• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.224-234
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was to test the effects of a full body massage on labor pain and delivery stress reaction for primipara during labor. Method: This study employed a quasi- experimental method(nonequivalent control group, pre-post test design). The subjects of this study were 57 primipara hospitalized at the U OB & GYN hospital in Inchon from November 1. 2001 to July 31, 2002. 28 women were assigned to the experimental group and 29 to the control group. The experimental group was given 20 minutes full body massage for each of three delivery phases. The control group was given conventional delivery care. The levels of labor pain were measured by the Visual Analogue Scale and the expression scores of the labor pain and the levels of delivery stress reaction were measured by pulse rate, respiration rate, and blood pressure, and State-Anxiety Scale. Data were analyzed using the repeated measures analysis of covariance(ANCOVA), t-test, $X^2$- test, simple ANCOVA with SPSS program. Result: There was no interaction effect between time and group(F=.370, p=.693), but significant time effects were found for subjective labor pain(F=3.840, p=.028). There was no interaction effect between time and group(F=.112, p=.894), but significant group effects were found for objective labor pain(F=12.299, p=.001). There was no interaction effect between time and group for PR(F=.172, p=.843), RR(F=.626, p=.539), SBP(F=.089, p=.915), DBP(F=.748, p=.479), but significant group effects were found for SBP(F=7.547, p=.008). The level of status anxiety of the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group(F=11.787, p=.001). Conclusion: This study showed that the full body massage has partially positive effect on labor pain and delivery stress reaction. Therefore this study suggested that the full body massage might be used clinically to help primipara during labor.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.67-79
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• 2001

This study was designed to verify the effect of Doula-type-delivery nursing care on plasma $\beta$-endorphin, serum cortisol, related to delivery stress during labor, and postpartum anxiety of primipara by a quasi experiment(nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design), from December, 1999 to August, 2000. The subjects of this experiment consisted of sixty eight primipara, with single gestation, full term, uncomplicated pregnancies, thirty three for the experimental group and thirty five for the control group. Their mean age was 26.1 years for the experimental group and 25.5 years for the control group. Their mean gestation period was 39.7 weeks for the experimental group and 40.1 weeks for the control group. As treatment, Doula-type-delivery nursing care was given for the experimental group. Data assessed plasma $\beta$-endorphin, serum cortisol during labor, and anxiety during postpartum. Plasma $\beta$-endorphin, serum cortisol were measured in the latent phase before treatment(pre-test) and the transition phase after treatment(posttest). Also, anxiety was measured in the latent phase before treatment(pre-test) and 24 hours postpartum after treatment(posttest). Data was analyzed by t-test, $x^2$-test, Repeated measures ANOVA with SAS Program. The results of this study were as follows; 1. Plasma $\beta$-endorphin was significantly elevated in the experimental group who were cared for with Doula-type-delivery nursing care during labor(P=.0463). 2. No significant group effects were found, but significant time effects were found for serum cortisol. 3. The postpartum anxiety of the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group(P=.0110). In conclusion, these findings indicate that Doula-type-delivery nursing care during labor could be effective in increasing maternal plasma $\beta$-endorphin and decreasing postpartum anxiety. Doula-type-delivery nursing care during labor could be applied as an effective nursing treatment for primipara.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.99-113
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• 2022

This study is descriptive research to investigate the effects of COVID-19 stress, interpersonal (caregiver-patient) stress, and emotional labor on burnout in emergency room (ER) nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data collection of this study was conducted from December 9 to 23, 2021 with ER nurses working at five tertiary general hospitals and general hospitals of Medical Center H. The data was collected with a questionnaire using tools measuring the subjects' general & job-related characteristics, COVID-19 stress, interpersonal(caregiver-patient) stress, emotional labor and burnout. The collected data was analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 25.0 statistical program for frequency analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffé test, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The average score of COVID-19 stress in ER nurses was 3.64, interpersonal(caregiver-patient) stress 4.35, emotional labor 3.38, and burnout 3.44. As a result of analyzing differences according to general & job-related characteristics, burnout showed a significant difference according to gender, marital status, total clinical experience, and working organization. And burnout showed a significant positive correlation with COVID-19 stress, interpersonal stress and emotional labor. As a result of multiple linear regression analysis, regional emergency medical centers and local emergency medical centers among the work organization types, interpersonal stress, COVID-19 stress, and gender and the explanatory power was 28.6%. Through these results, we intend to provide basic data for the development of an intervention program to prevent burnout of emergency room nurses and improve nursing performance at the time of a new infectious disease pandemic.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.1277-1284
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• 2005

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the effect of delivery nursing care using essential oils on labor stress response, labor anxiety and postpartum status anxiety for primipara. Methods: This study used nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects of this experiment consisted of forty eight primipara with single gestation, full term, & uncomplicated pregnancies. Twenty four primipra were in the experimental and control group each. Their mean age was 27.9 years old, their mean gestation period 279.9 days. As a treatment, delivery nursing care using essential oils was applied by nurses. Data collected epinephrine, norepinephrine, anxiety during labor. In the 24 hours after birth, the data for the postpartum mother's status anxiety was collected. Data was analyzed by t-test, repeated measures ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U test, & Wilcoxon signed ranks test with SPSS Program. Results : Plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine were significantly low in the experimental group (P=0.001, P=0.033, respectively). There was no significant difference between the two groups in anxiety during labor and postpartum mother's status anxiety. Conclusion : These findings indicate that delivery nursing care using essential oils could be effective in decreasing plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine. But, that could not be verified in decreasing mother's anxiety.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.183-187
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• 2003

Purpose : Long-term stress to the fetus causes alterations in adrenal steroidogenesis. The purpose of this study was to analyze the association of cord blood cortisol with stress during delivery. Methods : Cord blood samples were collected from 58 neonates at once to labor. Cortisol was measured by RIA method(DPC, USA). Cortisol level according to gestational age(<34, 34-37, >38 wks) and method of delivery(Cesarean section vs. vaginal delivery), Apgar score and uterine contraction, were compared to know stress during labor. Results : Cortisol of cord blood had considerable differences between each group, according to gestational age(P<0.001). It was statistically higher in the cases of vaginal delivery than cessarian delivery(P<0.001). The concentration of cortisol was significantly higher according to duration of labor (P<0.05). There was a significant relationship between cortisol level and uterine contraction(P<0.05). The concentration of cortisol was significantly low when Apgar score at 1 min was low(P<0.05). Conclusion : Cord cortisol has close association with stress during labor. And so do with post birth prognosis of neonate.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.180-189
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of clinical practice and simulation-based practice for obstetrical nursing in terms of self-efficacy, practice satisfaction, and practice stress. Methods: A non-equivalent control group post test design was used. The participants were 171 junior nursing students, 103 in the experimental group, and 68 in the control group. Simulation-based practice consisted of nursing assessment during labor, nursing assessment and intervention for normal and high risk mother, nursing education for mother and family during labor, and open lab. The experimental group participated in simulation-based practice for two days and the control group participated in clinical practice at delivery room for two weeks. Results: The experimental group showed higher level of self-efficacy (p= .043), practice satisfaction (p<.001) and practice stress (p=.003) compared to the control group. Conclusion: Simulation-based practice is an effective learning method for obstetrical nursing and can be used as the alternative for clinical practice. However, stress management strategies are needed for simulation-based practice.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.131-138
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• 2008

The Film-making industry in Korea has significantly expanded during last decade. However, the development didn't necessarily mean there's improvement in terms of the quality of life for the film staffs. In post-production stages, especially, any workers involved in the production can get tremendous amount of mental pressure and stress due to the deadline. Thus, in this period, most labor issues are found and often ignored. In this research, compared to Hollywood, Korean domestic film industry will be analyzed with focus on labor organizations. Their role will be explored and examined in terms of improving the qualify of life as well as of the film itself.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.180-195
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to summarize the current evidence on the effects of nonpharmacological interventions on psychological health outcomes for women with high-risk pregnancies due to conditions such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, or preterm labor. Methods: The following databases were searched from January 2000 to December 2020: PubMed, Ovid Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, DBpia, RISS, and KISS. Two investigators independently reviewed and selected articles according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria. RoB 2 and the ROBINS-I checklist were used to evaluate study quality. Results: Twenty-nine studies with a combined total of 1,806 pregnant women were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological health improvements were found in women with preeclampsia (Hedges' g=-0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.91 to -0.44), gestational diabetes (Hedges' g=-0.38; 95% CI, -0.54 to -0.12), and preterm labor (Hedges' g=-0.73; 95% CI, -1.00 to -0.46). The funnel plot was slightly asymmetrical, but the fail-safe N value and the trim-and-fill method showed no publication bias. Conclusion: Nonpharmacological interventions for women with high-risk pregnancies due to conditions such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and preterm labor can improve psychological parameters such as anxiety, stress, and depression. Nurses can play a pivotal role in the nursing management of pregnant women with high-risk conditions and apply various types of nonpharmacological interventions to meet their needs in uncertain and anxious times during pregnancy.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.572-584
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the subjective experience of job stress among nurses working in long-term care hospitals. Methods: A phenomenological approach was used for the study. Data were collected from May to June, 2016 using open-ended questions during in-depth interviews. Participants were nurses working in long-term care hospitals and had reported experiences of stress. Six nurses participated in this study. Results: Six themes emerged from the analysis using Colaizzi's method: (a) Heavy workload and responsibility due to nurse shortage, (b) Getting exhausted by caring for cognitively impaired patients, (c) Feeling pressure due to conflict with patients' family, (d) compassion for patients who are getting worse, (e) Low value in being a long-term hospital nurse, and (f) Efforts to overcome stress. Conclusion: Sufficient labor supply, environmental improvements, program for improving interpersonal skills, education and counseling on end-of-life care, and recognition improvement about long term hospital are suggested to reduce the job stress of long-term hospital nurses.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2015

Dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid (GC), is clinically administered to woman at risk for premature labor to induce fetal lung maturation. However, exposure to repeated or excess GCs leads to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and subsequently increases risk of psychiatric and cardio-metabolic diseases in later life through fetal programming mechanisms. GCs are key mediators of stress responses, therefore, maternal nutrient restriction or psychological stress during pregnancy also causes negative impacts on birth and neurodevelopment outcome of fetuses, and other congenital defects, such as craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities. In this study, to examine the effect of prenatal stress on fetal skeletal development, dexamethasone (1 mg/kg [DEX1] or 10 mg/kg [DEX10] maternal body weight per day) was administered intraperitoneally at gestational day 7.5~9.5 and the skeletons were prepared from embryos at day 18.5. Seven out of eighteen (39%) embryos treated with DEX10 showed axial skeletal abnormalities in either the T13 or L1 vertebrae. In addition, examination of the sternum revealed that xiphoid process, the protrusive triangular part of the lower end of the sternum, was bent more outward or inward in DEX group embryos. In conclusion, our findings suggest a possible link to the understanding of the effect of uterine environment to the fetal skeletal features.