• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to examine influence of interior landscape in commercial spaces on the management benefit. In the course of this study, objects of survey were selected from interior landscaping specialist, manager and consumer who had experiences to visit to the hotel, bank, department store and restaurant. The main method of data collection was interview, questions and gathering materials. The cronbach's alphas program was used to measure the reliability of likert scales. The analysis program was applied a statistical methods. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: The factors considered by consumer who visits to the commercial space are design, interior landscape, traffic, parking capacity, cleanness, price, kindness of employee and event. Factors concerned with the product include branch size, traffic, parking capacity, kindness of employee. Factors concerned with facilities include branch size, traffic, parking capacity, kindness of employee. Major factors of those effects to management benefit are accessibility, time of stay, sales, efficiency of space, attractiveness and difference. In conclusion, overlap style gets the highest degree of satisfaction among total factors. Results of the survey show that factors which improve sales are overlap style and planter type. Among four commercial spaces, hotel is most effected by interior landscape. To enhance the sales of hotel, further study of interior landscape about hotel necessary. For bank and restaurant, further study of economic planter type and style is necessary. For department store, optimal use of spaces and case of maintenance are necessary.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.289-314
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• 2013

This study analyzed differences in the effects of communication with salesperson's on customer's emotional responses and store loyalty at customer contact focusing on the moderating effects of salesperson's attribute. This study recognized the need for expanding the results of the prior researches to widen the understanding of communication, emotional responses, and store loyalty. This study tried to, first, examine the effects of communication between customers and salespersons on emotional responses and store loyalty at customer contact; second, determine the effects of reliability and attractiveness, which are attributes of salespersons, as moderating variables; third, examine relative influences of verbal and nonverbal communication on emotional responses and store loyalty. The results mainly showed, first, that communication significantly affected emotional responses and also had significant effects on arousal as well as positive and negative emotion, contrary to prior researches; second, that emotional responses significantly affected store loyalty; third, there was no difference in influences on emotional responses between verbal and nonverbal communication; fourth, the effects of communication on emotional responses depended on attributes of salespersons, demonstrating interactive effects between communication and attributes of salespersons. This study intended to provide theoretical expansion over relations between variables including the dimension of communication beyond empirical reconfirmation of prior researches. In addition, a strategic scheme was presented to manage positive relations with customers at customer contact.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.49-62
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• 2015

The purpose of the study was to investigate jean consumption among middle-aged Korean women and the characteristics of consumers as potential jean consumers. The data were collected from the survey of 238 Korean women aged 45 to 64 years old. The respondents prefer outlet store to other retail outlets and wear jeans mainly for travel, grocery shopping, and outing. The main reason for not wearing jeans is body change, which leads to poor fit in abdomen and waist area. The sample was clustered into two groups based on interest in jeans: high-interest and low-interest group. From the examination of group differences, the high-interest group rated conformity/brand reputation, scarcity, and attractiveness of appearance significantly higher compared to the low-interest group among the five clothing benefits pursued. No difference was found in obesity and body satisfaction. Group differences were found in recent purchase, price, number of jeans owned, and frequency of wearing jeans. The results suggest the characteristics of the potential jean market among middle-aged women in Korea. Implications are discussed.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.21-35
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• 2009

In December 5, 2006, "The Economic Times", India's the most famous economy daily newspaper, reported Korea Lotte Mart is planning to enter into India's market. Lotte group, marking number 7^th in Korea's list of conglomerates, established VRIC(Vietnam, Russia, India, China)'s strategy. This strategy is targeted to enter into emerging markets such as Vietnam, Russia, India, China and etc. As of 2007, Lotte Group aggressively is placing its subsidiaries such as Lotte Department Store in Russia and China, Lotte Mart in Vietnam and China and Lotte Confectionery in China and India, into emerging markets. From this case, Based on the assumption of Lotte Mart's India market entry scenario, this study considers various decision-making factors such as market attractiveness evaluation, timing of entry, entry mode, location, scale, positioning, operation strategy, and others, while developing an overseas market entry strategy. This case study also provides India's distribution market environment that Korean companies can utilize when entering into the Indian market in the near future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.5 s.153
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• pp.762-771
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• 2006

This study provides the basis far salesman to present formal style in suggesting Good-Bad formal style as well as in examining a meaning structure and valuation differences of visual valuation. Stimulus pictures has been chosen consequently 76 pieces through the preliminary inquiry who are working at department store, franchise salesman, car salesman, insurance staff and other salesmen. The tool for visual valuations about suit style is composed of 7 points of Likert type by making 21 questionnaires from the preliminary study. Collecting data is 512 pieces are used to analyse. The duration to collect data was from August 5th to 20th in 2004 and SPSS statistics package program has been used. At first, main factors according to the visual valuation of formal style are Attractiveness, Having abilities, Uncomfortableness. In second, Good formal style shows more attractive and looks having more abilities than Bad formal style and less uncomfortable. In third, in the relations of Good-Bad formal style and demographics, there is meaningful differences according to gender, age, job, salary. In fourth, in the relations of a purchase purpose and visual valuations of formal style, for Good-Bad valuation, the first impression is the most important factor and it is likely to be related to the purchase purpose, on the other hand, the purchase purpose has related to impression the most. It has presented that Good-Bad valuation and purchase purpose have an influence on the factor of Attractiveness.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.137-164
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• 2011

In the past, retailers secured customer loyalty by offering convenient locations, unique assortments of goods, better services than competitors, and good credit policy. All this has changed. Goods assortments among stores have become more alike as national-brand manufacturers place their goods in more and more retail stores. Service differentiation also has eroded. Many department stores have trimmed services, and many discount stores have increased theirs. Customers have become smarter shoppers. They don't pay more for identical brands, especially when service differences have diminished. In the face of increased competition from discount storess and specialty stores, department stores are waging a comeback war. Growth of intertype competition, competition between store-based and non-store-based retailing and growing investment in technology are changing the way consumers shop and retailers sell. Different types of stores-discount stores, catalog showrooms, department stores-all compete for the same consumers by carrying the same type of merchandise. The biggest winners are retailers that have helped shoppers to be economically cautious, simplified their increasingly busy and complicated lives, and provided an emotional connection. The growth of e-retailers has forced traditional brick-and-mortar retailers to respond. Basically brick-and-mortar retailers utilize their natural advantages, such as products that shoppers can actually see, touch, and test, real-life customer service, and no delivery lag time for small-sized purchases. They also provide a shopping experience as a strong differentiator. They are adopting practices as calling each shopper a "guest". The store atmosphere should match the basic motivations of the shopper. If target consumers are more likely to be in a task-oriented and functional mindset, then a simpler, more restrained in-store environment may be better. Consistent with this reasoning, some retailers of experiential products are creating in-store entertainment to attract customers who want fun and excitement. The retail experience must deliver value to turn a one-time visitor into a loyal customer. Retailers need a tool that measures the full range of components that define experience-based value. This study uses an experiential value scale(EVS) developed by Mathwick, Malhotra and Rigdon(2001) which reflects the benefits derived from perceptions of playfulness, aesthetics, customer "return on investment" and service excellence. EVS is useful to predict differences in shopping preferences and patronage behavior of customers. EVS consists of items measuring efficiency, economic value, visual appeal, entertainment value, service excellence, escapism, and intrinsic enjoyment, which are subscales of experiencial value. Efficiency, economic value, service excellence are linked to the utilitarian shopping value. And visual appeal, entertainment value, escapism and intrinsic enjoyment are linked to hedonic shopping value. It has been found that consumers value hedonic experiences activated from escapism and attractiveness of shopping environment as much as the product quality, price, and the convenient location. As a result, many department stores, discount stores, and other retailers are introducing differential marketing strategy based on emotional/hedonic values. Many researches suggest that consumers go shopping not only for buying products but also for various shopping experiences. In other words, they seek the practical, rational value as well as social, recreational values in the shopping process(Babin et al, 1994; Bloch et al, 1994). Retailers may enhance buyer's loyalty to store by providing excellent emotional/hedonic value such as the excitement from shopping, not just the practical value of buying good products efficiently. We investigate the effect of perceived shopping values on the emotional experience and store loyalty based on the EVS(Experiential Value Scales) developed by Holbrook(1994), Mathwick, Malhotra and Rigdon(2001). This study assumes that the relative effect of shopping value dimensions on the responses of shoppers will differ according to types of stores and analyzes the moderating effect of store type(department store VS. discount store) on the causal relationship between shopping value dimensions and store loyalty. Emprical results show that utilitarian values of shopping experience and hedonic value of shipping experience give the positive effect on the emotional response of consumers and store loyalty. We also found the moderating effect of store types. The effect of utilitarian shopping values on the attitude toward discount store is higher than the effect of utilitarian shopping values on the attitude toword department store. And the effect of hedonic shopping value on the emotional response to discount store is higher than on the emotional response to department store. The empirical results reflect on the recent trend that discount stores try to fulfill the hedonic needs of consumers as well as utilitarian needs(i.e, low price) that discount stores traditionally have focused on

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.39-53
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• 2012

Purpose - This study identifies relationships amongst repurchase intentions, brand equity, and preference by applying VMD of fashion retail stores. The results would help coffee shop owners and coffee makers in devising an appropriate strategy for successfully managing coffee shops. Research design, data, methodology - The VMD model of a coffee shop includes harmony, trend, and attractiveness, while brand equity encompasses brand awareness, perceived quality, and brand image. In this study, the VMD factors of coffee shops, brand equity, and brand preference, are shown as independent variables, while repurchase intention is shown as the dependent variable. The study aims to ascertain the extent of the influence configuration factors of a coffee shop have on brand equity, brand preference, and repurchase intention. Regression analysis was used to verify the mediating effects of brand preference on brand equity and repurchase intention. The measurement items were already deemed as reliable and valid in the previous study, but some modifications were made for the purposes of this study. Questionnaires were distributed to 550 consumers on a national scale, and 517 consumers amongst these were finally used as a sample for analysis using the SPSS 17.0 statistical program. Results - First, amongst the VMD configuration factors of a coffee shop, trend, and attractiveness have a positive impact on brand equity (brand awareness, perceived quality, and brand image). Second, brand equity has a positive effect on brand preference. Third, brand preference has a positive effect on repurchase intention. Fourth, brand preference plays the role of a mediator in measuring the impact of brand awareness and brand image on customers' repurchase intentions. Conclusions - The theoretical implications can be summarized as follows. First, this study proposes a theoretical basis that can be adapted to the VMD configuration factors of a coffee shop by identifying the relationship between brand equity and coffee shops. This study applies the VMD factors to the coffee shops and presents a new research model by examining the relationships amongst VMD components of coffee shops: brand equity, brand preference, and repurchase intention. Second, it clearly establishes the relationship between brand equity and brand preference by identifying the mediating effects of brand preference, given that brand equity has a positive impact on repurchase intention. The practical implications are as follows. First, development of brand equity and management can be important components for coffee shops in determining that the VMD configuration factors of coffee shops have an impact on brand equity. Second, amongst the VMD configuration factors, attractiveness and trend have a positive influence on choosing coffee shops, therefore store atmosphere should be attractively designed, while the menu and interiors should complement each other and be reviewed periodically to conform to the latest trend. Third, VMD configuration factors that are confirmed are not easily changed. Fourth, large franchises and foreign companies have strengths in scale, locations, and brand. Fifth, the different ways of campaigning should be compared to those of large franchises and foreign companies in order to increase brand equity using VMD configuration factors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.15-30
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• 2002

The purposes of this study were to identify the Chinese university students' clothing attitudes and purchasing behavior according to their lifestyle. Questionnaires developed by researcher were distributed and collected from 540 Chinese university students from Mar. 5 to Mar. 20, 2001. Means, frequencies, and percentages were calculated. Factor analysis, cluster analysis. one-way ANOVA, and Chi-square test were used for data analysis. And Duncan's multiple range test was followed. The factors of lifestyle were consumption, self-confidence, economy, accomplishment. sociability. fashionability, individuality, and conservation. Chinese university students were segmented into 4 groups of the modern sociable, the passive stagnated, the positive progresive, and the traditional conservative. The group size of the modem sociable was the smallest, and the traditional conservative was the largest. Chinese university students considered sexual attractiveness of clothing most important. Psychological dependence and ostentation of clothing were next important in a decending order. The passive stagnated considered conformity of clothing most important and showed the opposite tendency of the modern socialable. The positive progressive considered all aspects of clothing attitudes important, and showed the opposite tendency of the traditional conservative. Chinese university students utilized direct fashion information sources, and patronized medium or small size department store or traditional market.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.1-18
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• 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has not only increased customer preference for contactless methods but also created digital business opportunities in a variety of industries. Particularly in the fashion industry, contactless distribution and contactless shopping have increased significantly. This study identifies the changed consumers' perception of contactless shopping, which has been expanded due to the COVID-19 pandemic and analyzes specific factors that influence shopping switching intention to derive efficient marketing plans for post COVID-19 era. The study targeted Korean male and female consumers. The perceived value, usefulness, and alternative attractiveness of contactless shopping had a significant effect on shopping switching intention, and a moderating effect of offline fashion stores was confirmed. These results indicate that customers' experience in a fashion store influences their next online and offline shoping. This study, therefore, proposed the direction that the fashion industry should advance from a marketing perspective in the post COVID-19 era.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.85-91
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• 2016

Purpose - Prior research has suggested that consumers typically prefer to have a larger number of options. However, preference of assortment size may depend on how depleted resources in consumers' mind are. Reduced capacity for self-regulation by resource depletion makes people rely on more intuitive and less effortful decision processing. When they are mentally depleted, people are likely to focus on the choice difficulty from large assortment, which leads to preference for the small assortment when they make a decision. It could be an important question potentially how being in a depleted mode through effortful self-regulation will influence on the evaluation of assortment size. To answer this questioner, we hypothesized that being engaged in self-regulation, as compared with not being engaged in self-regulation, will influence on the evaluation of product assortment size such as attractiveness, difficulty of choice, and anticipated regret. Research design, data, and methodology - In this study, we first manipulated self-regulatory resource availability using a self-regulation task (i.e., instructing participants to solve Sudoku puzzle vs. to solve diagram cube by filling any diagrams that they prefer into cube instead of number) and asked to indicate the difficulty of the tasks available to them ("How much difficulty did you feel when you complete the task?") Next, participants were asked to imagine that they were planning to buy a laptop at one of the two stores (small assortment: 6 options vs. large assortment: 30 options), both offering good quality of products. After reading the product descriptions, participants were instructed to consider all the information and choose a store that they would like to shop. Finally we measured the choice difficulty, evaluation of product assortments, and anticipated regret on a 7-point scale. We conducted two-way ANOVA in testing the main hypothesis that depleted consumers will show poorer subsequent self-control than non-depleted consumers when they make a decision in large assortment. Results - Compared with non-depleted participants, depleted participants showed the bigger difference from the degree of choice difficulty and product attractiveness between large and small assortments, but the result revealed only a significant interaction effect of resource depletion and assortment size on choice difficulty. Also depleted participants showed the smaller difference from the degree of anticipated regret between large and small assortments than non-depleted participants. Conclusion - Depleted individuals by a prior task are relatively effortless and intuitive form of choosing products so that they try to avoid making effortful trade-offs among choice difficulty such as large assortment, compare with non-depleted individuals. However, for anticipated regret, non-depleted individuals in small assortment anticipate more regret by excluding or at least restricting the possibility of buying attractive items or another kind of potential items than depleted individuals, regardless less choice difficulty in small option. To sum up, it is important to note that individuals are influenced by self-regulatory resources and their self-regulatory conditions contribute to the overall positive or negative impact of product assortment on choice.