• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2003

Yangdong village is located at Kangdong-myun, Kyungju, Kyungsangbuk-do, Korea. There are two major families, the Sons of Wallsung beginned from Son, So(1433∼1484) and the Lees of Yeohkang the descendant of Lee, Unjeok. They are lived together under check and help for 500 years. The village located on the hill of Ankang plain. There are Homyung mountain and Sonaiu peak in front of it and Solchang mountain on the back. 47 shaped ridges form Blue dragon to the east, and White tiger to the west. Ahnrockchon flows from north Joined Hyungsan river and flows into Youngilman. Therefore the village is located at mountain on it's back and along with stream. Buildings are deployed on the valley between hills, it is not easily detected, but it give it's atmosphere of mountain village. Village location and space composition combined with natural environment, folk belief, feng-shui, and social system of confucianism. Blended buildings affected between ruling and ruled classes or among different families shown environmental design accomplishing united cultural space. The prospect of Yangdong village, a mountain village, expressed two sides of visible scenery of open inside and invisible from outside. Observation point such as head family house, pavilion, and village school are deployed at the point taking bird's-eye view, which striving mental stability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.1-14
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• 2007

This study was conducted to propose the plan of creating a brooklet reflecting an water-friendly space as well as its function as the habitats of wildbird in Cheongdam Neighborhood Park in Seoul. Major fields of this study include a survey of the staus, a basic plan, a master plan, a execution; a survey of this site was focused on topography, water system, trail, existing vegetation, wildbird; a detailed plan was focused on flow plan, planting plan, facility plan. Existing vegetation was classified into 5 types; Quercus mongolica-Q. acutissima forest, Robinia pseudoacacia forest, Populus${\times}$albaglandulosa forest, artificial green space, urban area. 11 species and 49 individuals of wildbirds appeared in 2004(3~4month). The plan of creating a brooklet were divided passive-zone, eco-zone, and dynamic-zone. Environment elements of each space including a mountain stream, ecological pond, marshland, ecological landscape forest, wildbird observation trail, waterway etc. The brooklet of Cheongdam Neighborhood Park is rated high as an important space for wildbird biodiversity. Accordingly, continuous monitoring of this biotope as a urban habitat is required as the environment changes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.85-102
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to offer the raw data for conserving the biodiversity of urban ecosystem by objective surveying and analysing the vascular plants distributed in major sites of Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. The results are as follows. The numbers of vascular plants were summarized as 522 taxa including 110 families, 314 genera, 459 species, 4 subspecies, 46 varieties and 13 forms. The rare plants were 5 taxa including Aristolochia contorta, Drosera rotundifolia, Potentilla discolor, Viola albida and Hydrocharis dubia. The endemic plants were 13 taxa including Salix koriyanagi, Carpinus laxiflora, Stewartia pseudocamellia, Weigela subsessilis and so forth. The specific plants by floristic region were 30 taxa including Caltha palustris, Caryopteris incana, Ilex macropoda, Monochoria korsakowii and so forth. The naturalized plants were 44 taxa including Phytolacca americana, Lepidium virginicum, Solanum americanum, Aster subulatus var. sandwicensis, Panicum dichotomiflorum and so forth. The invasive alien plants were 5 taxa including Sicyos angulatus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ambrosia trifida, Aster pilosus and Paspalum distichum.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.885-901
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• 2020

A forest watershed management project was introduced in 2004 to develop ecologically sound forest watersheds. It includes landslide prevention and erosion control, water resource management, landscape development, and forest resource management. However, it has been managed fragmentarily and inefficiently, far from the original intents. This study investigated current status, problems, and improvement measures of the project. Literature reviews were conducted on forest watershed management in Korea and other countries, and surveys were conducted on 201 erosion control experts. When introduced, the forest watershed management project was well planned and implemented as intended. It later turned to focus only on disaster prevention such as erosion control dams and stream conservation measures. The survey results showed that a majority (89% and 86%) of surveyees wanted increases in the project period and budget. They also responded that conflicts with local residents (51%) and determining project locations (32%) were the most difficult tasks when implementing the projects, and only 36% kept project records. To plan and implement the projects as intended, the following suggestions should be considered: (1) establishment of a solid legal foundation and improvement of the erosion control practices law; (2) increase in the project period (from 1 to 2 - 3 years) and budget; (3) development of a manual for project site selection and guidelines; (4) monitoring and systematic information management; and (5) development of spatial analysis tools for watershed analysis and management.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.12-23
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• 2017

The Naeseong Stream is a meandering sand-bed stream flowing through mountains and has so long maintained its geomorphological uniqueness characterized by extensive braided bare bars. Recently, its long-lasting landscape has been changed due to encroachment of vegetation. In this study being a part of long-term monitoring research morphological changes of the 56.8 km long study reach of the Naeseong Stream, which occurred during the period of 2012 - 2016 were analyzed. Airborne LiDAR and terrestrial cross-section surveys were carried out. Hydrological and on-site investigation data were also collected. Among the main four sites, two bend reaches showed point bars enlarged, while along the other two straight reaches mid-channel bars were either newly formed or increased in area and height. At the highest deposition point of each bar, vertical changes which were caused by one or two times of sediment deposition amounted to 0.6 - 1.4 m. On the contrary channel bed degradation was not obvious. Overall morphological changes in the study reach were attributed to deposition of sediment which occurred during the flood in July 2016 on the bar surfaces vegetated during the precedent dry seasons. These kind of geomorphological processes are thought to be the same as those related to the existing mid-channel islands along the mid- and downstream reach of the Naeseong Stream.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.109-109
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• 2000

This study seeks what kind of factors influence to locate dwellings and to establish scenic spots in nature by a case study focused on a meandering stream. The study specially concentrates on the interrelationship between both residences and beautiful sceneries and a meander cut-off-area that reveals a special topographical characteristics, located at Samji village in Youngyang-eup, Youngyang-gun, Koungsangbuk-do. The meander cut-off area, developed at the middle or upper reaches of a river, often makes up specific landscapes such as precipitous cliffs, sheer cliffs and caves. And the area where is specially created by sudden change of flow due to erosion perceived by the cut surface to be the most beautiful scenic spot. These beautiful landscapes were used to be called as Dae, Dam or Gul and managed by Confucian scholars who enjoy refined taste and devote themselves to the study in nature. Moreover, the Ku-Hado-literary means the area of ex-flow-made the scholars' lving with a well prepared basis for agriculture where supplied a cornucopia of organic matters and water. The merit of agriculture made it possible that the scholars became economically independent, and the fact might be the essential point why the meander cut-off area took noticed. Actually, Cho-family has been in Smaji Village for generations, producing a large number of scholars and keeping the actual power of the region. The physical shape of the meander cut-off area, cozily surrounded by mountains, is considered as a good place for the dwelling due to the influence of traditional sight of view for location and P'ungsuchiri which is known as Feng Shui in China and geomancy in the western world. It is a fruit in it own way that we could find the ancestors' discernment and wisdom from this study, who have lived their lives adapting themselves to the given natural environment and also utilizing the nature wisely. But this is a current-argued study on the meander cut-off area. Follow-up studies have to be continued about the landscapes of the meander streams and the meander cut-off areas scattered all over the country except Samji Village and draw the characteristics from the comparative analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.96-105
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to offer raw data on managing naturalized plants and the ecological characteristics of urban streams by researching the naturalized plants distributed in Naedong Stream, Changwon-si. The results are as follows. The numbers of naturalized plants were summarized as 45 taxa: 18 families, 38 genera, 43 species and 2 varieties. There were 3 taxa of invasive alien plants: Rumex acetocella, Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior and Sicyos angulaus. In an analysis of life forms, there were 2 taxa of megaphanerophytes, 1 taxa of nanophanerophytes, 3 taxa of chamaiphytes, 7 taxa of hemicryptophytes, 1 taxa of geophytes and 31 taxa of therophytes. The urbanized and naturalized indices were 16.6% and 25.1%, respectively. The results of an analysis by vertical structures showed that naturalized plants included 30 taxa upstream, 42 taxa midstream and 32 taxa downstream. For the urbanized index, upstream was 11.1%, 15.5% in midstream and 11.8% in downstream. For the naturalized index, upstream was 21.7%, 33.3% in midstream and 37.2% in downstream. An analysis of crossing structures showed at taxa of 39 naturalized plants on bank. 30 taxa along the riverside and 7 in the water. For the urbanized index, banks were 14.4%, riverside 11.1% and waterside 2.6% while the naturalized index included 30.5% on the banks, 30.6% along the riverside and 20.0% in the water. As regards the management of naturalized plants, because Remex acetocella, Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior and Sicyos angulaus have a negative impact on the ecosystem, they need to be efficiently controlled.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.37-44
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• 2010

Our country traditionally employed a defensive system against the aggression by foreign powers by using a town castle and mountain castle. The moat was one of such a defensive system; however, there is few research work on a moat in comparison with its long history. This study was carried out to see the process of the changes of the Wolseong Fortress at Gyuongju, focused on the moat of the scale and nature of the construction methods to analyze such a Wolseong Fortress at Gyuongju as a result of consideration through bibliographical study, on-site investigation, and interviews, etc. This research discovered some facts as follows: the moats of Wolseong fortress at Gyeongju are roughly divided into three types; the first one is a natural moat flowing curved by the south side of Wolseong using the natural stream[Namcheon]as it is; the second one is a pond-type moat made by digging up plane non-rectangular pond along stereobate of castle wall with lakefront built with stream pebbles, and the last one is masonry moat at the east side of Wolseong with chisel-trimmed granites orderly piled in a plane triangular form. Among these, the pond-type moat was identified at the east-north-west side of Wolseong and the pond slopes from east to west as a separate one constructed with the terraces.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.238-261
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• 2012

This research was carried out about the Bansu which surrounded the Sunggyungwan(成均館), national university in the Joseon Dynasty to get the main characteristics of the landscape at Korean traditional school campus by analyzing cultural meaning and historical origin. The earliest record about the Bansu was in "The Book of Odes(詩經)" as Bansu was the water flowing near the Ban palace(泮宮). But, in the following time, Bansu has become the symbol of the school which was built by the feudal lords and one of very important elements in the temple-school(廟學) landscape. The Bansu of Sunggyungwan at Joseon Dynasty was the streams flowing at the east and west of the school campus and get together at the south. Sunggyungwan was located in the sacred place which followed the special organization of Bansu at the beginning of the Joseon Dynasty. And, Bansu in Joseon Dynasty was influenced by the Bansu in Song Dynasty(宋), but it was different from the Bansu in Ming and Qing Dynasty which has been formulated as the halfround pond in front of the school. This research tried to find the reason why in the Josenon Dynasty the stream flowing around the school was regarded as the Bansu. Bansu was also regarded as an important element in the public school, Hyanggyo(鄕校) and the private Seowon(書院). According to this research, the streams which flows around the Seowon or the Hyanggyo were found as called Bansu. Water stream around the Hyanggyo and the Seowon in the Joseon Dynasty has to be reconsidered under the deep research on the organization of Ban-su.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.320-329
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• 2022

Urban areas in watersheds increase the impervious surface, and agricultural areas deteriorate the water quality of rivers due to the use of fertilizers. As such, anthropogenic land use affects the type, intensity and quantity of land use and is closely related to the amount of substances and nutrients discharged to nearby streams. Riparian vegetation reduce the concentration of pollutants entering the watershed and mitigate the negative impacts of land use on rivers. This study analyzes the data through correlation analysis and regression analysis through point data measured twice a year in spring and autumn in 21 selected damaged tributary rivers within the Han River area, and then uses a structural equation model to determine the area land use. In the negative impact on water quality, the mitigation effect of riparian vegetation was estimated. As a result of the correlation analysis, the correlation between the agricultural area and water quality was stronger than that of the urban area, and the area ratio of riparian vegetation showed a negative correlation with water quality. As a result of the regression analysis, it was found that agricultural areas had a negative effect on water quality in all models, but the results were not statistically significant in the case of urban areas. As a result of the model estimated through the structural equation, BOD, COD, TN, and TP showed a mitigation effect due to the accumulation effect of river water quality through riparian vegetation in agricultural areas, but the effect of riparian vegetation through riparian vegetation was found in urban areas. There was no These results were interpreted as having a fairly low distribution rate in urban areas, and in the case of the study area, there was no impact due to riparian forests due to the form of scattered and distributed settlements rather than high-density urbanized areas. The results of this study were judged to be unreasonable to generalize by analyzing the rivers where most of the agricultural areas are distributed, and a follow-up to establish a structural equation model by expanding the watershed variables in urban areas and encompassing the variables of various factors affecting water quality research is required.