• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제5호
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• pp.83-107
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• 2007

The continuous struggle to establish virtual reality on the stage during the history of Western Theater has been centered upon the development of scenographic setting and devices. It began with the Classical Greek drama where the place of performance became separated from the place of the audience. These two places were united as the orchestra - the place of the Dionysiac festival in the earliest stage of the Greek theater. And the skene, once a storage building outside the theatrical area, became an essential factor of the scenic space to provide illusion of the other world where the actors dwell. As a natural consequence it followed the structural change of Roman theater where the stage became a high and wide platform and the skene converted into the permanent stone scaenae frons. Such a tradition of the Classical theater was revived in Italian Renaissance and Baroque theater, which succeeded Vitruvius' concept of scaenographia as well as the vestiges of Imperial Roman theater. The cases of Serlio, Palladio, and Andrea Pozzo reveal the way how Western theater conjured the fictional space by traditional representational scenery, including architectural background setting and painted devices. It resulted in the physical and emotional division of actors' space and audience's space. The rejection of representational scenery upon the stage by avant garde artists like Edward Gordon Craig in the early years of the twentieth century should be interpreted as an attempt to recover an emotional attachment of actors and the audience, which was the case of Greek antiquity. This new scenogrpahic endeavor in modern theater is to challenge the main purpose of traditional scaenae frons to establish the boundary of the illusional 'scene' of performance where the audience should remain as passive spectators, and instead, to try to unite the action of actors and the audience upon the stage as a 'place'.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제29호
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• pp.195-202
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• 2001

The stage facilities in the western culture originates in the scientifically planned Open Air Theater built in BC 3C and magnificent theaters built in the era of Rome. These buildings are the remains that reveal popularization of the play. Furthermore, the facilities continued to flourish in the medieval to the Industrial Revolution as stage art actualizing designers' imagination. Diverse systems developed in industrial technology have been transferred to the stage, and the balance between industrial and cultural art has been endeavored to be achieved. The conversion methods of the stage has been developing in various forms. Domestic stage setting arrangement techniques and material exploitation have also been developing. Therefore, in reality, it is very difficult to grasp the definite trend. Additionally, as for the stage system in Korea, plays are dependently directed by directors and stage artists. It is concluded that the current state should be understood based on actual examples to meet solve these problems. The purpose of the study is to provide basic data for stage facilities planning. To do this, how the stage system of large performance halls can be used in accordance with performance condition of the grounds in Korea and frequent scene changes is given a special attention. With this background, the surroundings of the stage and conversion system are examined.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제43권9호
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• pp.537-543
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• 2006

Length change, hydration heat, setting time and compressive strength of OPC were measured by adding KCl and replacing limestone powder so as to examine the influence of limestone powder on hydration of the OPC contained much chloride. In general, the chloride modified cement was high in heat of hydration, short in its setting time, low in its fluidity and low in its strength at 28 days due to the sudden hydration in its initial stage. As a result of the experiment, it has been demonstrated that heat of hydration, became low as one replaced limestone powder to the chloride modified cement, and the fluidity and shrinkage rate of mortar decreased without change in setting time; furthermore, the compressive strength at 28 days was improved.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1990

The crystallinity and dyeability of PET filament were studied when the conditions of drawing and heat-setting were varied. The crystaltinity of PET filament was increased as the drawing ratio and heatsetting temperature were increased. The dye uptake and dyeing rate of PET filament were decreased as the drawing ratio was increased. With increasing the heat-setting temperature, however, the dye uptake and dyeing rate were decreased at an early stage, showing the minimum at $160^{\circ}C-180^{\circ}C$ and then increased above that temperature. The thermal shrinkage of PET filament was decreased as the drawing ratio was increased, while increasing as the heat-setting temperature was increased.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전력기술부문A
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• 제50권9호
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• pp.424-430
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• 2001

A multi-level optimal power flow(OPF) algorithm has been evolved from a simple two stage optimal Power flow algorithm for constrained power economic dispatch control. In the proposed algorithm, we consider various constraints such as ower balance, generation capacity, transmission line capacity, transmission losses, security equality, and security inequality constraints. The proposed algorithm consists of four stages. At the first stage, we solve the aggregated problem that is the crude classical economic dispatch problem without considering transmission losses. An initial solution is obtained by the aggregation concept in which the solution satisfies the power balance equations and generation capacity constraints. Then, after load flow analysis, the transmission losses of an initial generation setting are matched by the slack bus generator that produces power with the cheapest cost. At the second stage we consider transmission losses. Formulation of the second stage becomes classical economic dispatch problem involving the transmission losses, which are distributed to all generators. Once a feasible solution is obtained from the second stage, transmission capacity and other violations are checked and corrected locally and quickly at the third stage. The fourth stage fine tunes the solution of the third stage to reach a real minimum. The proposed approach speeds up the two stage optimization method to an average gain of 2.99 for IEEE 30, 57, and 118 bus systems and EPRI Scenario systems A through D testings.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.269-276
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• 2019

본 연구는 지구온난화로 인한 콩 생육기간 중 한발기간에 따른 생육 특성과 수량 구성요소 변화에 대한 연구 결과로서 대조구에 비하여 VS와 FS는 수량에 직접적인 영향을 주었다. 한발은 잎의 노화를 가속하여 LAI, 잎 질소 농도 및 잎 건물중이 감소하였다. 이러한 결과 품종과 한발 기간이 LAI, 잎 질소 농도 및 잎 건물중이 고도로 유의하였다. 최종 수확에서 전체 협수는 대조구에 비하여 VS와 FS가 각각 33.6%와 40.5%가 감소였고, 100립 중은 대조구에 비하여 VS와 FS가 각각 16.1%와 10.1%가 감소하였다. 이러한 결과 종실 수량은 대조구에 비하여 VS와 FS가 각각 39.8%와 45.1%가 감소하였다. 한발 기간에 따라 대원콩과 해원콩이 수량 감소 폭이 큰 반면에 소연콩은 크지 않았다. 본 연구 결과 한발 기간은 VS에 비하여 FS가 좀 더 민감하게 반응을 하였으며, 품종과 한발기간은 고도의 유의성을 보였다. 본 연구에서 주목할 것은 개화기 10일전부터 착협기까지 수분 공급이 제대로 이루어 진다면 주경에서의 협수와 100립 중이 확보가 되어 수량 감소를 방지할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.34-39
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• 1987

페피노(Solanum muricatum AIT)의 증식을 위한 삽목방법과 착과진행을 위한 지베레린(GA$_3$)의 처리시기를 구명하기 위하며 시험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 삽목용 상토로는 피트모스(50%)+질석(50%)의 혼합상토가 모래나 일반상토보다 발근수와 발근장이 모두 좋았다. 2. 발근을 위한 생장조절제로는 NAA 1,000ppm 침지처리가 삽목 15 일 후에 발근수와 발근장이 많아 타처리보다도 효과가 컸다. 3. 착과증진을 위한 GA$_3$(50ppm )의 처리시기는 개화기가 좋았고 처리부위는 화기가 좋았다. 4. 지베레린의 처리는 착과효과 이외에도 단위결과를 유도할 수 있었다.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1998년도 하계학술대회 논문집 C
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• pp.926-928
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• 1998

A fast optimization algorithm has been evolved from a simple two stage optimal power flow(OPF) algorithm for constrained power economic dispatch. In the proposed algorithm, we consider various constraints such as power balance, generation capacity, transmission line capacity, transmission losses, security equality, and security inequality constraints. The proposed algorithm consists of four stages. At the first stage, we solve the aggregated problem that is the crude classical economic dispatch problem without considering transmission losses. An initial solution is obtained by the aggregation concept in which the solution satisfies the power balance equations and generation capacity constraints. Then, after load flow analysis, the transmission losses of an initial generation setting are matched by the slack bus generator that produces power with the cheapest cost. At the second stage we consider transmission losses. Formulation of the second stage becomes classical economic dispatch problem involving the transmission losses, which are distributed to all generators. Once a feasible solution is obtained from the second stage, transmission capacity and other violations are checked and corrected locally and quickly at the third stage. The fourth stage fine tunes the solution of the third stage to reach a real minimum. The proposed approach speeds up the coupled LP based OPF method to an average gain of 53.13 for IEEE 30, 57, and 118 bus systems and EPRI Scenario systems A through D testings.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.3-33
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• 2017

This paper examines some questions and issues of the effect of an arbitral award, and discusses about the restriction of the trial level in other separate actions permitted under the existence of grounds of setting aside arbitral award after the amendment of the Arbitration Act in 2016. Because there are no interests of litigation in the action for setting aside arbitral award due to the exclusion of res judicata by provisory clause of Article 35, filing an action for setting aside is not allowed even when the grounds of setting aside exist. If we examine the precedent on possibility of retrial for excluding the outward form of invalid judgement, we can find that the court did not approve the retrial. Therefore, the action for setting aside that which is for excluding the outward form of an arbitral award will not be allowed for filing. On the issue of whether an arbitral award having a ground for setting aside can be an object of the action for setting aside for excluding its outward form or not, the views of scholars are divided. In the case of an arbitral award that has grounds for setting aside, it could be interpreted that the arbitral award would not have a formale Rechtskraft or effect of sentence (bindende Kraft). Even if there is formale Rechtskraft or effect of sentence (bindende Kraft), the significance of existence of action for setting aside arbitral award under paragraph 1 of Article 36 is reduced because other actions separate from arbitration is permitted under the 2016 Act. The amendment of the Arbitration Act in 2016 provides an opportunity to review the position and the role of action for setting aside the arbitral award. It also requires further studies on efficiently treating other actions separate from arbitration. Because the restriction of the trial level of other separate actions can make arbitration active by making arbitration procedures become 3 trial levels from 4 trial levels, it needs to be solved with legislative action. Specifically, if the trial starts at the stage of trial on appeal, it can utilize the strength of both the arbitration and the litigation, playing a chief role in boosting arbitration by removing the problems of action for setting aside and enabling arbitration institutes and the person interested to promote the activation of arbitration.

• 복식
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.71-80
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• 2001

Since the beginning of the 90's, Fashion shows appear to be a type of performance form of art combining with other areas to visually entertain the viewers. This can be explained by the modern tendency to escape from society which requires formality and complicated lifestyles. Fashion shows take place in a scene Influenced by the idea of post-modernism which redefines the definition of space. A church, old factory, unoccupied ground, subway stations, or even place like a waste disposal are used as a setting. The stage set is no longer the T shape run way and the procinium arch has disappeared. The gap between audience and stage has diminished and theatrical element is added to the fashion performance by using viewers living and working environments as setting of the show. The human relation with machine based on the cutting edge technology such as the stage automation, robots and mist making sprinkler system introduces new elements with spontaneity and detailed planning in the stage performance. Music also plays an Important role in attracting viewers. The sound track covers house music to techno music. Instead of music being abstract, folks orchestral music, choirs, piano. even live concert performed by pop artist provide the liveliness of the fashion show. And the catwalk itself is a performance. Model needs to be well trained as the capable talent who can handle sensitive gestures, facial expressions, dancing and choreography. The improvisatorial interaction between audience and model lead to audience participation. Models now range from pop star, ordinary people, handicapped people, to elderly and so on. John Galliano introduced the theatrical factors for the fashion show and Alexander Mcqueen approached the fashion show as the visual art of communication. Hussein Chalayan utilized high technology skewing futurism as if in a magic show. Today the Fashion show tends to be a total performance which includes audience participation, impromptu, and that break the limitation that fashion shows previously had. This will lead the fashion industry in opening new horizon of its own.