous phenomenon encountered in flexible structures subjected to aerodynamic forces. This includes aircraft, buildings and bridges. Flutter occurs as a result of interactions between aerodynamic, stiffness, and inertia forces on a structure. In an aircraft, as the speed of the flow increases, there may be a point at which the structural damping is insufficient to damp out the motion which is increasing due to aerodynamic energy being added to the structure. This vibration can cause structural failure, and therefore considering flutter characteristics is an essential part of designing an aircraft. Scientists and engineers studied flutter and developed theories and mathematical tools to analyze the phenomenon. Strip theory aerodynamics, beam structural models, unsteady lifting surface methods (e.g., Doublet-Lattice) and finite element models expanded analysis capabilities. Periodic Structures have been in the focus of research for their useful characteristics and ability to attenuate vibration in frequency bands called "stop-bands". A periodic structure consists of cells which differ in material or geometry. As vibration waves travel along the structure and face the cell boundaries, some waves pass and some are reflected back, which may cause destructive interference with the succeeding waves. This may reduce the vibration level of the structure, and hence improve its dynamic performance. In this paper, for the first time, we analyze the flutter characteristics of a wing with a periodic change in its sandwich construction. The new technique preserves the external geometry of the wing structure and depends on changing the material of the sandwich core. The periodic analysis and the vibration response characteristics of the model are investigated using a finite element model for the wing. Previous studies investigating the dynamic bending response of a periodic sandwich beam in the absence of flow have shown promising results.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.504-511
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• 2015

In this paper, the results of evaluating the passenger comfort due to the standard deviation of acceleration in vertical and lateral direction regarding the ship response in irregular wave by ordinary strip method in regular wave and energy spectrum using linear superposition theory in order to evaluate the motion of experimental ship are as follows. According to the results of ship response, it was possible to find that, in order to reduce the motion of ship, a ship operating in bow sea was more stable than in quartering sea. In the results of analyzing the standard deviation of acceleration in vertical direction according to each component wave pattern, when there was a wave length of 56m and an average wave period of 6 sec, most of cases showed the peak value. And among them, the standard deviation was 0.35 which was the highest in head sea. And in case of lateral direction, the maximum value was shown in a wave length of 100m and an average wave period of 8 sec. And it was 0.16 in beam sea and ${\chi}=150^{\circ}$. In the evaluation of passenger comfort due to standard acceleration in vertical and lateral direction, it was 80% in head and bow sea. On the other hand, it was shown to be 15% in follow sea. Accordingly, when the expected wave height in a sea area where a training ship was intended to operate was known, it was possible to predict the routing of ship. And altering her course could reduce the passenger comfort by approximately 50%.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.50-60
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• 1999

안전하고 경제적인 쌍동선형을 설계하기 위해서는 횡갑판(cross deck)에 작용하는 파랑 동하중의 정확한 추정이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 Lee 등[3]이 제시한 2차원 스트립 방법을 6자유도 운동을 갖는 3차원의 경우로 확장하여 임의 입사파에서 파랑하중(수직 및 수평 전단력, 굽힘모멘트 및 비틀림모멘트)을 추정하였고, 발표된 계산 결과(스트립 방법 및 3차원 패널법) 및 Wahab 등[2]의 실험 결과와 비교하였다. 일반적으로 2차원 결과보다 3차원 방법이 실험 결과와 잘 일치하였으나, 같은 이론을 사용한 3차원 방법에 있어서도 몇몇 경우에 계산값의 차이가 있었다. 파랑하중 추정의 정도를 향상시키기 위해서 점성항의 고려 및 엄밀한 속도항의 고려가 필요하다고 생각된다.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.25-33
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• 2015

Following the previous works on the natural frequency of heaving circular cylinder, i.e. Lee and Lee (2013) and Kim and Lee (2013), an investigation of the same spirit on the 2-dimensional cylinder of Lewis form has been conducted. As before, the natural frequency is defined as that corresponding to the local maximum of the MCFR (Modulus of Complex Frequency Response), which is given by the equation of motion in the frequency domain analysis. Hydrodynamic coefficients were found by using the Ursell-Tasai method, and numerical results for them were obtained up to much higher frequencies than before, for which the method was known as numerically unstable in the past. For a wide range of H, the beam-draft ratio, and ${\sigma}$, the sectional area coefficient, including their practical ranges for a ship, results for the natural frequency were computed and presented in this work. Two approximate values for the natural frequency, one proposed by Lee (2008) and another one by the damped harmonic oscillator, were also compared with the current results, and for most cases it was observed that the current result is between the two values. Our numerical results showed that the values of the local maximum of MCFR as well as the natural frequencye increase as ${\sigma}$ increases while H decreases. At present, extension of the present finding to the 3-dimensional ship via the approximate theory like the strip method looks promising.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.572-582
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• 1989

본 논문에서는 윗면에 균일한 압력을 받는 외팔보의 굽힘 변형과 고정 자유 지지된 무한길이 스트립의 폭 방향 굽힘변형을 위에 언급된 이론을 적용하여 살펴보고자 한다. 먼저 기본 지배방정식들을 요약하여 변형률의 1차항까지 나타내며 각 경우에 대해 변형을 중심선에 상대적인 단면의 변위와 단면의 회전 그리고 병진을 나타내며 각 경우에 대해 변형을 중심선에 상대적인 단면의 변위와 단면의 회전 그리고 병진을 나타내는 도심의 변위로 분해하고 도심에 상대적인 변위는 Michell에 의한 평판의 해와 St. Venant에 의한 봉의 해를 이용한다. 가정된 변위장으로부터 응력을 구한 다음 적절한 조건 하에서 국부평형방정식을 구하여 전체평형방정식을 유도한다. 또한 이로부터 각 단면의 회전과 중심선의 변위가 구해질 수 있음을 보인다.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.231-253
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• 2013

The impact of spar-nacelle-blade coupling on edgewise dynamic responses of spar-type floating wind turbines (S-FOWT) is investigated in this paper. Currently, this coupling is not considered explicitly by researchers. First of all, a coupled model of edgewise vibration of the S-FOWT considering the aerodynamic properties of the blade, variable mass and stiffness per unit length, gravity, the interactions among the blades, nacelle, spar and mooring system, the hydrodynamic effects, the restoring moment and the buoyancy force is proposed. The aerodynamic loads are combined of a steady wind (including the wind shear) and turbulence. Each blade is modeled as a cantilever beam vibrating in its fundamental mode. The mooring cables are modeled using an extended quasi-static method. The hydrodynamic effects calculated by using Morison's equation and strip theory consist of added mass, fluid inertia and viscous drag forces. The random sea state is simulated by superimposing a number of linear regular waves. The model shows that the vibration of the blades, nacelle, tower, and spar are coupled in all degrees of freedom and in all inertial, dissipative and elastic components. An uncoupled model of the S-FOWT is then formulated in which the blades and the nacelle are not coupled with the spar vibration. A 5MW S-FOWT is analyzed by using the two proposed models. In the no-wave sea, the coupling is found to contribute to spar responses only. When the wave loading is considered, the coupling is significant for the responses of both the nacelle and the spar.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.53-65
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• 2019

Misaligned wind-wave and seismic loading render offshore wind turbines suffering from excessive bi-directional vibration. However, most of existing research in this field focused on unidirectional vibration mitigation, which is insufficient for research and real application. Based on the authors' previous work (Sun and Jahangiri 2018), the present study uses a three dimensional pendulum tuned mass damper (3d-PTMD) to mitigate the nacelle structural response in the fore-aft and side-side directions under wind, wave and near-fault ground motions. An analytical model of the offshore wind turbine coupled with the 3d-PTMD is established wherein the interaction between the blades and the tower is modelled. Aerodynamic loading is computed using the Blade Element Momentum (BEM) method where the Prandtl's tip loss factor and the Glauert correction are considered. Wave loading is computed using Morison equation in collaboration with the strip theory. Performance of the 3d-PTMD is examined on a National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) monopile 5 MW baseline wind turbine under misaligned wind-wave and near-fault ground motions. The robustness of the mitigation performance of the 3d-PTMD under system variations is studied. Dual linear TMDs are used for comparison. Research results show that the 3d-PTMD responds more rapidly and provides better mitigation of the bi-directional response caused by misaligned wind, wave and near-fault ground motions. Under system variations, the 3d-PTMD is found to be more robust than the dual linear TMDs to overcome the detuning effect. Moreover, the 3d-PTMD with a mass ratio of 2% can mitigate the short-term fatigue damage of the offshore wind turbine tower by up to 90%.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제34권12호
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• pp.59-69
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• 2018

한계평형법 이론들을 사용하기 위해서는 극한 파괴 상태에서 나타나는 파괴 전단면을 찾아야 한다. 강도 감소법에서는 유한요소해석의 수치해가 일정 반복 횟수 이내에 수렴하지 못하는 시점을 극한 파괴 상태로 정의한다. 하지만 Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL)기법을 유한요소해석에서 사용하면 극한 파괴 상태에 도달하여도 수치해의 비수렴 상황이 발생하지 않으므로 이러한 정의는 사용하기 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 CEL 기법을 이용한 유한요소해석에서 지반의 극한 파괴 상태를 감지할 수 있는 객관적인 물리량 기준을 제시하였다. 비배수 조건의 연약지반이 연속기초 하중을 받는 경우 극한 파괴 상태에 해당하는 이론적 하중에서 소성 소산 에너지의 변화속도가 민감하게 변화함을 찾을 수 있었다.