• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.957-968
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of hydraulic behavior of the natural channel flow according to the temporal classification mode, and thus propose the hydraulic analysis method for future channel design. For analysis, the temporal flow characteristics of the channel section was divided into the steady flow and the unsteady flow. For hydraulic analysis, the HEC-RAS model, which is a one-dimensional numerical analysis model, and the SMS-RAM2 model, which is a two-dimensional model, were used and the factors used for analysis of hydraulic characteristics were flood elevation and flow rate. The flow state was analyzed on the basis of the one-dimensional steady flow and unsteady flow for review. In the unsteady flow analysis the flow rate changed by $(-)0.16%{\sim}(+)0.26%$, and the flood elevation varied by $(-)0.35%{\sim}(+)0.51%$ as compared to the values in the steady flow analysis. Given these results, in the one-dimensional flow analysis based on the unsteady flow the flood elevation and flow rate were greater than when the analysis was done on the basis of the steady flow. The flow state was analyzed on the basis of the two-dimensional steady flow and unsteady flow. In the unsteady flow analysis the flow rate varied by $(-)0.16%{\sim}(+)1.08%$, and the flood elevation changed by $(-)0.24%{\sim}(+)0.41%$ as compared to the values in the steady flow analysis. Given these analysis results, in the two dimensional flow analysis based on the unsteady flow, the flood elevation and flow rate were greater than when the analysis was done on the basis of the steady flow.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.29-39
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• 2022

This study investigates the behavior of a circular vertical shaft wall in the absence and presence of a groundwater table. The effects of wall deflection, backfill settlement, and earth pressure distribution around the circular vertical shaft caused by sequential excavations were quantified. The vertical shaft was numerically simulated for different excavation depths of the bearing layer (weathered soil, weathered rock, soft rock) and transient and steady-state flows in the absence of a groundwater table. The backfill settlements and influential area were much larger under transient flow conditions than in steady-state flow. On the contrary, the horizontal wall deflection was much larger in steady state than in the transient state. Moreover, less settlement was induced as the excavation depth increased from weathered soil to weathered rock to the soft rock layer. Finally, the horizontal stresses under steady- and transient-state flow conditions were found to exceed Rankine's earth pressure. This effect was stronger in the deeper rock layers than in the shallow soil layers.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2008

An inverse ferrofluid composed of micron sized polymethylmethacrylate particles dispersed in ferrofluid was used to investigate the effects of test duration times on determining the flow curves of these materials under constant magnetic field. The results showed that flow curves determined using low duration times were most likely not measuring the steady state rheological response. However, at longer duration times, which are expected to correspond more to steady state behaviour, we noticed the occurrence of plateau and decreasing flow curves in the shear rate range of $0.004\;s^{-1}$ to ${\sim}20\;s^{-1}$, which suggest the presence of nonhomogeneities and shear localization in the material. This behaviour was also reflected in the steady state results from shear start up tests performed over the same range of shear rates. The results indicate that care is required when interpreting flow curves obtained for inverse ferrofluids.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.460-469
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• 2010

To develop coal gasfication system, many studies have been actively conducted to describe the simulation of steady state. Now, it is necessary to study the gasification system not only in steady state but also in dynamic state to elucidate abnormal condition such as start-up, shut-down, disturbance, and develop control logic. In this study, a model was proposed with process simulation in dynamic state being conducted using a chemical process simulation tool, where a heat and mass transfer model in the gasifier is incorporated, The proposed model was verified by comparison of the results of the simulation with those available from NETL (National Energy Technology Laboratory) report under steady state condition. The simulation results were that the coal gas efficiency was 80.7%, gas thermal efficiency was 95.4%, which indicated the error was under 1 %. Also, the compositions of syngas were similar to those of the NETL report. Controlled variables of the proposed model was verified by increasing oxygen flow rate to gasifier in order to validate the dynamic state of the system. As a result, trends of major process variables were resonable when oxygen flow rate increased by 5% from the steady state value. Coal flow rate to gasifier and quench gas flow rate were increased, and flow rate of liquid slag was also increased. The proposed model in this study is able to be used for the prediction of gasification of various coals and dynamic analysis of coal gasification.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.85-96
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• 2011

Steady state computations are routinely used by design engineers to evaluate and compare losses in hydraulic components. In the case of the draft tube diffuser, however, experiments have shown that while a significant number of operating conditions can adequately be evaluated using steady state computations, a few operating conditions require unsteady simulations to accurately evaluate losses. This paper presents a study that assesses the predictive capacity of a combination of steady and unsteady RANS numerical computations to predict draft tube losses over the complete range of operation of a Francis turbine. For the prediction of the draft tube performance using k-${\varepsilon}$ turbulence model, a methodology has been proposed to average global performance indicators of steady flow computations such as the pressure recovery factor over an adequate number of periods to obtain correct results. The methodology will be validated using two distinct flow solvers, CFX and OpenFOAM, and through a systematic comparison with experimental results obtained on the FLINDT model draft tube.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2002.07b
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• pp.622-624
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• 2002

This paper describes a method for steady state hot gas flow analysis considering nozzle ablation for the nozzle of $SF_6$ gas circuit breaker. In order to take account of the effect of ablated nozzle material on the hot gas flow. the PTFE mass concentration equation is added to the established equations for hot gas flow analysis. The steady state simulations were carried out under the condition of DC current flows and the results are presented.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.1296-1304
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• 2000

A program of steady-state and transient performance analysis for a 200kW-class small turboshaft engine with free power turbine was developed. An existing turbojet engine was used for the gas generator of the developed turboshaft engine, which was modified to satisfy performance requirements of this turboshaft engine. To verify the accuracy of steady-state performance program for this engine: the program was applied to the gas turbine test unit of the same type, and the analysis results were compared with experimental results. The developed transient performance analysis program using the CMF (Constant Mass Flow) method was utilized to analyze the cases of step increase and ramp increase of the fuel.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.382-395
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• 2002

An experimental study on transient critical heat flux (CHF) under flow coastdown has been performed for the water flow in a non-uniformly heated vertical annulus under low flow and a wide range of pressure conditions. The objectives of this study are to systematically investigate the effect of the flow transient on the CHF and to compare the transient CHF with steady-state CHF The transient CHF experiments have been performed for three kinds of flow transient modes based on the coastdown data of a nuclear power plant reactor coolant pump. At the same inlet subcooling, system pressure and heat flux, the effect of the initial mass flux on the critical mass flux can be negligible. However, the effect of the initial mass flux on the time-to- CHF becomes large as the heat flux decreases. The critical mass flux has the largest value for slow flow reduction rate. There is a pressure effect on the ratio of the transient CHF data to steady-state CHF data. Except under low system pressure conditions, the flow transient CHF was revealed to be conservative compared with the steady-state CHF data. Bowling CHF correlation and thermal hydraulic system code MARS show promising results for the prediction of CHF occurrence .

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2007.05b
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• pp.2769-2774
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• 2007

In vacuum ejector-diffuser systems where a finite volume secondary chamber is used, the secondary jet exhibits transient characteristics during start-up. A steady state is achieved after some time in which mass entrainment prevails indefinitely inside the ejector, though there is no flow from the secondary chamber. An attempt is made in this work to study the infinite entrainment of secondary jet into the primary jet from a finite secondary chamber, with the help of a computational fluid dynamics method. The present study is also intended to identify the operating range of vacuum ejector-diffuser systems where the steady flow assumption can be applied without uncertainty. The results obtained show that the only condition in which an infinite mass entrainment is possible is the generation of a re-circulation zone near the primary nozzle exit. The flow in the secondary chamber attains a state of dynamic equilibrium at this point. Steady flow assumption is valid only after this point.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.880-885
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• 2000

Flow patterns and steady flow characteristics of an intake 3valve cylinder head are not obviously declared. Thus, in the study, the characteristics and limitation of intake flow coefficient which applied to multi intake valve engine are introduced. The flow coefficient and tumble characteristics are investigated by means of the steady flow test and flow visualization method. As the results, it is found that the intake flow rate is dominated by effective valve open area. In addition, this paper shows that the mass flow rate of intake 3valve engine is greater than that of intake 2valve engine and tumble flow of intake 3valve engine is superior to that of intake 2valve engine.