• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.312-323
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• 2013

Variables affecting bone heath of growing children were analyzed among forty nine 10-12 year old elementary students in three rural regions of north west Chungnam area. Information on age of the parents, duration of breast feeding and birth weight were collected from the guardians of the participants and nutrient intake and diet quality were assessed by average of three-day food records of participants with the help of dietitians. Bone health status was measured by calceneal broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) using quantitative ultrasound (QUS). Results showed that anthropometic indexes and nutrient intake levels were not different between boys and girls. However, iron intake was significantly lower in girls than in boys. Girls after menarche showed lower intake levels for thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine and niacin than girls before menarche. z-scores of BMI were lower than -1 and higher than +1 showed shorter breast feeding period than others but the difference was statistically non-significant. Overall, the subjects did not consume enough s of calcium, vitamin C and folic acid. Zinc intake and BMI were the most significant factors affecting BUA by the results of backward elimination in multiple regression models. Phosphorous and beta-carotene intakes showed significant negative relation with BUA. This study showed that children living in the rural area of Chungnam need extra care to keep their health and nutrient intakes especially for the nutrients known to affect growth. Tailored nutrition education needs to be more focused on the improvement of bone health status of children.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.55-61
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• 2011

Purpose: This is a descriptive study to identify the relationships of depression, health status, and parenting stress of caregivers of children in poverty. Methods: The participants were 42 caregivers of preschool or school age children enrolled for the Dream Start Program in a city of Kyeonggi province, which is a program of the Korean Ministry of Health & Welfare offering services for growth and development of low-income children. Data were collected from November, 2009 to February, 2010 by using a questionnaire. Results: The vast majority of the participants were mothers (n=33, 78.6%), and less than a half were married (n=16, 38.1%). Depression of the participants was at the moderate level ($18.60{\pm}10.13$). They perceived their health was fair ($81.10{\pm}18.97$). Their parenting stress was high ($93.45{\pm}20.06$). Their parenting stress was significantly correlated with depression (r=.57, p<.001) and perceived health status (r=.49, p=.001), which indicates their parenting stress was high as their depression was high or they perceived they were not healthy. Conclusion: The study results suggest to provide the caregivers of children in poverty with a well- developed program to manage their depression and parenting stress and ultimately to improve their mental health.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.115-130
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• 1991

The purpose of this study is to examine the variables which influence old widows' life satisfaction. The subjects were 318 old widows over sixty years old in Kwangju. The data were taken by questionaires and analyzed by frequency distribution, percentile, AHOVA, scheffes test and multiple regression. The major findings of this study were as follows: 1) The majority of old widows were low educated and 36.2% were poor in health. Their living aspect that they live together with their married child was 74.2%. Degree of participation in social activities was very low. 42% were satisfied or very satisfied with their pocket money. 76.4% had religions. 25.5% had no old friend. Solidarity with their children was generally good. In their economical status, 8.4% of living together with married children were low while 35.3% of living separately were. 60% thought that they were important person at home. 35.5% answered that they were satisfied with their living condition and 6% were very satisfied. 2) The variables which affect the old widows' life satisfaction were age(p<0.05), state of health(p<0.001), degree of pocket money(p<0.01), economical status(p<0.05), roles at home(p<0.01), solidarity among their relatives(p<0.001), solidarity with their children(p<0.001), status in home(p<0.001) participation in social activities(p<0.05) and existence of old friend(p<0.01). 3) The significant orders which affect the old widow's life satisfaction were satus in home first of all (β=0.26, p<0.001), objective solidarity with their children(β=0.21, p<0.001), subjuctive solidarity with their children(β=0.19, p<0.01), state of health (β=0.15, p<0.01) and economical status who living with married child (β=0.15, p<0.01).

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.1-21
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• 2015

This study was aimed at examining the paths through which family socioeconomic status as indicated by family income and parental education influenced preschool-aged children's socioemotional and cognitive development through the mediating role of parental warmth and the home learning environment. The study made use of data from 1,080 families who participated in the 5th wave of the Panel Study on Korean Children, when their children were approximately 4 years of age. Structural equation modeling analysis revealed that the models, including both parental warmth and the home learning environment did not fit the data well. The effects of warmth on social competence and cognitive development were not statistically significant. The modified models, using the home learning environment as a mediator between family SES and child's developmental outcomes showed that higher level of family income and parental education predicted a more cognitively stimulating home environment, which in turn, predicted a child's greater levels of social competence and positive cognitive development. The social competence of preschool-aged children again significantly predicted their cognitive development. The mediating effects of the home learning environment were statistically supported.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.145-150
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• 1972

In order to establish a new biochemical parameter to evaluate nuitrtitional status. the present paper presents a paper chromatographic procedure. which enables clear separation of the essential and nonessential free amino acids in the urine without desalting the sample prior to chromatographic analysis The children of school age. showing difference in their body physiques. from the rural and urban areas in Korea were selected in collecting the 24 hour urine specimens. with the following conclusions. (1) A new procedure utilyzing paper chromatographic analysis. without desalting the urine. was proposed to establish a new biochemical parameter for nutritional status by analyzing the ratio of the nonessential to the essential free amino acids in urine. (2) According to the pesent procedure. the ratio obtained with the urban children was proved to be $1.33{\pm}0.18$, whereas that with the rural children was $1.59{\pm}0.24$; suggesting the lower the ratio. the superior the body physiques and nutritional status. (3) The ratio had a statistically significant correlation with the body and sitting heights as well as the body weight. but not with the girth.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.56 no.10
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• pp.417-423
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• 2013

Vitamin D is an essential component of bone and mineral metabolism; its deficiency causes growth retardation and skeletal deformities in children and osteomalacia and osteoporosis in adults. Hypovitaminosis D (vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency) is observed not only in adults but also in infants, children, and adolescents. Previous studies suggest that sufficient serum vitamin D levels should be maintained in order to enhance normal calcification of the growth plate and bone mineralization. Moreover, emerging evidence supports an association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels and immune function, respiratory diseases, obesity, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, infection, allergy, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases in pediatric and adolescent populations. The risk factors for vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency in the pediatric population are season (winter), insufficient time spent outdoors, ethnicity (non-white), older age, more advanced stage of puberty, obesity, low milk consumption, low socioeconomic status, and female gender. It is recommended that all infants, children, and adolescents have a minimum daily intake of 400 IU ($10{\mu}g$) of vitamin D. Since the vitamin D status of the newborn is highly related to maternal vitamin D levels, optimal vitamin D levels in the mother during pregnancy should be maintained. In conclusion, given the important role of vitamin D in childhood health, more time spent in outdoor activity (for sunlight exposure) and vitamin D supplementation may be necessary for optimal health in infants, children, and adolescents.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.167-173
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• 2018

This purpose of this study was to analyze the variables associated with the ethical consumption behavior of children consumers. This subjects were 431 elementary school students. PASW 18.0 was used for data processing to do frequency analysis, T-test, one-way ANOVA, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The results were as follows. First, children consumers tend to a little higher everyday ethical consumption behavior than others-oriented ethical consumption behavior. Second, as a result of analyzing ethical consumption behavior according to social economic variables, a high tendency of ethical consumption behavior was shown in groups that personality is extrovert and their household economic status is over upper middle class and father's age is higher. Third, the variables affecting ethical consumption behavior of children consumers were self-regulation ability, materialism, altruism, personality tendency, household economic status. Materialism had a negative effect but self-regulation ability, materialism, altruism, personality tendency, and household economic status had a positive effect.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.19 no.6 s.145
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• pp.535-540
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• 1981

In order to collect the basic data for planning school dental health programmes, the author had examined dental health conditions of 120 males and 120 females of Changgyung Primary School children in the first grade. The percentages of persons with conditions requiring immediate attention, toothbrushing times and daily frequency, df rate, df index, dt index, ft index, it index, DMF rate, DT index, MT index, FT index, IT index, DMFT index, percentages of persons with periodontal status in every of the four categories with soft deposits, calculus, intense gingivitis, and advanced periodontal involvement were calculated and evaluated. The obtained results were as follows: 1. Persons with requiring immediate attention was 7.1% of all the examined children. 2. The df rate was 88.3%, and df index was 3.4 teeth per person. And then the DMF rate was 17.1%, while DMFT index was 0.3 teeth per person. 3. As the periodontal status, the persons with soft deposits was 90.0% of children, calculus 26.3%, intense gingivitis 0.4%, and no advanced periodontal involvement. 4. Average toothbrushing frquency was 1.2 times in a day per person. But 71.5% of toothbrushing was performed before meals, while the others after meals.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1225-1235
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of parents' oral health management behavior towards children on children's oral health. Methods: Dental examination were done to 82 children, and a survey was conducted to 82 parents of them. This researcher conducted multiple regression analysis to figure out how parents' oral health management behavior towards their children influences their oral health condition. Results: Among the kinds of parents' oral health management behavior towards their children, when they received a lower score in guidance for dietary control, children tended to have more dt index. Among the kinds of parents' oral health management behavior towards their children, guidance for tooth brushing and guidance for oral care influenced their children's O'leary index. When they received a higher score in guidance for tooth brushing and guidance for oral care, their children's O'leary index became lower. Conclusions: This study has found that parents' dietary guidance provided to children influences their dt index, and O'leary index, one of the major causes of dental caries, is influenced by parents' guidance for tooth-brushing and guidance for oral care. Therefore, we should realize that according to the degree of parents' interest in children's oral care, children's state of oral health can be changed, and parents should acquire proper knowledge about oral health and instruct and train their children desirably.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.112-119
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with the problem behaviors perceived by mothers of pre-school age children. Methods: The participants were 211 mothers living in 3 cities in Korea. The data were collected from May to June 2009 using a self-reported questionnaire including demographic data, child rearing-attitude, and K-CBCL 1.5-5. The data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 12.0 version. Results: Factors related to the mothers' perception on problem behaviors of their preschool child were; first born child, economic status, rearing attitude and occupational status of mother. Conclusion: According to the result of this study, mothers reporting lower economic status perceived their children with more behavioral problems. Also, compared to the second or only child, the first born children were perceived to have more problems. Further study is needed to understand the mother and child interaction among these groups to implement appropriate parent education and counseling.