• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 2005

Backgrounds and Objectives: Squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity(SCOC) in TNM stage I & II have relatively high chance to be cured compared to those in the advanced stage, but sometimes result in the treatment failure with poor prognosis. There have been few reports on the patterns of failure and the clinical courses for SCOC in stage I & II after the failure of initial treatment. This study is directed at identifying the clinical outcomes of stage I & II SCOC and the salvage rate after initial treatment and suggesting an optimal level of treatment by analyzing the patterns of failure. Material and Methods: The medical records of 36 patients with SCOC, initially diagnosed between 1995 and 2001 as TNM stage I & II were reviewed retrospectively. The patterns of failure, salvage treatment, clinical courses, and the survival of these subjects were analyzed. The minimum follow-up period of no-evidence of disease(NED) was 12 months with an average of 32.2 months. Results: Overall rate of the treatment failure in SCOC of stage I & II was 41. 7%(15/36 cases). Most of the treatment failure in the subjects with stage I tumors occurred in regional lymph node. Local failure was the most frequent form of failure in the subjects with stage II tumors after wide excision of primary tumor with elective neck dissection and/or radiation therapy. No significant correlation was noted between the safety margin and the local failure. Elective neck dissections in stage I & II SCOC had a tendency to reduce regional failure (p=0.055). The salvage rates at 24 months were 85.7% in stage I, and 37.5% in stage II. The 3-year survival rate after the failure of initial treatment was 55.0%. Conclusion: SCOC of stage I & II after the failure of initial treatment showed poor prognosis despite of the salvage treatments. This study implies that the elective neck dissections for regional lymph node should be required for SCOC of stage I & II to reduce the treatment failure.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.89-95
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• 2011

This study was conducted to improve commercial quality of cut spray chrysanthemums 'Charming Eye' and 'Pink Pride' bred in Korea by foliar application of daminozide, suppressing excessive elongation of peduncle caused by high temperature in greenhouse. Applications were made at two floral-bud-developmental stages and concentrations used were 0, 500, 1000, and $2000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. As for 'Charming Eye', cut flower length, peduncle diameter, stem diameter, flower bud diameter, and the number of flower buds did not show any significant difference among all treatments including control. However, the suppressing effect of peduncle elongation, widening angle of flower cluster arrangement on apical part, and increasing parallel flower buds in stage I showed better than those in stage II regardless of daminozide concentration. As for 'Pink Pride', cut flower length, peduncle diameter, and stem diameter did not show any significant difference among all treatments including control but angle of flower cluster on apical part increased compared to control as daminozide was sprayed at stage I and II except $2,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ daminozide-sprayed at stage II. The number of flower buds and flower bud diameter showed the greatest increment through $1,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ daminozide-sprayed at stage I and did the least values as sprayed with $2,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ daminozide at stage II. Daminozide also gradually reduced peduncle length in a concentration-dependant manner but elongation of peduncle foliar-sprayed at stage I showed the more suppressing effect than that at stage II. Increasing the number of parallel flower buds showed the best results when sprayed with $2,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ at stage I. In conclusion, we recommended that foliar spraying with $500-1,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ daminozide at stage I and foliar spraying with $1,000-2,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ daminozide at stage I improved cut flower quality of 'Channing Eye' and 'Pink Pride', respectively.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.39 no.1 s.176
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• pp.9-25
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• 2006

Baekun gold-silver deposit is an epithermal quartz vein that is filling the fault zone within Triassic or Jurassic foliated granodiorite. Mineralization is associated with fault-breccia zones and can be divided into two stages. Stage I which can be subdivided early and late depositional stages is main ore mineralization and stage II is barren. Early stage I is associated with wallrock alteration and the formation of sulfides such as arsenopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, marcasite, chalcopyrite, stannite, galena. Late stage I is characterized by Au-Ag mineralization such as electrum, Ag-bearing tetrahedrite, stephanite, boulangerite, pyrargrite, argentite, schirmerite, native silver, Ag-Te-Sn-S system, Ag-Cu-S system, pyrite, chalcopyrite and galena. Fluid inclusion data indicate that homogenization temperatures and salinity of stage I range from $171.6^{\circ}C\;to\;360.8^{\circ}C\;and\;from\;0.5\;to\;10.2\;wt.\%\;eq.$ NaCl, respectively. It suggest that ore forming fluids were cooled and diluted with the mixing of meteoric water. Also, Temperature (early stage I: $236\~>380^{\circ}C,\;$ late stage $I: <197\~272^{\circ}C$) and sulfur fugacity (early stage $I:\;10^{-7.8}$ a atm., late stage I: $10^{-14.2}\~10^{-l6}atm$.) deduced mineral assemblages from stage 1 decrease with paragenetic sequence. Sulfur ($2.4\~6.1\%_{\circ}$(early stage $I=3.4\~5.3\%_{\circ},\;late\;stage\;I=2.4\~6.1\%_{\circ}$)), oxygen ($4.5\~8.8\%_{\circ}$(quartz: early stage $I=6.3\~8.8\%_{\circ}$, late stage $I=4.5\~5.6\%_{\circ}$)), hydrogen ($-96\~-70\%_{\circ}$ (quartz: early stage $I=-96\~-70\%_{\circ},\;late\;stage\;f=-78\~-74\%_{\circ},\;calcite:\;late\;stage\;I=-87\~-76\%_{\circ}$)) and carbon ($-6.8\~-4.6\%_{\circ}$ (calcite: late stage I)) isotope compositions indicated that hydrothermal fluids may be magmaticorigin with some degree of mixing of another meteoric water for paragenetic time.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 1987

The Cheolam silver deposits are emplaced along the fractures in breccia dike and the Hongjesa granite. Breccia dike contains fragments of late Cretaceous acidic volcanic rocks and other fragments of various rocks distributed in the mine area. Therefore it is presumed that the mineralization was taken place in later than late Cretaceous time. Mineral paragenesis is complicated by multiple episodes of fracturing. Six distinct depositional stages can be recognized: stage I, deposition of base metal sulfides; stage II, deposition of base metal sulfides and silver minerals; stage III, deposition of carbonates; stage IV, deposition of silver minerals and base metal sulfides; stage V, deposition of silver minerals; stage VI, deposition of barren quartz. Silver minerals from the deposits are native silver, acanthite, pyrargyrite, argentian tetrahedrite, stephanite, polybasite, pearceite, allargentum, antimonial silver and electrum. Fluid inclusion studies ware carried out for stage I, II, IV and VI quartz and stage III calcite. Homogenization temperatures for each stage are as follows: stage I, from $225^{\circ}$ to $360^{\circ}C$; stage II, from $145^{\circ}$ to $220^{\circ}C$; stage III, from $175^{\circ}$ to $240^{\circ}C$; stage IV, from $130^{\circ}$ to $185^{\circ}C$; stage VI, from $120^{\circ}$ to $145^{\circ}C$. Salinities of ore fluids were in the range of 4 and 10 wt.% equivalent NaCl over stage I and stage VI. Ore mineralogical data of each stage indicate that temperatures are within the range of homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions and sulfur fugacities declined steadily from $10^{-9.7}atm$. to $10^{-18.7}atm$. through stage I into stage V.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 2015

A fluidized biofilter was filled with Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus cereus/thuringiensis-fixed waste-tire crumb media and was run to treat authentic textile-dyeing wastewater mixed with alkaline polyester-weight-reducing wastewater. As a result, its removal efficiency of $COD_{Cr}$ and color were 75~80% and 67%, respectively. In addition, upon constructing hybrid-recirculating system composed of the fluidized biofilter and a 450 W-UV/photocatalytic reactor, only fluidized biofilter was run bypassing UV/photocatalytic reactor at stage I. Subsequently, the hybrid system was continuously run at stage II-i, ii and iii. At stage II-i, the total removal efficiency of $COD_{Cr}$ was enhanced to be 80~85%, compared to 75% at stage I, owing to 20~30% removal efficiency of the UV/photocatalytic reactor. However, at stage II-i, the total removal efficiency of color was enhanced to be 65~70%, compared to 45~65% at stage I, even though the removal efficiency of the UV/photocatalytic reactor was tantamount to merely 0~5%. As far as the removal efficiency of fluidized biofilter of the hybrid-recirculating system is concerned, its removal efficiency of color was enhanced by the synergy effect of the hybrid-recirculating system unlike $COD_{Cr}$. Besides, despite of the increase of hybrid-recirculating system-recycle ratio, the deactivation of photo-catalytic activity was scarcely observed to eliminate the color while its irreversible deactivation was observed to eliminate $COD_{Cr}$.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.303-312
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• 2010

This paper introduces the upper stage attitude control system of KSLV-I, which is the first space launch vehicle in Korea. The KSLV-I upper stage attitude control system consists of two electro-hydraulic actuators and a reaction control system using cold nitrogen gas. A proportional, derivative, and integral controller is designed for the electro-hydraulic thrust vectoring system, and Schmidt trigger ON/OFF controllers are designed for the reaction control system. Each attitude controller is designed to have enough stability margins. The stability and performance of KSLV-I upper stage attitude control system is verified via hardware in the loop tests. Hardware in the loop tests are accomplished for perturbed flight conditions as well as nominal flight condition. The test results show that the attitude control loop of KSLV-I upper stage is very stable and the attitude controllers perform well for all flight conditions. Attitude controllers designed in this paper have been successfully applied to the first flight of KSLV-I on August 25, 2009. The flight test results show that all attitude controllers of the KSLV-I upper stage performed well and satisfied the accuracy specifications even during abnormal flight conditions.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.331-342
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• 1985

The Dongbo tungsten-molybdenum deposits are fissure-filling veins emplaced in granites of late Cretaceous age. Integrated field, mineralogic and fluid inclusion studies were undertaken to illuminate the characters and origin of the ore deposits. Mineral paragenesis is complicated by repeated fracturing, but four distinct depositional stages can be recognized; (I) tungsten-molybdenum minerals-quartz-chlorite stage, (II) iron-oxide and sulfides-quartz stage, (III) iron -oxide-base metal sulfides-sulfosalts-quartz-carbonates stage, (IV) barren rhodochrosite-zeolite stage. Fluid inclusion studies were carried out for stage I quartz and stage III quartz, sphalerite and calcite. Fluid inclusion studies reveals highly systematic trends of homogenization temperature and salinity throughout the mineralization. Ore fluids during stage I were complex, NaCl rich brine and salinity reached values as high as 34.4 weight percent equivalent NaCl, but the later ore fluids were more dilute and reached to 9.7 weight percent equivalent NaCl during stage III. Intermittent boiling of ore fluid during stage I is indicated by the fluid inclusions in stage I quartz. Depositional temperatures and pressures during stage I range from $520^{\circ}C$ to $265^{\circ}C$and from 600 to 400 bars. Homogenization temperatures of the stage III quartz, sphalerite and calcite range from $305^{\circ}C$ to $190^{\circ}C$. Fluid inclusion data from the Dongbo mine are nearly similar to those from other hydrothermal tungsten deposits in the Kyeongsang basin. Depositional temperature and salinity of ore fluids during precipitation of tungsten-molybdenum minerals in Dongbo mine were much higher, but $CO_2$ contents were much lower than those from hydrothermal tungsten-molybdenum deposits of late Cretaceous plutonic association in central parts of Korean peninsula.

• Bulletin of the Korean Space Science Society
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• 2004.10b
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• pp.274-277
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• 2004

KSLV (Korea Space Launch Vehicle)-I telemetry system will be composed of two telemetry streams: a lower stage telemetry stream and an upper stage telemetry stream. In this paper, the authors present design, implementation and test results of the upper stage telemetry interface for KSLV-I. The telemetry system currently is in the stage of the prototype model development, and its engineering model and flight model will be developed in the near future.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.23-36
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• 1993

To investigate the cycle and relative frequences and the fine structure of seminiferous epithelia in mature Jindo dogs, histologic study was performed. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. Type A spermatogonia appeared approximately 1.6 times as many at stage II as compared to stage I while type In spermatogonia appeared small amount in stage III, IV and V. type B spermatogonia were found during the stage VI to VIII, though not detectable during stage I to V. The type B spermatogonia divided at stage VII to produce the preleptotene primary spermatocytes at stage VIII. The number of primary spermatocytes of the leptotene phase markedly increased during stage I to II, and the primary spermatocytes of the pachytene phase were shown the least in number at stage IV. The secondary spermatocytes could be seen only at stage IV. 2. The relative frequencies of each stage from stages I to VIII of the cycle of seminiferous epithelia were 31.6, 11.9, 10.0, 3.2, 8.2, 10.1, 11.7 and 13.2% respectively. 3. On electron microscopic observations, acrosomal vesicle of spermatids appeared larger though the bulk of germ cells were the morphologically same as those of the other animal species. Thread line structures light microscopically observed in the cytoplasm of Sertoli cell were the longitudinal orientation of mitochondria.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.201-210
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• 1986

The cycle of the seminiferous epithelia in the testis of mature Korean native cattle was divided into twelve stages, using criteria the morphological changes in the acrosomic system and the nuclei of developing spematids and germ cells. The results were summarized as follows; 1. The minimum number of tripe A spermatogonia were the average of 1.8 in both at stages I and VI, while maximum numbers were the average of 4.2 at stage XII. Some type A spermatogonia divided at stage XII to produce the type intermediate(IN) spermatogonia at following stage I. The intermediate type spermatogonia divided at stage IV to produce the type B spermatogonia at stage V. 2. The type B spermatogonia divided at stage VII to produce the preleptotene primary spermatocytes at stage XII. The pachytene primary spermatocytes divided at stage XI to produce the secondary spermatocytes at stage VII. The secondary spermatocytes observed at stag XII divided to give rise to the round spermatids at following stage I. Each numbers of the first spermatocytes and of spermatids were almost constant, respectively, through the cycle of the seminiferous epitherium. 3. The relative frequencies of each stage among stages I to XII of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelia were 6.1, 3.7, 5.2, 7.8, 2.2. 3.3, 13.8, 18.4, 11.8, 7.2, 18.1% and 2.4%, respectively.