• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2005

The effects of pectin on obesity was studied using 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and rats fed 20% high fat diets. The concentration of leptin released from 3T3-L1 adipocytes in the presence of pectin was significantly decreased by 85% compared to that of the control (p<0.05), however, glycerol concentration was not changed. These data indicate that pectin seems to inhibit lipids accumulation in the adipocytes rather than enhance the lipolytic activity. Forty Sprague Dawley rats were fed 20% high fat diet for 8 weeks to induce obesity and then divided equally into four groups. Experimental groups were normal diet group (ND), high fat diet group (HFD), HDF with 10% pectin group (HFP10), and HDF with 20% pectin group (HFP20). Diet for the each group was prepared to be iso-caloric following AIN-76 guideline. After obesity was induced, rats were placed on an restricted diet for 9 weeks. The body weight of HFD increased 50% (p<0.05) compared to the ND, while it was decreased by 12% and 16% for HFP10 and HFP20, respectively (p<0.05). The relative amount of visceral fats for HFDl0 and HFD20 were decreased by 45% and 59% compared to that of HDF (130%), respectively (p<0.05). Pectin seems to have a greater effect on reducing visceral fats accumulation than weight reduction. Significantly increased level of triglyceride, total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol in the plasma of HFD was returned to the normal or even below the normal by pectin diet, while the level of HDL-cholesterol increased. Lipid lowering effect was also observed in the liver and heart. These effects of pectin were dosedependent. In conclusion, the beneficial effect of pectin on the obesity was observed from cell culture experiment and animal study in terms of inhibiting the accumulation of lipids in the adipocytes.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.261-266
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• 1981

In order to clarify the removal of astringency in persimmon fruits (Diospyros koki L.) and its mechanism, a comparative histology of tannin cells in tile cultivars of astringent persimmon fruits (Sangju Dungsi. Daegu Bansi. Cheongdo Bansi) and a sweet persimmon fruit (Fuyu) was observed. Tannin cells were widespread in all fruits tissue expert for tissue of ovule before full blossom. The epidermal cells of ovary. flower and calyx consist of tannin cell. Arrangement of tannin cells has radiated type toward the upper directions in the calyx. The major part of seed coat consisted of tannin cells. The epidermal cells of persimmon fruits were consisted of small tannin cells, and the inner part of epicarp of the astringent persimmon was consisted of stone cells, but the sweet persimmon was consisted of parenchymatous cells. It was suggested that differantiation of tannin cell In persimmon fruits occured until about the middle of August. Some tannin cells of matured astringent persimmon fruits was coagulated and wall of tannin cell produced protuberance, and most of tannin cells of matured sweet persimmon fruits was coagulated or ruptured.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.503-515
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• 2018

Stupa of State Preceptor Jigwang at Beopcheonsa temple site, Wonju, was conserved and restored in 1957. It was necessary to assess the degree of damage to the used mortar and to provide objective data on the necessity of its removal. Therefore, the HCP(half-cell potential) measurement used in concrete fields was applied. Multi-regression analysis of HCP data, following the rapid corrosion test of the roofstone mortar used by the rebar, resulted in a high correlation of HCP values(0.86), depending on the amount of corrosion and cover depth used for the steel bar. As a result, high correlation values(0.86) for the coefficients of determination were derived. The showed that the measurement of the wet conditions -431 to -663 mV on the roofstone indicated a corrosion damage rate of 90% or more after removal and restoration.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1641-1647
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• 2008

Amygdalin is a cyanogenic glycoside plant compound found in the seeds of rosaceous stone fruits. We evaluated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of amygdalin, using an in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cell line and a rat model with carrageenan-induced ankle arthritis. One mM amygdalin significantly inhibited the expression of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-l$\beta$ mRNAs in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Amygdalin (0.005, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/kg) was intramuscularly injected immediately after the induction of carrageenan-induced arthritic pain in rats, and the anti-arthritic effect of amygdalin was assessed by measuring the weight distribution ratio of the bearing forces of both feet and the ankle circumference, and by analyzing the expression levels of three molecular markers of pain and inflammation (c-Fos, TNF-$\alpha$, and IL-l$\beta$) in the spinal cord. The hyperalgesia of the arthritic ankle was alleviated most significantly by the injection of 0.005 mg/kg amygdalin. At this dosage, the expressions of c-Fos, TNF-$\alpha$, and IL-l$\beta$ in the spinal cord were significantly inhibited. However, at dosage greater than 0.005 mg/kg, the pain-relieving effect of amygdalin was not observed. Thus, amygdalin treatment effectively alleviated responses to LPS-treatment in RAW 264.7 cells and carrageenan-induced arthritis in rats, and may serve as an analgesic for relieving inflammatory pain.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.152-161
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• 2006

Carcinoma of the gallbladder is an uncommon but highly malignant tumor with a poor five year survival rate. Early detection is very important for successful treatment because this tumor is very hard to cure in cases where it has advanced beyond the reach of surgical treatment. The purpose of this review was to evaluate risk factors for carcinoma of the gallbladder and determine the best management approach.. Solitary polys, more than one cm are considered to be predisposing factors for gallbladder carcinoma when they are found to be echopenic, sessile, and with a high cell density. Anomalous union of the pacreato-biliary duct(AUPBD) without a choledochal cyst is also considered to increase risk for gallbladder carcinoma. A polyps size of more than one cm and an AUPBD are indications for prophylactic cholecystectomy. The presence of gallstones is a well-established risk factor for the development of gallbladder carcinoma; risk appears to correlate with the stone size and the duration of chronic cholecystitis. Metaplastic changes of the gallbladder epithelium present with chronic cholecystitis and may indicate a premalignant lesion. Abnormal forms of cholecystitis such as xanthogranulomatous or a porcelain gallbladder also have malignant potential; cholecystoenteric fistula as well as bacterial infection of the gallbladder(typhoid, helicobacter species) also has malignant potential. In this review, the risk factors associated with carcinoma of the gallbladder are summarized with special attention to gallstones, polyps, AUPBD, and chronic inflammation.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.561-567
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• 1995

Using superoxide dismutase (SOD)-deficient mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the oxygen toxicity induced by paraquat was studied. In aerobic culture condition, yeasts lacking MnSOD (milochondrial SOD) showed more significant growth retardation than CuZnSOD (cytoplasmic SOD)-deficient yeasts. However, not so big differences in growth pattern of those mutants compared with wild type were observed under anaerobic condition. When exposed to paraquat, the growth of yeasts lacking CuZnSOD was severely affected by higher than 0.01mM of paraquat in culture medium. By the analysis of several cellular components ivolved in free radical generating and scavenging system, it was found that, under aerobic condition, the content of lipid peroxides in cell membrane as well as cellular activity of glutathion peroxidase of CuZnSOD-deficient mutants was increased in the presence of paraquat, although significant decrease of catalase activity was observed in those stratns. In MnSOD-deficient yeast, however, increment in cellular activity of glutathion peroxldase and catalase by paraquat was observed without any deterioration of membrane lipid. It implies that the lack of mitochondrial SOD could be compensated by both of glutathion peroxldase and catalase, but that only glutathion peroxidase might act for CuZnSOD in cytoplasm. In contrast, all of SOD-deficient mutants showed a significant decrease in catalase activity, but slight increase in the activities of glutathion peroxidase, when cultivated anaerobically in the medium containing paraquat. Nevertheless, any significant changes of lipid peroxides in cell membranes were not observed during anaerobic cultivation of SOD-deficient mutants. It suggests that a little amount of free radicals generated by paraquat under anaerobic condition could be sufficiently overcome by glutathion peroxidase but not by catalase.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.18
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• pp.8293-8298
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• 2016

Background: Urinary stones are known predisposing factors for upper urinary tract carcinoma (UUTC) which are commonly detected at advanced stage with poor outcome because of rarity and lack of specific criteria for early detection. Aims and objectives: The main aim was to evaluate the impact of age, gender andstone characteristics on risk of developing UUTC in patients with chronic nephrolithiasis. We also discuss the role of aberrant angiogenesis (AA) and immunohistochemical expression of p53, p16INK4a, CK20 and Ki-67 in diagnosis of pelvicalyceal neoplastic (NL) and pre-neoplastic lesions (PNL) in these patients. Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis of pelvicalyceal urothelial lesions from 88 nephrectomy specimens were carried out in a tertiary care centre from June 2012 to December 2014. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on 37 selected cases. Computed image analysis was performed to analyse aberrant angiogenesis. Results: All UUTC (5.7%) and metaplastic lesions were found to be associated with stones. Some 60% were pure squamous cell carcinoma and 40% were transitional cell carcinoma. Odd ratios for developing NL and PNL lesions in presence of renal stone, impacted stones, multiple and large stag horn stones were 9.39 (95% CI 1.15-76.39, p value 0.05), 6.28 (95% CI 1.59-24.85, p value 0.000) and 7.4 (95% CI, 2.29-23.94, p value 0.001) respectively. When patient age was ${\geq}55$, the odds ratio for developing NL was 3.43 (95% CI 1.19-9.88, p value 0.019). IHC analysis showed that mean Ki-67 indices were $3.15{\pm}3.63%$ for non-neoplastic lesions, $10.0{\pm}9.45%$ for PNL and $28.0{\pm}18.4%$ for NL. Sensitivity and specificity of CK20, p53, p16INK4a, AA were 76% and 95.9%; 100% and 27.5%; 100% and 26.5%; 92.3 % and 78.8% respectively. Conclusions: Age ${\geq}55years$, large stag horn stones, multiple stones and impacted stones are found to be associated with increased risk of NL and PNL in UUT. For flat lesions, a panel of markers, Ki 67 index >10 and presence of aberrant angiogenesis were more useful than individual markers.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.11
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• pp.49-56
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• 2017

Curling sweeping is one of important motion to control the position of the curling stone, and sweeping speed and applied force to the broom pad are major research subjects. In this study, a device was developed to measure the force applied to the curling broom pad in curling sweeping motion, and two load cells were mounted between the broom pad and pad holder. Analog signals generated from the load cells were sampled about 300 times per second using a micro controller, and then converted to 10-bit digital signals. Calibration of the load cell and set up of regression equations to convert the measured electrical signals into mass (force) was done by three M1 class weights, and the developed system was designed as wearable device to minimize increasing of total weight of the broom. Same force was applied to the developed system and a force plate that was using as a reference force measurement system in field of sports, and the difference between the measured values were showed about $0.909{\pm}1.375N$(mean and standard deviation). The developed system could be applied other kinds of study which required force measurement function similar to sweeping motion.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.373-385
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• 2004

Statement of problem: The microbial adhesion on the surface of materials used in prosthodontics and restorative dentistry significantly influences microbial infection. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of how the degree of surface roughness of acrlyic resin affect the adhesion of bacteria. Material and methods: Resins were finished with $50{\mu}m$ and $250{\mu}m$ aluminium oxide particles by using sandblaster, by using stone point, and high polished with $Opa^{(R)}$ and Lace $motor^{(R)}$. The surface of acrylic resin attached by bacteria was directly touched on the surface of BHI agar, which was incubated. Bacteria colonies formed on BHI agar were counted in accordance with the degree of the surface roughness. Results: 1. The viable cell number of Streptococcus mutans increased on the acrylic resins incubated in BHI broth than in PBS. 2. The viable cell number of Streptococcus mutans increased on the acrylic resins incubated without agitation than with agitation, washed three times than six times, and incubated in broth added with 5% sucrose than without sucrose. 3. When Streptococcus mutans incubated in BHI broth, the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies formed on BHI agar was the largest on the acrylic resins finished with $250{\mu}m$ aluminium oxide particle using sandblaster. But when incubated in BHI broth containing sucrose, the number of colonies formed on that was the largest on the acrylic resins high polished using $Opal^{(R)}$ and Lace $motor^{(R)}$. 4. When Streptococcus sanguis was incubated in BHI broth with or without sucrose, the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies formed on BHI agar was the largest on the acrylic resins finished with $250{\mu}m$ aluminium oxide particle using sandblaster. 5. When Actinomyces viscosus was incubated in BHI broth with or without sucrose, the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies formed on BHI agar was the largest on the acrylic resins high polished using $Opal^{(R)}$ and Lace $motor^{(R)}$. Conclusion: These results indicated that when acrylic resins attached by bacteria were touched on the surface of BHI agar, the number of bacterial colonies formed on the agar was dependent on the bacterial species. Also, the result of this study was showed that increase in the surface roughness and the addition of sucrose increased retention of microbial cells.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.3-8
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• 1977

A bark comprises about 10 to 20 percents of a typical log by volume, and is generally considered as an unwanted residue rather than a potentially valuable resource. As the world has been confronted with decreasing forest resources, natural resources pressure dictate that a bark should be a raw material instead of a waste. The utilization of the largely wasted bark of genus Quercus grown in Korea can be enhanced by learning its anatomical structure and properties. In this paper, bark characteristics of Quercus grown in Korea are described. In bark anatomy, general features such as color of rhytidome, exfoliating form, color of periderm, arrangement of periderm, and thickness of the inner and outer hark. etc., arc discussed. Studies on the microscopic structure include sieve tube, companion cell, parenchyma, pholem fiber, ray, periderm(phelloderm, phelloogen, phellem), sclereid, and crystal, etc. The results may be summarized as follows: 1. In general characteristics of rhytidomes, exfoliating is not easy and sclereids are distint to the naked eye. Inner bark is thicker than that of outer bark except in case of Q. variabilis. 2. It is not clear to distinguish between phelloderm and phellogen in Quercus bark. The phellem is developed conspicuously in Q. variabilis but that of Q. accutissima is composed of thinwalled phellem and thickwalled stone cell. 3. Quercus Bark has sieve tube, companion cell, phloem fiber and sclereid. Sclereids of Quercus bark are the most distinguished characteristics comparing with pinus and populus. The volume percent of sclereids are higher than that of fiber. 4. Rays are 1~3 seriate, and multiseriate ranging with from 15 to 20. 5. Parenchyma cell contains two types, polygonal and druses crystal.