• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.114-121
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: Biochar-based fertilizers delay the nutrient release and feature a slow release effect for agricultural and environmental advantages. This experiment was conducted to evaluate agro-environmental effects of different application ratios of modified biochar pellets supplemented. METHODS AND RESULTS: The treatments consisted of the control, 40% N, 60% N and 60% N (0.07M MgO) of modified supplemented biochar pellets (MSBP), which were based on recommended ratio of nitrogen for rice cultivation. For the paddy water, the NH₄-N and NO₃-N concentrations in whole treatments rapidly increased at 84 days and 40 days after transplanting, respectively. The PO4-P concentrations in the MSBP were generally lower than those of the control. For the paddy soil, NH₄-N concentrations in the MSBP were higher than those of the control at 5 days after transplanting, while NO₃-N concentrations were not significantly different in the treatments through rice cultivation. P₂O₅ concentrations in the control were higher than those of the MSBP until 40 days after transplanting while K₂O concentrations were not significantly different among the treatment. The highest carbon sequestration was 970 kg ha^-1 in the 60% N (0.07M MgO), and the potential carbon storage in the 60% N (0.07M MgO) was higher at 222 kg ha^-1 than the control during rice cultivation. It shown that the rice yield in the control was not significantly different from the 40% N and 60% N (0.07M MgO) application plots. CONCLUSION: Application of MSBP for rice cultivation was effective for carbon sequestration and agro-environmental effects even though nitrogen application ratio was reduced at 40% based on recommended application ratio of fertilizer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.950-956
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• 2017

Objective: Effects of newly isolated Lactobacillus plantarum on the fermentation and chemical composition of fresh rice straw silage was evaluated in this study. Methods: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from good crop silage were screened by growing them in MRS broth and a minimal medium with low carbohydrate content. Selected LAB (LAB 1821) were Gram-positive, rods, catalase negative, and were identified to be Lactobacillus plantarum based on their biochemical characteristics and a 16S rRNA analysis. Fresh rice straw was ensiled with two isolated LAB (1821 and 1841), two commercial inoculants (HM/F and P1132) and no additive as a control. Results: After 2 months of storage at ambient temperature, rice straw silages treated with additives were well-preserved, the pH values and butyric and acetic acid contents were lower, and the lactic acid content and lactic/acetic acid ratio were higher than those in the control (p<0.05). Acidity (pH) was lowest, and lactic acid highest, in 1821-treated silage (p<0.05). The $NH_3-N$ content decreased significantly in inoculant-treated silage (p<0.05) and the $NH_3-N$ content in 1821-treated silage was lowest among the treatments. The dry matter (DM) content of the control silage was lower than that of fresh rice straw (p<0.05), while that of the 1841- and p1174-inoculant-treated silages was significantly higher than that of HM/F-treated silage. Microbial additives did not have any significant (p>0.05) effect on acid detergent fiber or neutral detergent fiber contents. Crude protein (CP) content and in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) increased after inoculation of LAB 1821 (p<0.05). Conclusion: LAB 1821 increased the CP, IVDMD, lactic acid content and ratio of lactic acid to acetic acid in rice straw silage and decreased the pH, acetic acid, $NH_3-N$, and butyric acid contents. Therefore, adding LAB 1821 improved the fermentation quality and feed value of rice straw silage.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.88-92
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• 2006

Nerine was originated from South Africa and around 30 kinds of species are distributed in worldwide. In present study we have characterized the division methods and growing conditions for the bulb propagation of Nerine. Result indicated that new bulb formation, and growth of N. bowdenii cultivars was better after dormancy stage compared to post-harvest and dormancy stages, under twin-scale method at $20^{\circ}C$ Similarly, new bulb tissue density was higher at $20^{\circ}C$ compared to other temperatures. Moreover, N. bowdenii 'Favourite' exhibited better growth than N. bowdenii 'Stepanii' and vermiculite was found to be most suitable growing medium for Nerine bulb propagation.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.476-491
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• 2016

Purpose: This study investigated consumers' perception of food safety and risk from foodborne illness and consumption pattern of meat and processed meat products in Korea. Methods: A quantitative survey was performed by trained interviewers, surveying 1,500 adults who were randomly selected from six major provinces in Korea. Results: Most of the respondents reported foodborne illness risk related to the consumption of raw meat but not related to heated meat and processed meat products. As respondents perceived the risk of food poisoning from raw meat, the purchase and intake decreased (p<0.001). Most of the respondents considered a low possibility of foodborne illness at home. Seventy-seven percent of the respondents thought that bacteria and virus are the main causes of foodborne illness. Improper storage practice (40.7%) and unsafe food material (29.3%) were the main risk factors contributing to foodborne illness. Perception and practice of food safety was significantly different by the residency area. The most preferred meat, processed meat, and processed ground meat products were pork (58%), ham (31.1%), and pork cutlet (40.4%), respectively. The most preferred cooking method was roasting, regardless of the type of meat, but the second preference for cooking method was significantly affected by the type of meat (p<0.001): stir-fried pork, beef with seasoning, fried-chicken and boiled duck. Frequency of eating out was 0.75/day on weekdays and 0.78/day on weekends at the mainly Korean BBQ restaurant. Conclusion: The results of this study could be used to develop science-based education materials for consumer and the specific guideline of risk management of meat and processed meat products.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.152-166
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• 2020

Background: Ginsenosides, which have various physiological activities, are known to be abundant in the leaves and roots of ginseng. Ginseng sprouts can be used as a fresh vegetable and roots, stems, and leaves of ginseng can be consumed. This study aimed to investigate the effect of carbon dioxide treatment and the modified atmosphere (MA) packaging method in suppressing quality deterioration during the distribution of ginseng sprouts. Methods and Results: Ginseng sprouts were packed using Styrofoam, barrier film + non gas treatment, barrier film + gas treatment, 15 ㎛ polyamide (PA) double film + non gas treatment, 15 ㎛ PA double film + gas treatment, 25 ㎛ PA film + non gas treatment, or 25 ㎛ PA film + gas treatment. Quality parameters including gas composition, relative humidity, chlorophyll SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) value, firmness, and rate of quality loss in ginseng sprouts were monitored at the following temperatures: 20℃, and 10℃. Ginseng sprouts packaged with 25 ㎛ PA film showed loss in quality because of wilting owing to low relative humidity within the film. Chlorophyll and firmness did not differ between film and gas treatments. The time point at which the combined loss from softening and decay owing to fungal, and bacterial infection and wilt reached 20% was considered the limit of distribution. At 20℃, the packaging not included in the 20% distribution loss rate limit or up to 7 days was 15 ㎛ PA double film + gas treatment. At 10℃, the packaging not included in the 20% distribution loss rate limit for up to 18 days were barrier film + gas treatment and 15 ㎛ PA double film + gas treatment. Conclusions: The film packaging suitable for the distribution of ginseng sprouts was found to be the barrier film and PA film with low gas permeability and maintaining hygroscopicity at 95% relative humidity. To prevent the loss in quality of ginseng sprouts, gas treatment (8% of O₂ and 18% of CO₂) in the film was found to be more suitable than no gas treatment for inhibition of decay.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.109-120
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• 2007

The information on flowpath, storage, residence time, and interactions of water and carbon transport in a catchment is the prerequisite to the understanding and predicting of water and carbon cycling in the mountainous landscapes of Korea. In this paper, along with some up-to-date results, we present the principal methods that are currently used in HydroKorea and CarboKorea research to obtain such information. Various catchment hydrological processes have been examined on the basis of the water table fluctuations, the end-member mixing model, the cross correlation analysis, and cosmogenic radioactive isotope activity. In the Gwangneung catchment, the contribution of surface discharge was relatively large, and the changes in the amount, intensity and patterns of precipitation affected both the flowpath and the mean residence time of water. Particularly during the summer monsoon, changes in precipitation patterns and hydrological processes in the catchment influenced the carbon cycle such that the persistent precipitation increased the discharge of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrated in the surface soil layer. The improved understanding of the hydrological processes presented in this report will enable a more realistic assessment of the effects of climate changes on the water resource management and on the carbon cycling in forest catchments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.12
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• pp.1881-1888
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• 2014

Pre-thermal treatment is important to minimize quality changes during main cooking or storage. In this study, to optimize pre-thermal treatment of carrots, three types of pre-thermal treatments were applied to carrots and quality changes such as physicochemical, nutritional, or sensory properties were observed. Washed and sliced carrots were thermally treated by hot-water immersion ($100^{\circ}C$, 1~10 min), steaming ($100^{\circ}C$, 1~10 min), and stir-frying with oil (10~80 sec). Carrot tissue was maintained until 2 min hot-water immersion or steaming, and they were damaged by just 30 sec of stir-frying. Color and hardness were significantly affected by treatment time and temperature. Color was completely changed after 5 min and 7 min by hot-water and steam treatments, respectively. Hardness decreased to 44% compared with fresh carrot (4,500 g) after 1 min, 3 min, and 20 sec of hot-water, steam, and stir-frying, respectively. For nutritional changes, ascorbic acid, organic acid, and peroxide activity were reduced by all treatments compared with fresh carrot. Especially, succinic acid was dramatically reduced by hot-water treatment. Otherwise, free sugar contents were increased with greater treatment time in all samples. In this study, pre-thermal treatment of carrot was optimal at 2 min steaming treatment.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.357-361
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• 2002

This study was carried out to understand the problems, and find out the solution of post - Harvest related procedures for barley in Korea. Consecutive post - harvest procedures in harvesting, drying, milling, packaging and marketing methods were collaborately surveyed at Bujeok (Chungchongnamdo) and Kunsuh (Cholanamdo) agricultural cooperative federation where Chalssalbori (waxy barley) and Ssalbori (non waxy barley) were collectively cultivated in a group farming area, respectively. An early harvesting and relatively short harvesting period within 15 to 20 days to transplanting rice plants as a succeeding crop lead to produce undergrade barley and 2 to 3％ harvesting loss were considered as the problem that should be improved. In drying of barley, wide moisture content range of harvested barley among the different farmers and cultivation land was made difficult barley drying unifomly when they were dried in same dryer and drying temperature was slightely higher with 50 to 70$\^{C}$ than that of optimum temperature (under 50$\^{C}$) fer barley drying for producing the high quality barley. Dried barley packaged in ton-bag or 3P bag and put into the rectangular grain bin were stored in ambient temperature warehouse and milled for marketing through whole you. The physico-chemical properties and taste of stored barley were fairly maintained until May next year.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.29-43
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• 2015

Objective: The aim of this study is to develop management guidelines and a procedure for an anthropometric suitability assessment of the main control room (MCR) in nuclear power plants (NPPs). Background: The condition of the MCR should be suitable for the work crews in NPPs. The suitability of the MCR depends closely on the anthropometric dimensions and ergonomic factors of the users. In particular, the MCR workspace design in NPPs is important due to the close relationship with operating crews and their work failures. Many documents and criteria have recommended that anthropometry dimensions and their studies are one of the foremost processes of the MCR design in NPPs. If these factors are not properly considered, users can feel burdened about their work and the human errors that might occur. Method: The procedure for the anthropometric suitability assessment consists of 5 phases: 1) selection of the anthropometric suitability evaluation dimensions, 2) establishment of a measurement method according to the evaluation dimensions, 3) establishment of criteria for suitability evaluation dimensions, 4) establishment of rating scale and improvement methods according to the evaluation dimensions, and 5) assessment of the final grade for evaluation dimensions. The management guidelines for an anthropometric suitability assessment were completed using 10 factors: 1) director, 2) subject, 3) evaluation period, 4) measurement method and criteria, 5) selection of equipment, 6) measurement and evaluation, 7) suitability evaluation, 8) data sharing, 9) data storage, and 10) management according to the suitability grade. Results: We propose a set of 17 anthropometric dimensions for the size, cognition/perception action/behavior, and their relationships with human errors regarding the MCR design variables through a case study. The 17 selected dimensions are height, sitting height, eye height from floor, eye height above seat, arm length, functional reach, extended functional reach, radius reach, visual field, peripheral perception, hyperopia/myopia/astigmatism, color blindness, auditory acuity, finger dexterity, hand function, body angle, and manual muscle test. We proposed criteria on these 17 anthropometric dimensions for a suitability evaluation and suggested an improvement method according to the evaluation dimensions. Conclusion: The results of this study can improve the human performance of the crew in an MCR. These management guidelines and a procedure for an anthropometric suitability assessment will be able to prevent human errors due to inadequate anthropometric dimensions. Application: The proposed set of anthropometric dimensions can be integrated into a managerial index for the anthropometric suitability of the operating crews for more careful countermeasures to human errors in NPPs.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.101-109
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• 2011

Climate change affects all components of the global environment system and, in turn, all components mutually interact and affect climate change through non-linear feedback processes. It is thus necessary to study the interaction between the climate and the environment, in order to comprehensively understand and predict climate and environment change. However, current relevant systems are limited to particular areas and do not sufficiently support the mutual linking of research studies. Therefore, this study develops prototype a GIS based integrated DB management system for supporting the climate and environment data storage, management and distribution. The integrated DB management system was developed using VB.NET languages and ArcObjects component. First, considering the demands of climate environment experts, the study areas are selected and the methods of data management and utilization were defined. In addition, a location-based GIS DB was created in order to aid in understanding climate change through visual representation. Finally, the integrated DB management system provides an efficient data management and distribution data and it creates synergistic effect on climate and environment study. It also contributes significantly to the comprehensive diagnosis and prediction of climate change and environment systems.