• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.1890-1901
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• 2022

We have assessed the applicability of the thermal-hydraulic system analysis code, SPACE, to a small modular reactor called SMART. For the assessment, the experimental data from a scale-down integral-test facility, SMART-ITL, were used. It was conformed that the SPACE code unrealistically calculates the safety injection flow rate through the CMT and SIT during a small-break loss-of-coolant experiment. This unrealistic behavior was due to the overprediction of interfacial heat transfer at the steam-water interface in a vertically stratified flow in the tanks. In this study, a special thermal-hydraulic component model has been developed to realistically calculate the interfacial heat transfer when a strong non-equilibrium two-phase flow is formed in the CMT or SIT. Additionally, we developed a special heat structure model, which analytically calculates the heat transfer from the hot steam to the cold tank wall. The combination of two models for the tank are called the special component model. We assessed it using the SMART-ITL passive safety injection system (PSIS) test data. The results showed that the special component model well predicts the transient behaviors of the CMT and SIT.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제43권10호
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• pp.911-920
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• 2010

저수지와 같은 갇혀진 수체는 상류에서 유입되는 오염물질 뿐만 아니라 성층현상에 의해서도 오염될 수 있다. 갇혀진 수체에서의 연직순환은 이러한 오염을 줄이는데 중요한 역할을 하는데, 연직순환을 일으키는 인자로는 빛의 입사, 바람, 물의 온도 및 열의 확산 등이 있으며, 그중에서도 가장 중요한 것은 바람의 영향이다. 그러므로 성층화된 흐름에서 바람에 의해 발생하는 연직순환에 대한 수치모형을 개발하고 적용하는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구는 수온성층흐름을 해석할 수 있는 3차원 수치모형을 제시하였다. 유속성분은x-축과 y-축 방향에서의 운동량방정식으로부터 3단계에 걸쳐 계산되고, 자유수면 변위와 온도변화 등의 스칼라양은 각각 자유수면방정식과 이송-확산 방정식으로부터 계산된다. 본 연구에서 제시한 모형의 정확도를 검증하기 위하여 정사각형수조에서 진동하는 자유수면의 해석해와 비교하였고, 성층화된 흐름에서 발생하는 연직순환에 대하여 수치모의를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 본 연구에서 개발된 수치모형이 흐름 내부의 현상을 잘 묘사함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국해안해양공학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.9-23
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• 1997

일차원 2층 성충류에 대한 음해 유한차분법을 이용한 수치실험 연구를 실시하였다 수치방법에 대한 기본 테스트와 함께 수질실험 자료가 있는 교환류에 대한 모델결과의 검증을 실시하였다. 다양한 충간 및 해저마찰계수와 수치계산의 시간 가중인자, smoothing 인자에 대한 모델 반응 결과를 제시한다. 아울러 2층 모델을, 성충이 되어 있고 해저면 기울기가 급격한 조건에서 내부파의 발생과 전파 특성에 대한 연구에 응용하였다. 하류부 경계의 1개 층 혹은 2개 층을 방사조건으로 처리했을 때, 하류부를 통해 내부파가 잘 전파되어, 방사파 조건의 성충류 모델링에의 적용성을 확인하였다. 또한 하류부의 저층두께가 두꺼울수록 내부파가 하류부 경계를 통해 활발히 전파해 가는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 충간의 내부파 위치에너지는 상충의 두께가 일정한 경우, 하층의 두께에 좌우될 것임을 암시한다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.381-387
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• 2000

An experimental study on the stratified fluids was carried out to investigate the flow characteristics, heat transfer through the interface of fluids, and the applications of thermal behaviors in the square cavity. The same volume of water and silicon oil was filled in it. The experiments were performed with the variations of initial temperatures and cooling surface temperatures. And the effect of vertical or horizontal cooling surface positions in the square cavity was investigated. When the cooling surface temperatures were $-4^{\circ}C$ , the supercooling phenomena were observed for both cases of cooling surface positions in the full region regardless of the initial temperature of fluid. In the square cavity with horizontal cooling surfaces, the lower the initial temperatures were, the longer the supercooling durations were, and with vertical cooling surface the lower the initial temperatures were, the shorter the supercooling durations were.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.67-75
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• 2002

A study to investigate the influence of combustion chamber shape, especially piston top face configuration, on the combustion stability is presented with CFD analysis and single cylinder GDI engine test. Initial configuration of the piston bowl was designed with CFD analysis and further parametric studies of the design factors on the piston top face were carried out through the single cylinder GDI engine test. It was found that both the geometry of piston top face and the compression ratio have great influences on the combustion stability. Of interest is that the design factors of the GDI piston to prevent mixture diffusion out of the piston bowl have important roles for the stable combustion at the stratified mixture condition. Also the relationship between spray impingement and flow pattern in a GDI piston bowl should be considered to design an optimal bowl configuration for stable stratified combustion.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.32-42
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• 1998

Lean burn gasoline engine is recognized as a promising way to meet better fuel economy. Lean burn engine is classified into port injection and direct injection(DI), DI is more active technique for improving fuel economy with ultra-lean operation, Nowadays, port injected lean burn engine has been produced by many Japan maker. Also, DI engine is also possible for production owing to improvement in control technique of spray, flow air fuel ratio. DI engine uses either homogeneous stoichiometric mixture or stratified mixture by controlling injection timing to be early or late respectively. HM(homogeneous mixture) is worse than SM(stratified mixture) in view of ultra-lean operation in partical load and Nox reducion by using EGR control. But, HM has advanteges in cold starting and emission reduction during transient operation, This paper describes experimental variables and bench test results of HM GDI engine.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• 제6권
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• pp.14-26
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• 1998

This paper deals with approximate analytical solutions for the two-region one-dimensional model describing the charging process of stratified thermal storage tanks at variable inlet temperature with momentum-induced mixing. An arbitrarily increasing inlet temperature is decomposed into inherent step changes and intervals of continuous change. Each continuous interval is approximated as a finite number of piecewise linear functions, which admits an analytical solution for perfectly mixed region. Using the Laplace transform, the temperature profiles in plug flow region with both the semi-infinite and adiabatic ends are successfully derived in terms of well-defined functions. The effect of end condition on the solution proves to be negligible under the practical operating conditions. For a Quadratic variation of inlet temperature, the approximate solution employing a moderate number of pieces agrees excellently with the exact solution.

• 태양에너지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.55-62
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• 2000

An experimental study on the stratified fluids with water and silicon oil of same volume in the cavity with upper cooling surface was carried out to investigate the flow characteristics, heat transfer through the interface of fluids, and the applications of thermal behaviors in a square cavity. The experiments were performed with variation of initial temperature and cooling surface temperature. The temperature drop of oil was faster than that of water and freezing was initiated from the interface of oil and water and propagated downward. For the water above $4^{\circ}C$, the cooling rate was faster than that below $4^{\circ}C$ and showed almost same temperature distribution but for the water that of below $4^{\circ}C$, it showed the stable stratified temperature distribution. The lower the initial temperature and the higher the cooling surface temperature was, the longer the supercooling duration.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.114-122
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• 1997

Nowadays, gasoline direct injection engines are being commercialized by virtue of improvement in control technology of spray, flow, air fuel ratio. The stratified charge type has the advantage of improving lean limit. The homogeneous type has the advantage of reducing engine-out hydrocabon emissions in the first 30 seconds after a cold start, in addition, improving transient air fuel ratio control. The vaporization and mixing if injected fuel with air has to e completed in a short time and the fuel film in cylinder and on piston has to be minimized. So, the flow and injection should be well controlled. This paper surveyed the spray characteristics of gasoline direct injection by using laser equipment and the combustion characteristics of the single cylinder engine using homogeneousas-mixture type gasoline direct injection.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.379-389
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• 1996

To experimentally investigate the several wave patterns for the horizontal countercurrent stratified air-water flow, a series of systematic experimental studies have been performed. The experiments are carried out in a horizontal pipe with 4m in length and 102mm in inner diameter. The oater and air superficial velocities vary from 0.0004 to 0.0204 and from 0 to 6m/s, respectively. The instantaneous water thickness is measured by parallel-wire conductance probes, and the wave field is recorded by high speed video camera. Also, to evaluate the wave effect on interfacial friction factor, the pressure drop is measured. Statistical data anal)sis is accomplished in order to obtain the fundamental wave parameters such as un amplitude, length and velocity, and spatial growth factor. By using these statistical parameters, the wave regime boundaries can be verified.