• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.541-546
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• 2005

In order to suggest instructional strategy and learning guidance in science education, the purpose of this study was to classify middle school students by learning style and then examine student's science process skills via those learning styles. The Student Learning Style Questionnaire (SLSQ) and the Test of Science Process Skills (TSPS) were given to 340 ninth graders. Their learning styles were classified into three categories, that were divided into two opposing types: independent/ dependent, collaborative/ competitive, and participant/ avoidant. The results showed the following : 1) Students of the dependent, collaborative, and participant type out numbered ones of the independent, competitive, and avoidant type. 2) Gender differences showed that male students of the competitive, participant, dominant type totalled more than the female students of the collaborative, avoidant type. Furthermore, 3) For students of the independent, competitive, participant type, science process skills were higher than those of the dependent, collaborative, avoidant type.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.745-754
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• 2014

Students experience a variety of achievement-related emotions during the process of learning the science curriculum. The purpose of this study is to develop an achievement emotions questionnaire for Korean middle school science curriculum to measure the achievement emotions that middle school students experience during study of this curriculum, and verified its validity. The Achievement Emotions Questionnaire-Korean Middle School Science is based on the English version of the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire, developed with reference to Korean middle school science curriculum and the characteristics of science study, from the perspective of the control-value theory of achievement. It has 232 questions, configured to measure nine achievement emotions across three types of academic settings. The questionnaire results can be treated with a high degree of confidence according to the result of our validation, which also verified that the achievement emotions of these students are configured with four internal criteria (learning strategy, achievement motivation and course grade), as suggested by the control-value theory; this in turn verifies that the nine achievement emotions are sufficiently distinctive across study situations. Last, it was verified that the questionnaire has sufficient external validity based on a comprehensive examination of the relation between science achievement emotions and the four criterion variables for each student. This suggests that through the development and implementation of this quantitative questionnaire, basic ground was provided to understand the achievement emotions experienced by middle school students learning the science curriculum.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.93-114
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• 2012

Objective : This study aimed to review the performance of traditional herbal prescriptions for treating dementia and present a strategy for research on dementia therapy utilizing herbal medicine. Methods : A definition was made to clarify the technology regarding the development of herbal prescriptions for treating dementia. The queries were compounded based on the initial keywords provided by experts in the field, then applied to the Web of Science database search engines from January 1986 to September 2011 to search related scientific articles. Before performing the analysis, papers were extracted from the initial search reviewed by experts and 80 articles were selected. Then, the selected papers were analyzed in terms of publish year, country, and type of herbal prescriptions. Furthermore, the research performance evaluation for treating dementia by herbal prescriptions was also created in terms of country and organization based on forward citation analysis. In addition to, for the evaluation regarding research quality, we classified and reviewed papers into two types: clinical studies and experimental studies. Results : According to the quantitative information analysis of 80 articles, the number of papers has increased by 21.9% per the yearly mean from 1995, and Japan had the largest portion within this research field. There were 34 kinds of traditional herbal prescriptions, among them Ukgansan had the highest number of studies followed by Jodeungsan, Dangkisoosan and so on. In addition, quality index as calculated by cites per paper is higher than average in Switzerland, Turkey and Japan. In the view of the evaluation on quality there were 12 clinical studies, 8 RCT reported that herbal prescriptions had efficacy at cognition, behavioral & psychological symptoms (BPSD) and activity of daily life (ADL) in various type of dementia. In experimental studies most of the studies were performed using animal models. The studies using Ukgansan were aimed at improving BPSD. The papers studied with Jodeungsan and Dangkisoosan targeted vascular dementia. Conclusions : In this study, research to develop traditional herbal prescriptions for treating dementia has the potential to improve symptoms since herbal medicines work as both multi-function and multi-target in dementia with multiple pathological or neurotoxic pathways. Therefore, the results of the research should be used in order to establish strategies to develop technology for treating dementia with traditional herbal prescriptions in the future.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2002.05b
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• pp.88.2-98
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• 2002

A wide arry of naturally occurring substances particularly those present in dietary and medicinal plants, have been reported to possess substantial cancer chemopreventive properties. Certain phytochemicals retain strong antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties which appear to contribute to their chemopreventive or chemoprotective activities. Inducible cyclooxygenase(COX-2) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are important enzymes that mediate inflammatory processes. There is some evidence that expression of both COX-2 and iNOS is co-regulated by the eukaryotic transcription factor NF-$textsc{k}$B. Increased expression of COX-2 and/or iNOS has been associated with pathophysiology of certain types of human cancers as well as inflammatory diseases. Since inflammation is closely linked to tumor promotion, substances with potent anti-inflammatory activies are anticipated to exert chemopreventive effects on carcinogenesis, particularly in the promotion stage. An example is curcumin, a yellow pigment of turmeric (Curcuma longa L., Zingiberaceae), that strongly occurring diaryl heptanoids structurally related to curcumin have substantial anti-tumor promotional activities in two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis. Thus, yakuchinone A [1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-7-phenyl-3heptanone] and yakuchinone B [1-(4'-hydroxy-3'methoxyphenyl)-7-phenylhept-1-en-3-one] present in Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel (Zingiberacease) attenuate phorbol ester-induced inflammation and papilloma formation in female ICR mice. These diarylheptanoids also suppressed phorbol ester-induced activation of epdermal ornithine decarboxylase and its mRNA expression when applied onto shaven backs of mice. Yakuchinone A and B as well as curcumin inhibited phorbol ester-induced expression of COX-2 and iNOS and their mRNA in mouse skin via inactivation of NF-$textsc{k}$B. Capsaicin, a major pungent ingredient of red pepper also attenuated phorbol ester-induced NF-$textsc{k}$B activation. Similar suppression of COX-2 and iNOS and down-regulation of NF-$textsc{k}$B activation for its DNA binding were observed with the ginsenosied Rg3 and the ethanol extract of Artemisia asiatica. We have also found that certain anti-inflammatory phytochemicals exert inhibitory effects on phorbol ester-induced COX-2 expression and NF-$textsc{k}$B activation in immortalized human breast epithelial (MCF-10A) cells in culture. One of the plausible mechanisms undelying inhibition by aforementioned phytochemicals of phorbol ester-induced NF-$textsc{k}$B activation involves interference with degragation of the inhibitory unit, I$textsc{k}$Ba, which blocks subsequent nuclear translocation of the functionally active p65 subunit of NF-$textsc{k}$B. the activation of epidermal NF-$textsc{k}$B by phorbol ester and subsequent induction of COX-2 hence appear to play an important role in intracellular signaling pathwasy leading to tumor promotion and targeted inhibition of NF-$textsc{k}$B may provide a new promising cancer chemopreventive strategy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.17
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• pp.7363-7369
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• 2014

The present study aimed to prepare and evaluate polymeric micelles conjugated with folic acid through ${\alpha}$- or ${\gamma}$-carboxyl groups for antitumor efficacy. The isomeric block copolymers, ${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-folate-polyethyleneglycol-distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-Fol-PEG-DSPE), were produced by solid phase peptide synthesis. Three types of doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded polymeric micelles (MPEG-DSPE-DOX and ${\alpha}$- / ${\gamma}$-Fol-PEG-DSPEDOX micelles) were prepared via the film formation method. Compared with MPEG-DSPE-DOX micelles, the ${\alpha}$- / ${\gamma}$-Fol-PEG-DSPE-DOX micelles presented a higher cellular uptake behavior in the live cell study. Cell viability percentages were 81.8%, 57.3%, 56.6% at 2 hours for MPEG-DSPE-DOX, ${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-Fol-PEG-DSPE-DOX micelles, respectively (p<0.05). Using the KB xenograft tumor model, both ${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-folate-conjugated micelles were found to have better antitumor effects with lower toxicity in comparison with MPEG-DSPE-DOX micelles. No difference in in vivo antitumor efficacy was found between ${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-Fol-PEG-DSPE-DOX micelles. The folate-conjugated micelles might be a potentially useful strategy for tumor targeting of therapeutic agents, whether grafting with folic acid through ${\alpha}$- or ${\gamma}$-carboxyl groups.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.191-201
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to propose strategies of puzzle-based learning for Informatics gifted education through analyzing Informatics gifted elementary students' computational problem solving approaches in puzzle-based learning contexts. Six types of educational puzzles, which are constraints, optimization, probability, statistically speaking, pattern recognition, and strategy, were used in teaching 14 Informatics gifted students for 8 sessions. The results of pre and post test and each students' answers were analyzed to identify why students were not able to solve the puzzles. We also analysed what essential computational strategies are needed to solve each type of puzzles, and what students did not know in solving puzzle problems. We identified some problems caused by puzzle representation methods, and various students' intuitions that disturb puzzle solving. Also, we identified essential computational strategies to solve puzzles: backtracking, dynamic programming, abstraction, modeling, and reduction of big problem. However, students had difficulties in applying these strategies to solve their puzzle problems. We proposed the revised puzzle-based learning strategies, which is based on the improved problem representation, just-in-time cognitive feedbacks, and web-based learning system.

• Archives of design research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 2000

In this study design information was separately defined form general product information and thus factors reflected in product design ion the basis of values and roles were extracted. The following is a classification of 5 different types of design factors divided according to their disposition. ·Innovation factor - element which previously did not exist or element related with explicit reformation ·Open factor - active element which not only improves current performance but also induces new functions through understanding of usage situations and new possibilities. ·Anterior factor - element which prolongs and develops the early development requirements of products through C.I. and P.I. related elements and characteristics of previous models and design strategy. Self-evidence factor - element related with function visualization through product structure which may make possible the consolidation of shape and function. Rigid factor - element, based on the human factors engineering, related with the safety and efficiency of users. This classification was obtained by defining major characteristics of products considering the target consumer and market characteristics. In this classification factor structuring design process which efficiently deducted a differentiated final product by synthesizing factors of higher importance as dominant factors was proposed. With this kind of factor structuring process, product differentiation may be achieved by bestowing individual characteristics to each product by combining design dominant factors associated with the product for a specific purpose from the stages of product concept development. Moreover, this may be used as an approach to actively correspond to the various and specific demands of the comsumer.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.48
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• pp.63-89
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• 2009

The contents provided by the terrestrial broadcasters have governed the market based on their excellent quality in Korea. In spite of the launching of various pay TV services focusing on multi-channel, it is not yet easy to find out the substitutionary pay TV channels for the terrestrial. Therefore, the real time retransmission of the terrestrial channels brings about the crucial effects on the pay TV's competency, especially on the new media as the invisible barrier. So it is frequently proposed to change the aim of the retransmission policy from the universal access to the promotion of media industries. The retransmission can be divided into two types as the must carry and retransmission consent. In Korean situation, keeping or reducing the must carry channel would be appropriate rather than expanding them. However, periodic investigation into the public effects of the must carry is necessary, instead of it. Moreover, the rational and fair monetary compensation for the commercial channels(MBC, SBS, KBS2) is arising as the bottle neck in the retransmission agreements between the broadcasters. The conjoint analysis was carried out to estimate the welfare growth from the retransmission, based on the stated preference from the audiences' point of view. For must carry channels, it was certified as the 'win-win' strategy for both sides and audiences. For the commercial channels, it is revealed to be beneficial to the audiences. Thereafter, the standards for the rational price were suggested to promote the retransmission. This can contribute for inspiring the dynamic vitality to the media industry by reinforcing the contents competencies and for establishing the long term growth strategies.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.507-521
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• 1999

Yu-Dong-Kong exercise is to produce heat from rubbing hands and is composed of 10 different types of exercise using warmed hands. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of Yu-Dong-Kong exercise on physical function and emotional state in elderly. The design of research is Nonequivalent Control Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The independent variable is Yu-Dong-Kong exercise, and the dependent variables are physical function and emotional state. Subjects are 18 elderly in the experimental group and 16 elderly in control group. All of them are above 60 year old and live in 1-city, Kyonggi-do. The exercise period was 4 weeks and data were collected from April to August in 1998. The exercise frequency was once a day. The exercise duration was from 10 to 20 minutes. The measurement tools are modified 1) Cornell Medical Index-Health questionnaire and 2) Geriatric Depression Scale. Collected data were analyzed by t-test and paired t-test based on the purposes of research using SPSS-Window package. The results are summarized as follows : 1. There was no difference in pre-exercise physical function between two groups (t=-.95, p=.35). 2. The hypothesis that 'physical function in the experimental group will be improved compared to the control group' was not supported by t-test(t=-.925, p=.362). However. the physical function in the experimental group showed much improvement than that in the control group. 3. The hypothesis that 'emotional state in the experimental group will be improved compared to the control group' was not supported by t-test(t=-1.715, p=.096). However, the emotional state in the experimental group showed much improvement than that in the control group. 4. The hypothesis that 'physical function will be improved in the post-exercise compared to pre-exercise' was not supported by paired t-test(t=.302, p=.766) However, a slight improvement in the physical function was found. For the further study, it is recommended to reevaluate the effect of Yu-Dong-Kong exercise through large number of subjects and long-term study. Also, a separate study with different type of subjects is recommended. In addition, continuation and compliance this strategy for exercise should be developed.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.106-118
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• 2002

In recent years, synthetic and systematic management with conservation-oriented strategy for Baekdu-daegan, which is the greatest chine as well as the major ecological axis of the Korean Peninsula, is being required to cope adequately with the various kinds of developmental urge. For this, spatially definite zoning for the managerial area on Baekdu-daegan has to be completed first. This study is to take into consideration the traditional concepts of stream and watershed as well as the actual disturbance on Daegan area, and to propose the process for reasonably establishing the managerial boundary adjacent to the Ridges. The case site with topographically diverse characteristics was selected, and the analyses on watershed, road network and land use were carried out using the digital maps and Landsat TM images. Based on these analyses results, the managerial boundaries as alternatives from the Ridges were produced by watershed expansion process, and used for tracing the changes of road occupancy rate and the areal ratio of various land use types to the relevant watersheds to search out the adequate managerial boundary. The results show that watershed expansion process could be effective tool for establishing the managerial boundary, and the fourth expanded watershed would be included for the adequate managerial boundary of the case site.