• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.27 no.5
• /
• pp.706-716
• /
• 2014

A new strategy of co-inoculating Bacillus subtilis MA139 with Streptococcus thermophilus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to produce fermented soybean meal (FSBM). Three experiments were conducted to determine the concentration of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) (Exp. 1), apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) (Exp. 2), and feeding value (Exp. 3) of FSBM produced by this new strategy (NFSB) compared with soybean meal (SBM) and conventionally available FSBM (Suprotein). In Exp. 1, twenty-four barrows (initial body weight [BW] of $32.2{\pm}1.7kg$) were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 diets with 6 replicates per diet. A corn basal diet and 3 diets based on a mixture of corn and 1 of 3 soybean products listed above were formulated and the DE and ME contents were determined by the difference method. The results showed that there were no differences in DE and ME between SBM and either FSBM product (p>0.05). In Exp. 2, eight barrows (initial BW of $26.8{\pm}1.5kg$) were fitted with ileal T-cannulaes and used in a replicated $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Three corn-starch-based diets were formulated using each of the 3 soybean products as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure endogenous losses of AA. The results showed that the SID of all AA except arginine and histidine was similar for NFSB and SBM (p>0.05), but Suprotein had greater (p<0.05) SID of most AA except lysine, aspartate, glycine and proline than NFSB. In Exp. 3, a total of 144 piglets (initial BW of $8.8{\pm}1.2$ kg) were blocked by weight and fed 1 of 4 diets including a control diet with 24% SBM as well as diets containing 6% and 12% NFSB or 12% Suprotein added at the expense of SBM. During d 15 to 28, replacing SBM with 6% NFSB significantly improved average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p<0.05) for nursery piglets. During the overall experiment, ADG of piglets fed diets containing 6% NFSB was significantly greater (p<0.05) than that of piglets fed SBM. In conclusion, fermentation with the new strategy did not affect the energy content or the AID and the SID of AA in SBM. However, inclusion of 6% NFSB in diets fed to nursery piglets improved performance after weaning likely as a result of better nutritional status and reduced immunological challenge.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.13 no.6
• /
• pp.608-614
• /
• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the quality characteristic of bread added with 0, 2, 4 and 8% liquid calcium acetate(LCA-breads) to the dough prepared with brown rice, vinegar and ash of black snail replacing wheat flour. The pH of the dough was 5.38 in control and 5.39∼5.42 in the LCA-broads, which showed that the higher the content of LCA, the higher the pH. There was no big difference of the baking loss between control (10.73%) and LCA-breads(10.11∼10.81%). The loaf volume index was 7.12 in the control, 7.18 in the 2% LCA-bread, while the index was 6.22 in the 4% LCA-bread, 5.80 in the 8% LCA-bread. Calcium content was 16 mg% in the control, 30, 60 and 120 mg% in 2, 4 and 8% LCA-bread, respectively. The hardness, gumminess and brittleness of LCA-breads were higher, while springiness and cohesiveness were lower than that of the control. In the LCA-breads, $L^{*}$ values were lower and $b^{*}$ value was higher than those of the control, while there were no significant difference in af values. Increasing the LCA, air cells were bigger and irregular, and starch matrix was unstable. There were no significant difference in sour and bitter taste. The scores of stickiness of the 2∼4% LCA-breads were similar to that of the control and higher in the 8% LCA-bread. The scores of the flavor and overall taste in the LCA-breads were similar to the control, while the values were lower in the 4∼8% LCA-breads. The shelf-life evaluated by the number of moldy spots was not different between the control and 2% LCA-bread, while it was extended two times in 4% and three times in the 8% LCA-bread.ead.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.427-432
• /
• 2004

Effect of gamma irradiation on porridge viscosity was studied. Vegetable, beef and pine nut dry flour porridges were irradiated at 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 kGy, and rheological characteristics and sensory qualities of irradiated porridge were evaluated. Hunter color lightness were decreased, while redness were increased in dry flour porridge with the increase of irradiation dose. Firmness, consistency, cohesiveness and viscosity of dry flour porridge were significantly decreased with the increase of irradiation dose (p<0.05). Vegetable, beef and pine nut dry flour porridges at dose of 10 kGy reduced the viscosity with 93%, 71% and 55%, respectively Irradiation greatly reduced the viscosity of porridges, probably by starch depolymerization. Irradiation increased the total solids and thus, can improve the calorie up to 30 ㎉. Gamma irradiation was effective in enhancing calorie value of porridge due to reduction of viscosity. As a result of sensory evaluation, overall acceptability and the quality characteristics of irradiated porridges (up to S kGy) were not significantly different from those of the control (p<0.05). In the vegetable porridge, the irradiated porridge at dose of 2.5 kGy was a significantly better overall acceptability than the non-irradiated porridge (p<0.05).

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.59 no.2
• /
• pp.194-200
• /
• 2014

Skin ridge (SR) is a irregular line shape that stand out in epidermal layer on sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.). SR reduced marketable value of storage root in sweet potato. It would be occurred by accumulation of starch in epidermal layer. SR rate was more highly increased in early planting. SR rate was under 3% in 7 varieties 'Geonpoongmi', 'Yeonhwangmi', 'Geonmi' etc and the rate of two varieties 'Healthymi', 'Borami' were up to 30%. SR rate was positively correlated with vine weight. SR rate was the highest in 120 days after planting. As leaf area index was reduced to 3, 4, 5 and 6 (non-topping) by topping, it was hard to fine SR occurrence in topping treated sweet potato. Topping treatment, however, caused decrease in yield overall. Therefore, topping treatment for decreasing of SR was not recommended in agricultural practice of sweet potato.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.371-375
• /
• 1992

The ${\alpha}-amylase$ from Bacillus licheniformis was purified and its thermostability in the presence of substrate and metal was ions investigated. Comparing D-values of the enzyme obtained in the presence of $Ca^{++}$, $B^{+++}$ and both $Ca^{++}$ and $B^{+++}$, the thermostability of the enzyme was markedly enhanced by the addition of metal ions. $Ca^{++}$ and $B^{+++}$ exhibited a protective action, the former ion being more effective, and both ions showed a synergistic effect. The enthalpy of activation for the thermal inactivation in the presence of metal ion was 320.2 kJ/mole for $Ca^{2+}$ ion, 212.9 kJ/mole for $B^{+++}$, while it was 183.9 kJ/mole in the absence of metal ions. In the thermal inactivation for 30 min at $96^{\circ}C$, the residual activity in the presence of 30% (w/w) starch was 51.0%, whereas the presence of $Ca^{++}$ ion additionally provided a remarkable thermo-resistance.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
• /
• 2001.06a
• /
• pp.1062-1062
• /
• 2001

The concept of “precision agriculture” or “site-specific farming” is usually confined to the fields of soil science, crop science and agronomy. However, because plants grow in soil, animals eat plants, and humans eat animal products, it could be argued (perhaps with some poetic licence) that the fields of feed quality, animal nutrition and animal production should also be considered in this context. NIR spectroscopy has proved over the last 20 years that it can provide a firm foundation for quality measurement across all of these fields, and with the continuing developments in instrumentation, computer capacity and software, is now a major cog in the wheel of precision agriculture. There have been a few giant leaps and a lot of small steps in the impact of NIR on the animal world. These have not been confined to the amazing advances in hardware and software, although would not have occurred without them. Rapid testing of forages, grains and mixed feeds by NIR for nutritional value to livestock is now commonplace in commercial laboratories world-wide. This would never have been possible without the pioneering work done by the USDA NIR Forage Research Network in the 1980's, following the landmark paper of Norris et al. in 1976. The advent of calibration transfer between instruments, algorithms which utilize huge databases for calibration and prediction, and the ability to directly scan whole grains and fresh forages can also be considered as major steps, if not leaps. More adventurous NIR applications have emerged in animal nutrition, with emphasis on estimating the functional properties of feeds, such as in vivo digestibility, voluntary intake, protein degradability and in vitro assays to simulate starch digestion. The potential to monitor the diets of grazing animals by using faecal NIR spectra is also now being realized. NIR measurements on animal carcasses and even live animals have also been attempted, with varying degrees of success, The use of discriminant analysis in these fields is proving a useful tool. The latest giant leap is likely to be the advent of relatively low-cost, portable and ultra-fast diode array NIR instruments, which can be used “on-site” and also be fitted to forage or grain harvesters. The fodder and livestock industries are no longer satisfied with what we once thought was revolutionary: a 2-3 day laboratory turnaround for fred quality testing. This means that the instrument needs to be taken to the samples rather than vice versa. Considerable research is underway in this area, but the challenge of calibration transfer and maintenance of instrument networks of this type remains. The animal world is currently facing its biggest challenges ever; animal welfare, alleged effects of animal products on human health, environmental and economic issues are difficult enough, but the current calamities of BSE and foot and mouth disease are “the last straw” NIR will not of course solve all these problems, but is already proving useful in some of these areas and will continue to do so.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
• /
• 2001.06a
• /
• pp.1032-1032
• /
• 2001

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) calibration techniques have been used commercially for agricultural applications since the mid-nineties. Global models, based on transmission data from 850 to 1050 nm, are used routinely to measure protein and moisture in wheat and barley and also moisture in triticale, rye, and oats. These models are currently used commercially in approx. 15 countries throughout the world. Results concerning earlier European ANN models are being published elsewhere. Some of the findings from that study will be discussed here. ANN models have also been developed for coarsely ground samples of compound feed and feed ingredients, again measured in transmission mode from 850 to 1050 nm. The performance of models for pig- and poultry feed will be discussed briefly. These models were developed from a very large data set (more than 20,000 records), and cover a very broad range of finished products. The prediction curves are linear over the entire range for protein, fat moisture, fibre, and starch (measured only on poultry feed), and accuracy is in line with the performance of smaller models based on Partial Least Squares (PLS). A simple bias adjustment is sufficient for calibration transfer across instruments. Recently, we have investigated the possible use of ANN for a different type of NIR spectrometer, based on reflectance data from 1100 to 2500 nm. In one study, based on data for protein, fat, and moisture measured on unground compound feed samples, dedicated ANN models for specific product classes (cattle feed, pig feed, broiler feed, and layers feed) gave moderately better Standard Errors of Prediction (SEP) compared to modified PLS (MPLS). However, if the four product classes were combined into one general calibration model, the performance of the ANN model deteriorated only slightly compared to the class-specific models, while the SEP values for the MPLS predictions doubled. Brix value in molasses is a measure of sugar content. Even with a huge dataset, PLS models were not sufficiently accurate for commercial use. In contrast an ANN model based on the same data improved the accuracy considerably and straightened out non-linearity in the prediction plot. The work of Mr. David Funk (GIPSA, U. S. Department of Agriculture) who has studied the influence of various types of spectral distortions on ANN- and PLS models, thereby providing comparative information on the robustness of these models towards instrument differences, will be discussed. This study was based on data from different classes of North American wheat measured in transmission from 850 to 1050 nm. The distortions studied included the effect of absorbance offset pathlength variation, presence of stray light bandwidth, and wavelength stretch and offset (either individually or combined). It was shown that a global ANN model was much less sensitive to most perturbations than class-specific GIPSA PLS calibrations. It is concluded that ANN models based on large data sets offer substantial advantages over PLS models with respect to accuracy, range of materials that can be handled by a single calibration, stability, transferability, and sensitivity to perturbations.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.45 no.2
• /
• pp.90-101
• /
• 2018

Strawberry (Fragaria ${\times}$ ananassa) is a globally-cultivated and popular fruit crop, prized for its flavor and nutritional value. Sweetness, a key determinant of fruit quality, depends on the sugar composition and concentration. We selected eight strawberry cultivars based on the fruit soluble solids content to represent high and low sugar content groups. The average soluble solid content was $13.6^{\circ}Brix$ (Okmae, Geumsil, Aram, and Maehyang) and $2.9^{\circ}Brix$ (Missionary, Camino Real, Portola, and Gilgyung53), for the high and low sugar content groups, respectively. Sucrose was the main sugar in the cultivars with high sugar content, whereas fructose was the main component in the low sugar content cultivars. Fruit starch concentration ranged from $3.247{\pm}0.056$ to $3.850{\pm}0.055g/100g$, with a 12% higher concentration in the high sugar content cultivars. Additionally, we identified 41 sugar metabolism-related genes in Fragaria ${\times}$ ananassa and analyzed the relationship between their transcripts and the sugar accumulation in fruit. FaGPT1, FaTMT1, FaHXK1, FaPHS1, FaINVA-3, and FacxINV2-1 were highly expressed in the high sugar content cultivars, while FapGlcT, FaTMT2-1, FaPHS2-1, FaSUSY1-1, and FaSUSY1-2 were highly expressed in the low sugar content cultivars. In general, a greater number of genes encoding sugar transporters or involved in sugar synthesis were highly expressed in the high sugar content cultivars. Contrarily, genes involved in sugar degradation were preferentially transcribed in the low sugar content cultivars. Although gene expression was not perfectly proportional to sugar content or concentration, our analysis of the genes involved in sugar metabolism and accumulation in strawberries provides a framework for further studies and for the subsequent engineering of sugar metabolism to enhance fruit quality.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.36 no.6
• /
• pp.449-455
• /
• 1993

Some chemical properties were investigated for barley kernels at different growth stages. Crude fat, crude protein, starch, alcohol-insoluble solids(AIS), and ${\beta}-glucan$ increased until $31{\sim}36\;days$ from ear emergence and thereafter remained relatively constant, whereas ash and crude fiber contents were gradually decreased through the whole period of maturation. As barley kernels became mature, their water contents kept decreasing, and the content of milky stage barley kernel at $31{\sim}36th\;days$ from ear emergence ranged from $40{\sim}50%$. Free sugars including glucose, fructose, sucrose, raffinose, maltose, and kestose were identified in the growing kernels. Glucose, sucrose and kestose decreased with maturation while raffinose slightly increased. Barley kernels on the 43rd day from ear emergence contained 0.62% sucrose, 0.46% raffinose, 0.33% kestose, 0.19% glucose, 0.17% fructose, 0.04% maltose. Analysis of minerals for barley kernels at different growth stages showed that the growing kernels contained K, P, Mg, Ca, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu in decreasing order. Vitamin $B_1$ content tended to increase with kernel growth, showing maximum value of $350\;{\mu}g\;per\;100\;g$ dry weight on 36th day from ear emergence.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.438-444
• /
• 2007

Bacillus licheniformis N1 is a biological control agent to control gray mold diseases caused by Botrytis cinerea. Various formulations of B. licheniformis N1 were generated and evaluated for the activity to control strawberry gray mold. The wettable powder type formulation N1E was selected in pot experiments with remarkable disease control activity on both strawberry leaves and flowers. The N1E formulation contained 400 g of com starch, 50 ml of olive oil, and 50 g of sucrose per a liter of bacterial fermentation culture. Optimum dilution of N1E to appropriately control the strawberry gray mold appeared to be 100-fold dilution in plastic house artificial infection experiments. The significant reduction of symptom development in the senescent leaves was apparent by the treatment of N1E at 100-fold dilution when N1E was applied before Bo. cinerea inoculation, but not after the inoculation. Both artificial infection experiments in a plastic house and natural infection experiments in the farm plastic house under production conditions revealed that the disease severity of gray mold on strawberry leaves and flowers was significantly reduced by N1E treatment. The disease control value of N1E on strawberry leaves was 81% under production conditions, as compared with the 61.5% conferred by a chemical fungicide, iprodione. This study suggests that our previously generated formulation of B. licheniformis N1 will be effective to control strawberry gray mold by its preventive activity.