• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.71-86
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• 2002

This research aims to illustrate the structure of the ancient Korean wooden buildings by a comparative study of the historical resources such as stone remains, wall paintings historiographies and excavations. As stone pagodas are the most typical stone remains, I selected for analysis some stone pagodas which contain architectural elements and results of the study are as follows: 1) The number of stories and structural modes of the base stone part show the wooden architectural aspects: they have one or two stories and their base part is constructed in the mode of assembling rectangular stones. 2) The body of the pagoda contains such architectural elements as pillars, door and windows, crossbeams, balcony, bracket sets. 3) The roof of the stone pagoda contains such architectural elements as eaves, roofs and modes of stone assembling. The results inferred through this research could be of help for further comparative studies with the other secondary materials by providing basic knowledge for it.

• 공업화학
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.592-598
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• 1999

건축용 외장재로 사용되는 인조석은 혼합수, 시멘트, 석분, 경량골재를 사용하여 만들어지는데, 본 연구에서는 인조석의 제조단가를 낮추고 물성을 향상시키기 위하여 ${\beta}$-NSF계 계면활성제와 빈졸계 계면활성제를 사용하였다. 본 연구를 통해 ${\beta}$-NSF계와 빈졸계 계면활성제의 최적 배합비가 1.0 wt %와 0.1 wt % 됨을 도출하였고, 새로 개발된 인조석은 기존의 인조석에 비하여 물성이 약 20 wt 증가하고, 동결융해 저항성이 300% 증가하였다. 그러나, 제조가격은 기존의 제품에 비해 30% 이상 감소된다.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.253-260
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• 2020

경상북도 의성군 탑리리 오층석탑은 상부구조가 불안정하고 지대석과 기단부의 구조적 변형이 심각한 상태였다. 탑의 기단부 보수공사를 위해서 기단 내부에 석재가 존재하는지를 파악하여 탑을 안전하게 받치고 있는지를 조사하기 위하여 전기비저항 탐사를 실시하였다. 탑의 기단부는 면석을 모두 제거하여 흙과 깬 돌이 노출된 상태이다. 사용한 전극 배열법은 쌍극자 간격을 다변화시킨 변형된 홑극-쌍극자 배열법 II를 사용하였으며 일반적인 홑극-쌍극자 배열법과 함께 사용하여 비교 분석하였다. 그리고 이 연구에서는 직각측선과 같은 심한 지형기복에 의한 왜곡현상을 포함하는 데이터의 신뢰도 검사를 위하여 축소모형실험을 수행하였다. 탐사결과 의성 탑리리 오층석탑의 기단부는 보강 채움 토 내부에 기초석이 존재하고 탑신의 기둥 직하부에 위치하여 탑을 받치고 있는 것을 확인하였다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.25-29
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• 1989

This paper investigated on influence on the distinguishability of renal stone in the accordance with thickness of object, x-ray tube voltage and base density. In the relationship between object and renal stone shadow, object and tube voltage, the obtained results can be summarized as the following. 1. When thickness of object was thin, the distinguishability increased in base density $2.0{\sim}2.5$, but for adults was best shown in base density 1.5. 2. In the relationship between object and tube voltage, the distinguishability increased at lower tube voltages ($50{\sim}60\;kVp$), using grid. As mentioned above, it was thought that this method was very effective in describing the phenomena of renal stone in film density 1.5, tube voltages 60 kVp.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.81-98
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• 2010

In the middle of the 8th century, we met the new high-rise building, the 7th storied wooden pagodas in 'Kokubunji' in Japan. I tried to analyze and study this building to show how the wooden pagoda had changed itself because of appearance of new style. The conculusions are as follows; 1. The construction of the foundation was mainly composed namely 'Panchuk'. It was proceeded by two ways. One is the earthen-digging, laying foundations named 'Gulkwangpachuk' and the other is simply laying foundation named 'Jisangpanchuk'. In that period, due to the progress of the technique, we assumed that the main stream is 'Jisangpanchuk'. 2. The elevation of base was mostly the single foundation from archaeological study. The material was stone. The middle case of pagoda had the base of tile-roofed. We knew the just one pagoda had the base of brick, but that was not main stream. 3. The new device had appeared in the central base stone. It was the stone point. But in that period the existing method, a hole style and the new style was used in the central base stone. This fact is showed that the central government was not hold the reigon(it names 'Kook') in the respect of the technique. 4. The plan scale is classified of 3 group. As a result, the first body is larger, the main-unit and the sub-unit is a equal unit. But smaller, the length of main-unit is longer than the one of sub-unit. And the very small pagoda was build in that period.

• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제35권7호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relations between brick and stone brick pagodas in all classes of pagoda with their construction and shape. Research objects of this study are brick and stone brick pagodas of National Treasure and Treasure and masonry pagodas that are similar to brick and stone brick pagoda. This study includes checking preceding researches, drawing questions from these preceding researches, and finding answers from these questions. The results of this study are as follows. First, pagoda of Bunhwangsa Temple, the first pagoda in the Silla Dynasty, was built as a masonry pagoda, not a stone brick pagoda. Second, roofs of stone brick pagoda barrows from brick pagoda's techniques for performance of material and ease construction. Third, brick or stone brick pagodas' base have Type II that has low and extensive foundation with soil and stones usually. Forth, Korean pagodas are categorized by their materials, construction methods, and shapes. Wooden pagodas, stone pagodas, and brick pagodas are categorized by materials, post-and lintel pagodas and masonry stone pagodas are categorized by construction methods, and pitched roof pagodas and terraced roof pagodas are categorized by shapes. Fifth, masonry pagodas of Buddhism that have shape of multi-story building were developed from Doltap, traditional stone stack, and they advanced with brick pagodas and stone pagodas to terraced roof stone pagodas and post-and lintel base brick pagodas.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.103-117
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• 2020

The effect of the foundation size on the efficiency of seismic base isolation using a layer of stone pebbles is experimentally investigated. Four scaled models of buildings with different stiffnesses (from very stiff to soft) were tested, each with the so-called small and large foundation, and exposed to four different accelerograms (different predominant periods and durations). Tests were conducted so that the strains in the model remained elastic and afterwards the models were tested until collapse. Each model was tested for the case of the foundation being supported on a rigid base and on an aseismic layer. Compared to the smaller foundation, the larger foundation results in a reduced rocking effect, higher earthquake forces and lower bearing capacity of the tested models, with respectable efficiency (reduced strain/stress, displacement and increase of the ultimate bearing capacity of the model) for the considered seismic base isolation compared to the foundation on a rigid base.

• 한국지진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지진공학회 2001년도 추계 학술발표회 논문집 Proceedings of EESK Conference-Fall 2001
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• pp.331-338
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• 2001

Seismic performances of the base isolated model of Five Story Stone Pagoda were studied through shaking table tests. Friction pendulum system (FPS), Pure-friction system with laminated rubber bearing (LRB) and Ball with rubber bearing were selected fur the comparison of performances. Performances of specially designed isolation systems were tested dynamically using shaking table. The test results of isolated model are compared with those of fixed base model. Compared with fixed base model, the isolated model showed that it could withstand much higer intensity of earthquake motion. The Effective Peak Ground Acceleration (EPGA) value of isolated model when the top component tipped over was above twice of that value in case of fixed base model. According to the additional test results, the lower value of coefficient of friction than that of common frictional base isolation systems is more effective to protect the piled multi-block system of Pagoda against moderate intesity of ground motion.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2005

도로공사과정에서 발생되는 현장 발생암은 경제성을 고려하여 도로용 재료로 활용되고 있으나 풍화속도가 빠른 퇴적암 골재의 경우 품질기준 적합성 여부를 판단하기 곤란한 경우가 많이 있다. 본 연구는 현장에서 발생된 이암계 퇴적암을 보조기층용 재료로 활용하였을 때 문제점을 고찰한 것이다. 그 결과 마모율은 품질기준을 만족하였으나, 27.5$\sim$16mm 입도 범위에서 중량감소율은 편마암 및 사암의 경우 20$\sim$30%이었으나 이암계 퇴적암은 47%로 매우 높은 값을 나타내었다. 골재의 안정성 시험결과에서는 편마암 및 사암에 비하여 이암계 혼합석이 매우 높게 나타났으며, 동결 및 건조에 의한 촉진 풍화시험에 의한 중량감소율에서도 편마암 및 사암계 혼합석 3.8$\sim$21%에 대하여 이암계 혼합석은 58%를 나타내어 빠른 풍화특성을 나타내었다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.3-10
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• 2007

In the 7th century, Sachunwang-sa temple had two extra building-sites behind the Main hall. These two building-sites were found to be in peculiar form different from any another existing stone bases. The stone bases of northern put of these building-sites were decorated to molding as the protruding comers of eaves, which was pierced into a circular hole, and was carved into a form of Gomeck-ii(the stone bases lot supporting the wall). The northern building of sachunwang-sa temple was found to be used as the altar following munduru(文豆婁) method, through the observations of the archives of Samkukyusa(三國遺事) and the Abhiseka stura(skt. 灌頂經). The molding as the protruding cornets of eaves of stone bases was shaped as the roof of a building and the carving of Gomeck-ii gives a proof of the existence of the wall between columns in the altar. The hole of the stone bases protected the wooden cylinder of munduru from the exterior world. The author concludes, through this research, that the altar of Schunwang-sa temple was used lot the religious service during the war for worthship and protecting from the enemies. Also he concludes that these buildings must have been in wooden pagodas constructed upon a square plan, that is with both front and side width equal, haying a quite small scaled and low floored building with its first floor closed on all sides, being different item the usual form.