• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.187-199
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• 2002

This descriptive study was undertaken to measure quality of life score and investigate the correlation between the demographic characteristics, the diagnostic related characteristics, physical symptom and quality of life of breast cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy as on attempt to provide basic data to help them attain better qualify of life. The subjects for this study were 74 out-patients undergoing radiation therapy at C University hospital in Gwangju, from June, 1998 to July, 2000. The data were obtained using a convenient sampling technique. The tool of this study was the quality of life scale developed by Ro Yoo Ja. The data were analyzed using the SAS program for percentage, mean, standard deviation, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, GLM. The results were as follows: 1. The total average score for quality of life of the subjects was 137.22 and the range was from 38 to 227, item mean score(range 1-5) was 3.15. For each factor in qualify of life of life score, the mean scores(range 1-5) were as follows; family relationship 3.69, relationship with neighbors factor 3.40, self esteem 3.10, physical state and function 2.95, economic life 2.91, emotional fate 2.88. 2. The incidence of physical symptoms was seen fatigue($82.4\%$), skin change($43.2\%$), alopecia($41.9\%$), pain($41.9\%$), anorexia($39.2\%$), anemia($39.2\%$), and headache($31.1\%$) in that order. 3. The result of the analysis of the relationships between the quality of life scores and demogaphic characteristics were as follows : there were significant differences, between age(F=3.44, p=0.013), educational level(F=3.84, p=0.007), duration of marriage((F=5.06, p=0.003) and monthly income(F=4.72, p=0.005). 4. The result of the analysis of the relationships between quality of life scores and diagnostic related characteristics was as follows: there was a significant difference between incidence durations(F=5.02, p=0.003). 5. The correlation of emotional state, economic life, self esteem, physical sate & function, relationship with neighbors, relationship with family in quality of life of cancer patients revealed a positive correlation.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.167-182
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of care-giving stress of dementia elderly on the caregiver's suicidal ideation. In addition, mediating effect of self-efficacy was examined. In order to accomplish these purposes, a total of 336 who are caregivers of dementia elderly using self-report questionnaires. In this study, 325 elderly patients were used for final analysis. Date were analyzed by frequency and descriptive analysis, regression model analysis with SPSS 22.0. The analysis result of dementia elderly caregiver's symptoms showed that prevalence of suicidal ideation were 32.6%. Regression analysis was conducted under the control of dementia elderly's disease period, ratings, general characteristics and age, sex, educational background, occupation status, health status, living standard level of caregivers who were the subject of the survey. As a result, it was confirmed that the care giving stress had a statistically significant effect on suicidal ideation. Also, the self-efficacy of caregivers was found to partial mediate the relationship between care-giving stress and suicidal ideation(***p<.001). Based on this result, I suggested the various policies and the necessity of social welfare intervention to restore the mental health of caregivers of the elderly with dementia.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.5816-5825
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• 2012

As the society has been ageing, senile dementia increase rapidly. Thus social costs of dementia treatment and management increase exceedingly. There is a desperate need of finding out improvements.. For example, foreign countries come with the solutions about this issue by establishing national strategy about Dementia, setting effective Dementia Management in national level and preparing legal systems. Older Welfare Act, Long Term Care Insurance Act for the Aged and Dementia Management Act exist as legal system of improvements. Improvement about this issue is needed due to more effective Dementia management and pushing ahead policies. First of all, the government needs to include dementia checkup into the list of national health insurance checkup toward senior citizen of older than 65-year-old. Secondly, as one of the characteristics of dementia, when more symptoms of dementia appear, there is less effect of treatment. Therefore, in order to reduce the social costs of Dementia, the government needs to promote Dementia prevention industry and early checkups. Thirdly, there is a need of setting a class judgement standard appeasement policy and expansion of using target. The reason of processing this statement is that there are difficulties of satisfying the needs of senior citizens due to current conformity of long-term pay recuperation according to laws of welfare.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1403-1406
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• 2005

The present study was undertaken to study the effect of thermal stress on sexual behaviour of superovulated ewes. Fourteen adult Bharat Merino ewes with an average body weight of 29.4${\pm}$2.34 kg were randomly allocated into two groups of 7 each. All the animals were grazed on natural pasture in the morning and evening hours and housed in shed during night. Animals of Group-1 were housed in shed from 10:00 to 16:00 h while the animals of Group-2 were exposed to thermal stress in a hot chamber ($40^{\circ}C$ /6 h/day). All the animals were offered drinking water once a day at 16:30 h. Meteorological observations i.e. dry bulb, wet bulb, minimum and maximum temperature were recorded daily inside the shed as well as in hot chamber throughout the experimental period. For superovulation of animals, standard protocol developed at the Institute, using FSH (Ovagen 5.4 mg in eight injections) and PMSG (200 IU) was followed. Various sexual behaviour parameters (circling, tail fanning, head turning, standing and approaching to ram) and estrus incidence (onset of estrus and estrus duration) were observed in both the groups. The different estrus symptoms were graded subjectively on arbitrary scale of 0-5 where 0 representing no sexual behaviour (0%) and 5 representing maximum intensity in sexual behaviour (100%). Estrus was detected with the help of a marked aproned ram of proven vigor at six hourly intervals. The average percent values for sexual behaviour parameters recorded in Group-1 and Group-2 animals were 53.7${\pm}$3.76 vs. 41.1${\pm}$2.18 for circling, 71.8${\pm}$5.42 vs. 49.0${\pm}$4.41 for tail fanning, 64.7${\pm}$3.30 vs. 44.5${\pm}$4.34 for head turning, 90.1${\pm}$3.16 vs. 75.8${\pm}$4.02 for standing and 63.8${\pm}$4.8 vs. 41.9${\pm}$4.58 for approaching to ram. Animals exposed to thermal stress had significantly lower values of these sexual behaviour parameters. The animals kept in shed exhibited estrus earlier (25.4${\pm}$1.12 h) and duration was higher (37.7${\pm}$1.59 h) as compared to animals exposed to thermal stress i.e. 30.6${\pm}$1.16 h and 31.7${\pm}$3.57 h, respectively. The findings of the study indicate that thermal stress reduces the intensity of sexual behaviour in ewes and may result in failure of the animal to mate and conceive.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.2680-2689
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• 2012

This study was aimed at finding out the relationship between the level of depression and the recognition and attitude of suicide and the study was conducted by a structured and self-filling questionnaire survey for 1,114 urban area students and 968 rural area students (totaled 2,082) in K city in the central districts of the country from July 1, 2009 to July 31, 2009. The result of the study showed that the more serious the level of depression, the higher the recognition and level of attitude for suicide was. Suicide attitude had a meaningful relationship with the degree of suicide recognition and the level of depression and the level of suicide recognition was closely connected with the level of depression. The result of the analysis of Hierarchial multiple regression showed the meaningfully related factors that affect the level of depression were sex, major, grade, school life satisfaction, fellowship with schoolmates, departing from girl or boyfriends, the lowest bracket of living standard, subjective health, smoking, financial status of household, a quarrel with parents and attitude of suicide. In particular, variables that are related to the condition of family life have high relationship with the level of depression.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1889-1894
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• 2013

Background: Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (BSCCE) is a rare and distinctive tumor with no standard treatment. This study aimed to explore treatment in relation to prognosis of the disease. Methods: A total of 142 patients with BSCCE that underwent treatment in our hospital from March 1999 to July 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients received surgery, 42 postoperative radiotherapy and 28 patients chemotherapy. Results: There were 26 patients included in stage I, 60 in stage II, 53 in stage III and 3 in stage IV. The clinical symptoms and macroscopic performances of BSCCE did not differ from those of typical esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Among 118 patients receiving endoscopic biopsy, only 12 were diagnosed with BSCCE. The median survival time (MST) of the entire group was 32 months, with 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival (OS) of 81.4%, 46.8% and 31.0%, respectively. The 5-year OS of stage I and II patients was significantly longer than that of stages III/IV, at 60.3%, 36.1% and 10.9%, respectively (p<0.001, p=0.001). The MST and 5-year OS were 59.0 months and 47.4% in patients with tumors located in the lower thoracic esophagus, and 27.0 months and 18.1% in those with lesions in the upper/middle esophagus (p=0.002). However, the survival was not significantly improved in patients undegoing adjunctive therapy. Multivariate analysis showed TNM stage and tumor location to be independent prognostic factors. Furthermore, distant metastasis was the most frequent failure pattern, with a median recurrence time of 10 months. Conclusion: BSCCE is an aggressive disease with rapid progression and a propensity for distant metastasis. It is difficult to make a definitive diagnosis via preoperative biopsy. Multidisciplinary therapy including radical esophagectomy with extended lymphadenectomy should be recommended, while the effectiveness of radiochemotherapy requires further validation for BSCCE.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.21
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• pp.9301-9305
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• 2014

Background: Pain is one of the most terrifying symptoms for cancer patients. Although most patients with cancer pain need opioids, complete relief of pain is hard to achieve. This study investigated the factors influencing persistent pain-free survival (PPFS) and opioid efficiency. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 100 patients with cancer pain, hospitalized at the medical oncology clinic of Akdeniz University. Patient records were collected including patient demographics, the disease, treatment characteristics, and details of opioid usage. Pain intensity was measured using a patient self-reported visual analogue scale (VAS). The area under the curve (AUC) reflecting the pain load was calculated from daily VAS tables. PPFS, the primary measure of opioid efficacy, was described as the duration for which a patient reported a greater than or equal to two-point decline in their VAS for pain. Predictors of opioid efficacy were analysed using a multivariate analysis. Results: In the multivariate analysis, PPFS was associated with the AUC for pain (Exp (B)=0.39 (0.23-0.67), P=0.001), the cumulative opioid dosage used during hospitalisation (Exp (B)=1.00(0.99-1.00), P=0.003) and changes in the opioid dosage (Exp (B)=1.01 (1.00-1.01), P=0.016). The change in VAS score over the standard dosage of opioids was strongly associated with current cancer treatment (chemotherapy vs. others) (${\beta}=-0.31$, T=-2.81, P=0.007) and the VAS for pain at the time of hospitalisation (${\beta}=-0.34$, T=-3.07, P= 0.003). Conclusions: The pain load, opioid dosage, concurrent usage of chemotherapy and initial pain intensity correlate with the benefit received from opioids in cancer patients.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.67-84
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• 2011

Purpose: The aim of this study is to present the basic data for qualitative improvement of emergency care for emergency patient by paramedic in fire station by understanding the level of awareness and practice in prehospital and transfer step, and understanding the level of emergency care and improvement of clinical knowledge through hospital clinical training. Methods: The researchers explained the objective for 143 persons who completed hospital clinical training from June 2nd, 2006 to October 23rd, 2009 among paramedic in fire station. The questionnaire in this research consisted of 80 questions. In the reliability for the awareness of emergency patient assessment, cronbach's $\alpha$ was 0.95, and in the reliability for emergency care fulfillment, cronbach's $\alpha$ was 0.93. reliability for clinical knowledge improvement is cronbach's $\alpha=.95$, and reliability for emergency care fulfillment is cronbach's $\alpha=.82$. Collected data was analyzed through SPSS 18.0 statistics program for frequency, percentage, average, standard deviation, Paired t-test, t-test, Correlation Coefficient, and internal consistency reliability was analyzed by cronbach's $\alpha$. Results: 1) The paramedic awareness and practice difference for emergency patient is statistically signification for general patient assessment(t=14.159, p=.000), trauma patient assessment(t=11.288, p=.000), internal medicine patient assessment(t=10.898, p=.000), and it shows the level of practice is lower than the level of awareness. 2) The paramedic difference between the level of awareness and practice according to whether or not they have clinical career is not signification on awareness(t=3.119, p=.125), and is high on practice(t=3.119, p=.002). 3) The correlation between paramedic awareness and the level of practice shows positive correlation(r=.61, p=.000). The higher the awareness of emergency patient assessment is, the higher the level of practice is. 4) The difference between paramedic clinical knowledge improvement and the level of emergency care practice is statistically significant(t=3.351, p=.001). 5) 89.6%(128 persons) of paramedic replied hospital clinical training experiences are helpful for field activity. 92.3%(133 persons) replied they apply well for clinical knowledge learned during hospital clinical training and emergency care skills in the field. Conclusion: Paramedic in fire station must evaluate the patient's initial assessment and activate the transfer system to the emergency department. It is necessary to develop and implement the effective education program continuously. The education program should systemize currently operated hospital clinical training. emergency disease and symptoms emergency care method, and practice mainly skill education should be progressed. In the prehospital and transfer management, high quality of medical assessment is required to the emergency medical service system. Medical direction from the doctors can feedback the paramedic continuously and continuing education must be provided to the paramedic in fire station.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.68 no.5
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• pp.267-272
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• 2010

Background: Pulmonary sarcoidosis often involves mediastinal or hilar lymph nodes in the lung parenchyma. Mediastinoscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis, but it is invasive and expensive. Transbronchial needle aspiration using conventional bronchoscope is less invasive than mediastinoscopy, but its diagnostic accuracy is in question due to the blind approach to targeting lymph nodes. Transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) via endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) has high diagnostic value due to direct visualization of lymph nodes and to its relatively safeness. The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of EBUS-TBNA in the diagnosis of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Methods: Twenty-five patients with symptoms of sarcoidosis were enrolled into this study. Core tissue was obtained for a definitive diagnosis. Endobronchial biopsy, transbronchial lung biopsy, and bronchoalveolar lavage were performed to verify diagnosis. For patients without a confirmed diagnosis after the above procedures were performed, the additional procedures of mediastinoscopy or video-associated thoracoscopic surgery were performed to confirm a final diagnosis. Results: A total 25 EBUS procedures were done and 50 lymph nodes were aspirated. Thirty-three (37) out of 50 lymph nodes were consistent with non-caseating granuloma, confirming sarcoidosis as the final diagnosis. Sarcoidosis was the final diagnosis for all 25 patients, and 21 required EBUS-TBNA for a final diagnosis. There were no complications associated with the procedure. Conclusion: EBUS-TBNA is already a well-known procedure for diagnosing mediastinal or hilar lymphadenopathy. We used EBUS-TBNA for the diagnosis of pulmonary sarcoidosis and our results showed 84% diagnostic accuracy and no complications related to the procedure. EBUS-TBNA is a reliable and practical diagnostic modality in the diagnosis of pulmonary sarcoidosis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.66 no.6
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• pp.457-462
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• 2009

While receiving appropriate treatment, patients with tuberculosis occasionally have unusual, paradoxical reactions, with transient worsening of lesions or the development of new lesions. This report is a case of tuberculosis brain abscess and tuberculosis peritonitis with intra-abdominal abscess that developed during appropriate anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy. A 45-year-old male patient had been diagnosed as with all-drug susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis with pleurisy. Subsequently, the patient underwent standard treatment with anti-tuberculosis therapy; the pulmonary lesions improved. Three months after initial treatment, the patient developed brain abscesses and peritonitis. With the addition of corticosteroid treatment, the patient's neurologic symptoms were relieved. Exploratory laparotomy with surgical drainage was performed and a diagnosis of tuberculosis peritonitis was confirmed on biopsy. Anti-tuberculosis therapy was continued for 19 months, the patient improved eventually without further complications, although the therapeutic regimen had not been altered. In this case, the paradoxical response to treatment may have been involved in the pathogenesis of disease.