• Journal of Wellbeing Management and Applied Psychology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.33-36
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• 2023

Purpose: Since the food wastewater contains a high concentration of nitrogen, it is very important to find a way to efficiently remove it. Research design, data and methodology: A total of four experiments were conducted under different conditions to remove ammonia nitrogen present in the food wastewater. The experiment was designed by adding sodium hypochlorite to the raw food wastewater and varying conditions such as pH control, aeration/precipitation, and stirring. Results: The ammonia nitrogen removal rate in Experiment 1 was about 12% (sodium hypochlorite added), ammonia nitrogen increased about 4.7% in Experiment 2 (sodium hypochlorite added after aeration/precipitation in a bioreaction tank, stirring), and decreased about 52.5% (sodium hypochlorite added after controlling and stirring). Conclusions: When the concentration of sodium hypochlorite was high, ammonia nitrogen was best removed, and the pH was adjusted to 12, and sodium hypochlorite was added after stirring, and the removal was the second best. If the method of this study is further studied and developed, it can be basic data for ammonia nitrogen removal in the future.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 2008

The application of solid phase microextraction (SPME) is generally conducted by directly immersing the fiber into the liquid sample or by exposing the fiber in the head space (HS). The extraction temperature, the time of incubation, and application of stirring are often designated to be the most important parameters for achieving the best extraction efficiencies of HS-SPME analysis. In this study, relative importance of these three analytical parameters involved in the HS-SPME method is evaluated using a polydimethylsiloxane/carboxen (PDMS/CAR) fiber. To optimize its operation conditions the competing relationships between different parameters were investigated by comparing the extraction efficiency based on the combination of three parameters and two contracting conditions: (1) heating the sample at 30 vs. 50 C, (2) exposing samples at two durations of 10 vs. 30 min, and (3) application of stirring vs. no stirring. According to our analysis among 8 combination types of HS-SPME method, an extraction condition termed as S50-30 condition ((1) 1200 rpm stirring, (2) $50^{\circ}C$ exposure temp, and (3) 30 min exposure duration) showed maximum recovery rate of 45.5~68.5% relative to an arbitrary reference of direct GC injection. According to this study, the employment of stirring is the most crucial factor to improve extraction efficiency in the application of HS-SPME.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 1994

Effect of ultrasonic agitation on the contact properties was studied in Ni electroless plating and Pd activation. P-type Si bare wafers were used as substrate and DMAB was used as reducing agent due to its good electrical properties, solderability and compatibility to substrate. In activation, high density Pd nuclei of small size were formed during ultra-sonic agitation compared to that of no stirring. In electroless plating, the plating rate was enhanced by 30∼90% by using ultrasonic agitation. In elecrtoless plating, inhibitor is the most effective additives in ultrasonic agitation. In this experi-ment, thiourea was used as inhibitor. The less the amount of the inhibitor, the more ultrasonic agitation efficiency. It is confirmed by SEM that Ni-B films formed by ultrasonic were coarser, less porous, and denser than those of no stirring. In ultrasonic agitation, boron content of the films was more than those of no stirring. In this case, the more DMAB concentration, the higher the temperature, the less pH, the more boron content. Resistivity of the films formed by ultrasonic agitation was higher than that of no strirring. As the content of boron was increased, the resistivity of the films was increased exponentially.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2020

In this study, growth and burning behavior of 6061 aluminum alloy was studied under constant anodic voltages at various temperatures and magnetic stirring rates in 20% sulfuric acid solution by analysing I-t curves, measuring thickness and hardness of aluminum anodic oxide (AAO) films, observations of surface and cross-sectional images of AAO films. AAO films were grown continuously at lower voltages than 18.5V but burning occurred when a voltage more than 19V was applied in 20% H₂SO₄ solution at 20±0.5℃ and 200 rpm of magnetic stirring. The burning was always related with an extremely large increase of anodic current density with anodizing time, suggesting that high heat generation during anodizing causes deteriorations of AAO films by chemical reaction with acidic solutions. The burning resulted in decreases of film thickness and hardness, surface color brightened and formation of porous defects in the AAO films. The burning voltage was found to decrease with increasing solution temperature and decreasing magnetic stirring rate. The decreased burning voltages seem to be closely related with increased chemical reactions between AAO films and hydrogen ions.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.139-150
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• 1995

The Quantitative estimations of the stratification - destratification(SD) phenomena in Deukryang Bay, Korea have been carried out based on the data of wind speed, heat flux through the sea surface and tidal current amplitude. To find out the main factors causing SD, wv introduce the rate of energy balance of the surface heat flux, tidal and wind stirring proposed by Simpson and Hunter(1974). The calculated potential energy of three terms are compared, from which the energy of wind stirring effect was one order smaller than the heat flux and the tidal stirring. Using the results, we complement time integration of the potential energy with the several s values of 0.010~0.014 at interval 0.001 and with wind speeds of 1.5 and 2.0 times larger than observation values at land. It shows that the variation of SD phenomena in the bay mainly depended on tidal stirring and sea surface heating in summer if there is no exceptionally strong wind event like Typhoon. The stratification become to be foamed from about 5 July although the stratification a little decreases during the second spring tidal period of middle of July.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.341-346
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• 2015

In this study, poly ${\varepsilon}$-caprolactone(PCL) microcapsules containing lemongrass oil was prepared by the solvent evaporation method. Effects of concentrations of PCL and poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) as well as stirring speeds when preparing microcapsules were investigated. Specific peaks of lemongrass oil in PCL microcapsules at 1600 and $2900cm^{-1}$ were observed by FT-IR. The particle size and shape of microcapsules were also measured by polarizing microscope and optical microscopy. The average particle size of microcapsules decreased with increasing the stirring rate. At the stirring speed of 1500 rpm, and 1 wt% of each PCL and PVA concentrations, the smallest particles were formed. Collection efficiencies of lemongrass oil of 77.5% and 69.5% were obtained when 1.5 wt% of PCL and 2 wt% of PVA were used, respectively. In addition, the release behavior and antioxidant activity of lemongrass oil from PCL microcapsules were examined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. When 0.5 wt% PCL and 2.0 wt% PVA were used with the slow stirring rate, microcapsules showed a fast release rate. The characteristics of antioxidant activity exhibited similar to that of the release behavior.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.12-19
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• 2006

For thermal adaptable fabrics, the polyurethane-urea microcapsules containing phase-change materials (PCMs: hexadecane, octadecane and eicosane) were successfully synthesized by interfacial polycondensation using 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI)/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG400)/ethylene diamine (EDA) as shell monomers and nonionic surfactant NP-12 in an emulsion system under stirring rates of $3,000{\sim}13,000$ rpm. The mean particle size of microcapsule decreased significantly with increasing the stirring rate up to 11,000 rpm, and then leveled off. The mean particle size increased with increasing the content and molecular weight (eicosane > octadecane > hexadecane) of PCMs at the same stirring rate. The mean particle sizes of microcapsules were found to decrease with increasing the NP-12 content up to 1.5 wt%, and thereafter increased a little. It was found that the melting temperature ($T_m$) and crystallization temperature ($T_c$) of three kinds of encapsulated PCMs and their enthalpy changes (${\Delta}H_m,{\Delta}H_c$) increased with increasing PCM contents. The encapsulation efficiencies (Ee) of hexadecane microcapsule linearly increased with increasing the content of hexadecane. It was found that the stable microcapsule containing 50 wt% of hexadecane could be obtained in this study. However, Ee of octadecane and eicosane microcapsules increased with increasing PCM's contents up to 40 wt%, and then decreased a little. By considering the encapsulation efficiency, it was found that the maximum/optimum contents of octadecane and eicosane microcapsules were about 40 wt%. By the dynamic thermal performance test, it was found that the maximum buffering levels of Nylon fabrics coated with hexadecane, octadecane, and eicosane microcapsules were about $-2.4/+2.9^{\circ}C,\;-3.6/+3.6^{\circ}C\;and\;-4.0/+4.7^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.554-554
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• 2009

지구온난화는 범지구적 환경문제로 매우 빠른 속도로 진행되면서 그 심각성을 더해가고 있다. 특히 해수면 상승이나 대형 태풍, 홍수, 가뭄 등의 이상기후가 빈번하게 발생되며 생태계에도 심각한 타격을 주고 있다. 이러한 지구온난화를 유발하는 물질들에 대해 도쿄의정서(Annex A)에 6대 온실가스($CO_2$ (이산화탄소), 메탄($CH_4$), $N_2O$(아산화질소), PFC(불화탄소), HFC(수소화불화탄소), $SF_6$(육불화황))로 정의 하여 규제대상으로 분류하고 있다. $CO_2$를 제외한 Non-$CO_2$ 온실가스들은 배출량이 $CO_2$에 비해 매우 낮지만 GWP(지구온난화지수)가 매우 커 지구온난화에 미치는 영향이 상당하다. 최근 이산화탄소 이외에 지구온난화 문제를 일으키는 온실가스에 대한 많은 관심으로 대상가스의 처리 또는 재활용을 위한 신기술 및 신공정 개발에 박차를 가하고 있다. 온실가스 중 HFCs는 GWP가 1300으로 미량의 배출로도 심각한 기후변화를 일으킬 수 있는 물질로, 우리나라의 경우 1990년 이후 HFCs 배출량 증가율은 연 평균 4.9% ~ 13.8%이다. 국내외 온실가스 처리기술은 대부분 CO2에 대한 연구개발 및 실증화가 지배적이고, non-CO2에 대한 처리기술 개발수준은 미흡할 뿐만 아니라 본 연구 대상인 HFCs 의 경우에는 처리기술 연구개발이 전무하다. 특히 HFCs는 냉매 또는 발포제로 사용되는데 일반적으로 사용 후 특별한 처리과정 없이 대기중으로 배출된다. 본 연구에서는 non-CO2 가스인 HFC-134a 를 대상으로 혼합가스에서 분리 회수를 위해 하이드레이트 기술을 접목시켜 경제적, 친환경적인 기술개발을 목적으로 한다. kinetic 반응장치와 고압반응기 및 magnetic drive system 을 이용하여 stirring speed와 driving force에 따른 HFC-134a 하이드레이트 형성속도의 상관관계를 제시하고자 한다.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.5-14
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• 2024

A study approached the development of a process for efficiently recycling discarded cigarette butts, reported as a major source of microplastic pollution in aquatic environments. Cigarette butts were sorted to extract filters, and cellulose acetate, the raw material of the filters, was extracted to a high degree of purity. The sorting of filters from cigarette butts was conducted through both wet and dry processes, each with optimized sorting conditions. Wet stirring sorting considered factors such as solid-liquid ratio, stirring speed, and stirring temperature. The highest efficiency of wet stirring sorting, at 46.21%, was observed with a solid-liquid ratio of 1:45, stirring speed of 200 rpm, and stirring temperature of 50℃. Dry wind power sorting took into account moisture content and residence time. The filter sorting efficiency reached its peak at 57.10% with a moisture content of 20% and a residence time of 5 minutes. There was no significant difference in the recovery rate of cellulose acetate between the two sorting processes. Dry wind power sorting was deemed a more advantageous process in terms of energy and environmental considerations within the scope of this study.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.224-232
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• 2004

Ni-diamond composite powders with nickel layer of round-top type on the surface of synthetic diamond (140/170 mesh) were prepared by the electroless plating method (EN) with semi-batch reactor. The effects of nickel concentration, feeding rates of reductant, temperature, reaction time and stirring speeds on the weight percentage and morphology of deposited Ni, mean particle size and specific surface area of the composite powders were investigated by Atomic Adsortion Spectrometer, SEM-EDX, PSA and BET. It was found that nucleated Ni-P islands, acted as catalytic sites for further deposition and grown into these relatively thick layers with nodule-type on the surface of diamond by a lateral growth mechanism. The weight percentage of Ni in the composite powder increased with reaction time, feeding rate of reductant and temperature, but decreased with stirring speed. The weight percentage of Ni in Ni-diamond composite powder was 55% at 150 min., 200 rpm and 7$0^{\circ}C$ .