• Korean journal of medical education
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.347-357
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to apply alternative standard setting methods for the Korean Medical Licensing Examination (KMLE), a criterion-referenced written examination, and to compare them to the conventional cut score used on the KMLE. Methods: The process and results of criterion-referenced standard settings (i.e., the modified-Angoff and bookmark methods) were evaluated. The ratio of passing and failing examinees determined using these alternative standard setting methods was compared to the results of the conventional criteria. Additionally, the external, internal and procedural evaluation of these methods were reviewed. Results: The modified-Angoff method yielded the highest cut score, followed sequentially by the conventional method and the bookmark method. The classification agreement between the modified-Angoff and bookmark methods was 0.720 measured by Cohen's ${\kappa}$ coefficient. The intra-panelist classification consistency of modified-Angoff method was higher than bookmark method. However, the inter-panelist classification consistency was vice versa. The standard setting panelists' survey results showed that the procedures of both methods were satisfactory, but panelists had more confidence in the results of the modified-Angoff method. Conclusion: The modified-Angoff method showed results that were more similar to those of the conventional method. Both new methods showed very high concordance with the conventional method, as well as with each other. The modified-Angoff method was considered feasible for adoption on the KMLE. The standard setting panelists responded positively to the modified-Angoff method in terms of its practical applicability, despite certain advantages of the bookmark method.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제6권8호
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• pp.81-91
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• 1983

In this study the methods of the overhead standard setting and the overhead variance analysis, which raise problems especially in business practice in case that small businesses introduce the standard cost accounting system, were examined by hypothetical examples. As the result of this study small businesses are advised to take the following in setting the overhead cost. (1) To divide the mixed cost into variable overhead and fixed overhead, it is desirable to take Beast square method. (2) In setting the overhead standard, it is desirable to fake the flexible budget system and to make a budget by the inspection method, after dividing the overhead into variable overhead and fixed overhead. (3) After dividing the overhead variance into variable overhead variance and fixed overhead variance, it is desirable to analyze them as follows. (A) Variable overhead variance is analyzed into spending variance and efficiency variance. (B) Fixed overhead valiance is analyzed into budget variance and denominator variance.

• 공학교육연구
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.40-50
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• 2023

This study is to examine the validity of assessing basic-level proficiency in physics among incoming engineering freshmen through item analysis and standard setting. For empirical analysis, we examined the physics subject taken by the freshman class of 2021 at K University, considering its significance for engineering students. In this study, we initially performed item analysis utilizing both classical test theory and item response theory. Subsequently, leveraging the item and test information, we employed a modified Angoff method and the Bookmark method for standard setting. Consequently, the difficulty level initially set during item development was found to be higher than the actual performance level exhibited by the students. This study highlights a discernible disparity between the expected university standard and the real proficiency level of incoming freshmen in terms of basic academic ability in physics. Based on these research findings, a comprehensive discussion on the fundamental academic competence of engineering students was conducted, underscoring the necessity for formulating a tailored learning approach leveraging the outcomes from the basic ability test.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.153-168
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• 2011

In medium and small firm, the management system which is simple and where there is a practicality is required Ill)re than the management system which is complicated and minute of the centered around large company so that the introduction of the standard costs can be activated and it can be usefully used as a tool of management decisions. A difference between the standard costs introduction plan proposed in this paper and the preexistance study literature are as follows. In this paper, by breaking from the whole cost accounting aiming at all item, that is the traditional introduction method, and presenting the product cost accounting method by group the standards setting object was minimized and simplified. In this way, if the standards setting object is simplified, it is quick at the perimeter environment change as the little man power and flexibly it corresponds to and the cost information calculation which is exact with the setting up and maintenance of the efficient cost standard becomes available. As a result of applying for real through S corp., the usability of the method that the standard costs introduction method proposed in this paper produced the standard costs relatively short within period, it manages was verified. And the standard costs introduction method proposed in this paper went by the various cost information for each products, the management class did the management will decision which was objective and reasonable in the putting first.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.730-740
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate setting and thermal expansion of dental soldering investments. In order to compare expansion rates and to investigate the effect of water/powder ratio on expansion, setting and thermal expansion of low dental soldering investments were measured under three different water/powder ratio conditions. standard, 20% decreased and 20% increased. Setting expansion of investments was measured by use of dialgauge method. Each measurement was started two minutes later from the beginning of spatulation and recorded every one minute for one hour. Thermal expansion of cylindrical test specimens, 10mm diameter, 50mm length, was recorded in a thermodilatometer at heating rate of $10^{\circ}C$ per minute from $25^{\circ}C\;to\;700^{\circ}C$. The results of this study were obtained as follows: 1. Setting expansion rates under the standard water/powder ratio condition were 0.198% in Speed-E, 0.090% in Deguvest, 0.080% in CM and Hi-temp. Setting expansion of Speed-E was significantly different from those of CM, Deguvest and Hi-temp, and setting expansion of Deguvest was significantly different from those of CM and Hi-temp(p<.05). 2. Under the decreased water/powder ratio condition, there was significant increase in setting expansion of 4 dental soldering investments (p<.05). 3. There were no significant differences in setting expansions of investments except Hi-temp between standard and increased water/powder ratio condition(p<.05). 4. Thermal expansion rates under the standard water/powder ratio condition were 1.923% in Deguvest, 1.629% in Speed-E, 1.619% in Hi-temp and 1.580% in CM. No significant differences in thermal expansions under the standard water/powder ratio condition existed only between Speed-I and Hi-temp(p<.05) 5. Under the decreased water/powder ratio condition, there was significant increase in thermal expansion of CM and Deguvest but decrease in thermal expansion of Speed-E (p<.05). 6. Under the increased water/powder ratio condition, there was significant decrease in thermal expansion of CM, Deguvest and Speed-I but decrease in thermal expansion of Hi-temp(p<.05).

• 한국학교수학회논문집
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.479-498
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• 2013

교육격차를 완화하여 국가 경쟁력을 높이고 평생학습 사회에서 개인의 장래 성장과 발전의 기틀을 마련하기 위하여 모든 학생들의 기초학력을 보장하려는 움직임이 다양하게 전개되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 학생들의 기초학력을 결정짓는 성취수준 설정의 의미와 방법을 알아보고, 2013년 초등학교 3학년을 대상으로 실시되는 기초학력 진단평가의 '기초수학' 과목에 대한 성취수준과 분할점수 설정 방법을 살펴보고자 한다. 학교현장에서 활용할 수 있는 성취수준 설정 방법과 적용 사례의 제시는 준거참조평가에서 성취수준 설정 시 고려해야 하는 것에 대한 시사점을 제공할 수 있으리라 기대된다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.79-88
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• 1996

방울토마토 잠액 수경재배에 육묘단계를 생략한 재배기술을 확립하기 위하여 ‘Pico’, ‘Pepe’ 및 ‘Koko’ 3품종의 측지를 육묘상에서 15일간 육묘한 것과 양액 재배상에 바로 정식하고 양액의 농도를 표준과 50% 농도의 2수준으로 처리하여 생육상태와 수량을 조사하였다. 1. 직접정식이 육묘정식보다 초기 생육단계에서 초장이 길었고, 엽수가 많았으며 엽면적이 넓었다. 수확시기는 직접정식이 육묘정식보다 6일 정도 빨랐고 품종간에는 ‘Pepe’가 다른 2품종보다 빨랐으며 양액 농도간에는 차이가 없었다. 2. 과일 1개당 평균 무게는 정식묘가 양액의 농도에 따른 영향은 없었고 품종간에는 ‘Pepe’가 적었다. 그리고 수량은 표준농도의 양액에 직접 정식한 ‘Pepe’에서 가장 많았다. 3. 과즙의 당도는 직접 정식한 구가 육묘 정식한 구보다 높았고 품종간에는 ‘Pepe’가 높았다.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.169-176
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• 2002

To study of binder and fine aggregate a lot of replacement fly-ash concrete, initial characteristics, standard environment of curing temperature $20^{\circ}C$, hot-weather environment, cold weather environment of curing temperature $5^{\circ}C$. Flash concrete tested slump, air contest, setting and Hardening concrete valuated setting period of form, day of age 3, 7, 28 compression strength in sealing curing. Underwater curing specimen compression strength of age 3. 7, 28day used strength change accordingly fly-ash concrete curing temperature. Purpose of study is consultation materials in field that variety of fly-ash replacement concrete mix proportion comparison and valuation. (1) Setting test result, fly-ash ratio of replacement higher delay totting time. Same volume of fly-ash ratio of replacement is lower fly-ash ratio of replacement fine aggregate delay setting time. Setting test in curing temperature $35^{\circ}C$ over twice fast setting in curing temperature $20^{\circ}C$ and all specimen setting delay in curing temperature $5^{\circ}C$. F40 specimen end of setting about 30 time. (2) Experiment result age 28day compression strength more fisher plan concrete then standard environment in curing temperature $20^{\circ}C$, cold weather environment in curing temperature $5^{\circ}C$, most strength F43 is hot-weather environment in curing temperature $35^{\circ}C$ replacement binder 25%, fine aggregate 15%. (3) Hot-weather environment replacement a mount of fly-ash is a same of plan concrete setting period of form. Age 28day compression strength replacement a mount of fly-ash more hot-weather concrete then plan concrete.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.605-618
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• 2019

본 연구는 2012년 이후 10개 지방자치단체가 제정한 '시민복지기준'의 개념, 제정과정, 분야와 내용 및 이에 근거하여 독자적으로 실시하는 지역사회복지사업 등을 비교분석하여 다양한 지방자치단체들이 향후 시민복지기준을 제정할 경우 필요한 제정 방식과 방향을 제시하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 본 연구는 먼저, 시민복지기준 개념을 시작부터 현재 우리나라에서의 이해를 역사적으로 분석하고, 10개 지자체가 제정한 시민복지기준의 개념을 분석하였다. 또한, 본 연구는 10개 지자체에서 지방자치제도와 주민참여라는 관점에서 실시된 민관협력방식의 시민복지기준 제정과정, 분야와 내용을 비교분석하였다. 이러한 비교분석을 통해 본 연구는 다른 지자체들이 시민복지기준을 제정할 경우 고려해야 하는 몇 가지 원칙들을 제시하였다. 마지막으로, 본 연구는 지자체의 시민복지기준 제정은 달성하고자 하는 단기 최저기준과 중기 적정기준을 구분하여 이를 실현할 수 있는 구체적 사업을 개발하고, 사업을 실시하기 위한 예산지원도 필요한 시민사회단체, 연구기관, 지자체 집행부, 의회 등이 함께 해야 하는 중장기 민관협력 프로젝트라는 것을 인식하는 것을 지적하였다.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2008년도 추계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.13-16
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• 2008

This paper is to present the performance data for improved direct setting method using tile bond for application of porcelain tile under 1 percent absorptance. For this purpose, improved direct setting method type 1 & 2(tile bond curing time 0, 24H) were compared with the conventional setting methods(including direct setting method and improved pressure setting method) in the sight of the adhesive stability of porcelain tile. It tested for tiles after 14, 28days under standard condition and severe conditions. The severe conditions were water immersion, heat ageing(70℃) and freeze-thaw cycle. On the basis of test results, the adhesive strength of direct setting method was lowest for the conventional setting methods. But improved direct setting method using tile bonds(A, B) came close to the result of improved pressure setting method using tile bonds.