• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.200-207
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• 2021

Background: Postural control deficit is a major characteristic in patients with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Elastic ankle tapings are commonly used to facilitate postural control in patients with CAI as well as prevent relapse of a lateral ankle sprain. However, equivocal evidence exists concerning the effect of elastic ankle taping on postural control. Objects: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of elastic ankle tapings using kinesio taping (KT) and dynamic taping (DT) on static and dynamic postural control in patients with CAI. Methods: Fifteen subjects with CAI were participated in this study. The participants performed tests under three conditions (barefoot, KT, and DT). Static postural control was evaluated using the one-leg standing test (OLST) and dynamic postural control using the modified Star Excursion Balance Test (mSEBT). One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare center of pressure (CoP) data and normalized mSEBT reach distances among the three conditions (with α = 0.05). Results: The CoP parameters (path length, ellipse area, and mean velocity) of the OLST significantly decreased on applying KT and DT compared with those when barefoot. The normalized reach distances in the anteromedial (AM), medial (M), and posteromedial (PM) directions of the mSEBT significantly increased with DT compared to that in the control condition. Further, the higher reach distances with KT compared with those in the control condition were obtained in the M and PM directions of the mSEBT. No significant differences were identified in any of the OLST and SEBT parameters between the two different taping applications. Conclusion: KT and DT improved static postural control during the OLST compared with the control condition. Moreover, these tapes improved dynamic postural control during the mSEBT compared to the control. Therefore, elastic ankle tapings are useful prophylactic devices for the prevention and treatment of ankle sprain in people with CAI.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.142-144
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• 2017

Purpose: Few studies have addressed the effect of diurnal circadian rhythms on postural stability, and thus the aim of the present study was to examine circadian effects on static and dynamic postural stability in young adults. Methods: Twenty-four subjects (9 men, 11 women: age=$22.20{\pm}1.77$, height=$167.20{\pm}10.47$, weight=$59.85{\pm}10.66$) from a university community volunteered for this study. Static and dynamic balance testing, which recorded using a Good Balance system (Good Balance, Metitur Ltd, Finland) was conducted at 9:00, 13:00, and 17:00 hours on two consecutive days, and the sequencing of static and dynamic balance tests were randomized. Results were analyzed using the non-parametric one-way repeated Friedman test in SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and variable found to be significant were subjected to Wilcoxon post hoc testing. Results: Static and dynamic balance showed significant difference at the three times assessments (test at 9:00, 13:00, and 17:00) during circadian. In the post hoc test of static (anteroposterior distance, mediolateral distance and COP (center of pressure) velocity) and dynamic balance (performance time), 13:00 was the longer and faster than 9:00. Conclusion: These results indicated that control of postural balance is influenced by diurnal circadian rhythms, and confirm that control of postural balance is more effective and better performance in the 09:00 hours than 13:00 hours or 17:00 hours.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.23-30
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• 2009

Core stability exercises for patients with hemiplegia have become increasingly important and a variety of exercises have been developed over the years to give the hemiplegic patients more stable postural control. This study examined the therapeutic effects of the core stability exercises on the ability of static and dynamic postural control. Fifteen hemiplegic patients (7 males, 8 females, age ranging from 46 to 76 years) hospitalized in a Daejoen rehabilitation hospital were enrolled in this study. Nine and 6 patients had a cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage, respectively. The subjects participated in a core stability exercise program consisting of a total of 12 sessions 3 times each week over a 4-week period with each exercise lasting approximately 15 minutes. The ability of static and dynamic postural control by Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Timed Up and Go (TUG), respectively, were measured before and after the core stability exercise. A Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used to compare the effects of the ability of static and dynamic postural control before and after core stability exercise in patients with hemiplegia. The ${\alpha}$=.05 level of significance was used for the statistical tests. Core stability exercises were effective in improving the ability of static postural control; BBS (p<.05). Core stability exercises were also effective in improving the ability of dynamic postural control; TUG (p<.05). Overall, core stability exercise is believed to be an important therapeutic method in rehabilitation programs for hemiplegic patients.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.53-67
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• 1996

Since Romberg's test in 1953, the analysis of postural sway during upright stance has been widely used as a tool for evaluating balance and disorders of the postural control system. This review describes the methods that have been used to evaluste the static and dynamic performance of the postural control system. Various identification methods of postural control system based on standing balance are discussed and measures of postural sway are described. The application areas of standign balance research, with an emphasis on postural control evaluations, are also briefly described. This review can be used to gain an understanding of the dynamics of human standing balance.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.293-301
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of freezing of gait and visual information on the static postural control ability in patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD) during the bipedal stance with feet together. Method: This study included a total of 36 patients with PD; the freezer group included 17 PD patients (age: $69.3{\pm}6.2yrs$, height: $159.6{\pm}9.0cm$, weight: $63.4{\pm}9.78kg$) and the nonfreezer group included 19 PD patients (age: $71.4{\pm}5.6yrs$, height: $155.8{\pm}7.1cm$, weight: $57.7{\pm}8.6kg$). Static postural control ability was analyzed using variables of center of pressure (COP) and dividing by mediolateral, anteroposterior, and integration factors during a bipedal stance with the eyes open and closed. Results: Freezers and nonfreezers showed increases in anteroposterior velocity, mediolateral velocity, averaged velocity, and mediolateral 95% edge frequency when visual information was blocked. Additionally, freezers had greater anteroposterior range, 95% confidence ellipse area, and COP anteroposterior mean position than nonfreezers. Conclusion: Freezers and nonfreezers showed a reduction in static postural control ability when visual information was blocked. Additionally, the results of this study found a significant difference in static postural control ability between freezers and nonfreezers with PD. In particular, anteroposterior range, 95% confidence ellipse area, and COP anteroposterior mean position might be used to distinguish between freezers and nonfreezers with PD.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.63-66
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of exercise-induced fatigue of the plantar flexor muscle in the dominant ankle on the plantar flexor strength and postural control function of the contra-lateral side. Methods: Twenty-one young adults (male: 10, female: 11) volunteered to participate in this study. An exercise-induced fatigue protocol to induce fatigue was performed in the plantar flexor of the dominant ankle. For the fatigue protocol, the participants were instructed to raise their heels as high as possible in the position with one leg stance of the dominant lower limb, and the heel was then downed after holding for 1 second. The muscle strength of the contra-lateral plantar flexor was measured using a digital muscle strength test device, and the static and dynamic postural control were tested by acquiring the center of gravity velocity while performing one leg standing. A paired t-test was used to identify the differences between the pre- and post, and the data were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 software. Results: Comparison of the pre- and post-test data revealed a significant difference in the plantar flexor strength and dynamic postural control after exercise-induced muscle fatigue in the dominant side. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the static postural control. Conclusion: These findings have practical implications, suggesting that unilateral muscle fatigue affects the ankle muscle strength and postural ability of the contralateral side.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.35-46
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• 1994

The purposes of this study were 1) to determine the relationship between antigravity control(supine flexion and prone extension) and postural control(static and dynamic balance) by age, 2) to determine the quality of antigravity and postural control, and 3) to determine whether sex difference correlates with differences in antigravity and postural control in young normal children. We tested 120 children aged 4 to 7 years. The study results showed a significant relationship between antigravity and postural control by age. Quality scale measurements(r=0.90) indicated that the children in this study had not yet developed full antigravity or postural control. The study results revealed differences between sexes(f>m in 5 of 7 tests) and a significant relationship by age in antigravity and postural control.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.51-56
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• 2009

Purpose: This study examined the difference in the static balance ability according to the visual cues and postural tasks in normal subjects. Methods: Thirty participants (12 male, 18 female; mean age $24.63\pm1.43$ years) stood barefoot on a force platform in a one-legged stance, tandem Romberg stance and tandem Romberg with neck extension stance with a visual cue open and closes. The static balance was assessed by the center of pressure (CoP), surface electromyography root mean square (RMS) of the leg muscles according to the stance position. Results: In the CoP tests, the difference in the unit path length and circumference area was affected by the visual cue according to the stance posture (p<0.01). In the RMS tests, the difference in the tibialis anterior and medial gastrocnemius muscle was affected by visual cue in accordance with the stance posture (p<0.01). Conclusion: The visual cue and postural task affect the balance ability in normal subjects. Therefore, this study provides clinical evidence that the balance and postural control can be improved. Therapeutic intervention, such as an obstacle course, and a lower leg muscle performance program with a change in the base of support can affect the balance and postural control.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.18-26
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• 2008

The present study was aimed at investigating the postural control ability of volleyball players with functional ankle instability. The subjects were 26 male volleyball players were divided into 2 groups (13 subjects with functional ankle instability and 13 subjects with ankle stability) who could evaluate Questionnaire. All the male participants were tested by a Balance Master System. This study were to measure of static balance ability, dynamic balance ability, motor function the difference between functional ankle instability group and control group. Ankle instability group and stable group in postural sway ($^{\circ}/sec$) on film surface with eye closed in modified clinical test sensory interaction on balance, and left unilateral stance with eye opened and closed were significantly different (p<.05). The ankle instability group and stable group in limit of stability were significantly different (p<.05). The ankle instability group and stable group in left/right rhythmic weight shirt were significantly different (p<.05). The ankle instability group and stable group in turn time (sec) & turn sway ($^{\circ}$) during step/quick turn and end sway ($^{\circ}/sec$) in tandem walk were significantly different (p<.05). This study showed that volleyball players with functional ankle in stability were effected postural control ability by static balance & dynamic balance ability. Further study is needed to measure various athletic with functional ankle instability for clinical application.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.70-74
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• 2013

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the application of whole body vibration training (WBV) on the balance ability of patients with an American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) type C or D spinal cord injury. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twelve patients with spinal cord injury were enrolled in this study. The participants were randomized to an experimental group (n=6) or control group (n=6). The subjects in the experimental group received WBV exercise and the control group received the sham exercise without vibration. The vibrations were adjusted vertically to the patient at a 30 Hz frequency and 3 mm amplitude. The whole body vibration lasted for 16 minutes in total including 5-minutes warm-up and cool-down at the beginning and end of the program, respectively. The static sitting balance ability was assessed by measuring the postural sway while sitting on the force plate with the eyes opened or closed. Postural sway length was measured for 30 seconds with a self-selected comfortable position. Results: In the static balance test, the anterio-posterior, medio-lateral, and total postural sway length with the eyes open and closed was improved significantly before and after the intervention in the experimental group (p<0.05). The experimental group showed significantly more improvement than the control group (p<0.05). Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that WBV training has a positive effect on improving static sitting balance and enhanced control of postural sway in patients with an ASIA-C or D type spinal cord injury.