• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.536-542
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• 2007

The responses of whole body protein and glucose kinetics and of nitrogen (N) metabolism to non-protein energy intake (NPEI) were determined using an isotope dilution approach and measurement of N balance in three adult male goats. The diets containing 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times ME maintenance requirement, with fixed intake of CP (1.5 times maintenance) and percentage of hay (33%), were fed twice daily for each 21 d experimental period. After an adaptation period of 11 d, N balance was determined over 3 d. On day 17, whole body protein synthesis (WBPS) and glucose irreversible loss rate (ILR) were determined during the absorptive state by a primed-continuous infusion of [$^2H_5$]phenylalanine, [$^2H_2$]tyrosine, [$^2H_4$]tyrosine and [$^{13}C_6$]glucose, with simultaneous measurements of plasma concentrations of metabolites and insulin. Ruminal characteristics were also measured at 6 h after feeding over 3 d. Nitrogen retention tended to increase (p<0.10) with increasing NPEI, although digestible N decreased linearly (p<0.05). Increasing NPEI decreased (p<0.01) ammonia N concentration, but increased acetate (p<0.05) and propionate (p<0.05) concentrations in the rumen. Despite decreased plasma urea N concentration (p<0.01), increased plasma tyrosine concentration (p<0.05), and trends toward increased plasma total amino N (p<0.10) and phenylalanine concentrations (p<0.10) were found in response to increasing NPEI. Increasing NPEI increased ILR of both glucose (p<0.01) and phenylalanine (p<0.05), but did not affect ($p{\geq}0.10$) that of tyrosine. Whole body protein synthesis increased (p<0.05) in response to increasing NPEI, resulting from increased utilization rate for protein synthesis (p<0.05) and unchanged hydroxylation rate of phenylalanine ($p{\geq}0.10$). These results suggest that increasing NPEI may enhance WBPS and glucose turnover at the absorptive state and improve the efficiency of digestible N retention in goats, with possibly decreased ammonia and increased amino acid absorption. In addition, simultaneous increases in WBPS and glucose ILR suggest stimulatory effect of glucose availability on WBPS, especially when sufficient amino acid is supplied.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.262-266
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• 2016

해산 copepod는 어류 양식을 위한 초기먹이생물로 가장 이상적인 것으로 알려져 있으며 최근 이들의 대량배양에 관한 연구가 많이 시도되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는, 기수산 copepod인 Paracyclopina nana의 대량생산을 위해, 실용화 가능한 배양방법개발의 일환으로 rotifer 대체를 위한 P. nana의 nauplius 생산법과 Artemia 대체를 위한 P. nana의 C4-성체 생산법으로 나누어 대량배양을 시도하였다. P. nana의 nauplius 생산 시, 수확된 nauplius는 약 95% 이상이 N1-N2였다. 15일 동안 수확된 nauplius의 일일 평균 생산량은 1, 2차 각각 $6.9{\times}10^6$, $7.2{\times}10^6$였으며, 배양수 내의 암컷과 포란한 암컷의 수는 시간이 경과할수록 약간 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 15일 동안 비교적 일정한 개체수를 유지하는 것으로 나타났다. C4-성체의 생산시, 수확된 copepod의 비율은 C4-수컷, 암컷 및 포란한 암컷이 각각 약 49%, 28% 및 18%였으며 일일 평균 생산량은 1, 2차 각각 $8.2{\times}10^5$, $9.0{\times}10^5$ 개체였다. 결과적으로, P. nana 대량배양 방법에서 nauplius와 C4-성체의 일정한 생산이 가능하였으며 어류의 입 크기에 따라 배양 방법의 선택에 의해 연속적인 먹이 공급이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.32-50
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• 2000

A descriptive exploratory design was used in this study to evaluate the effects of sponge bathing on physiological(heart rate, heart period, vagal tone, oxygen saturation, respiration) and behavioral responses in newly born 40 preterm infants from intensive care unit of S University Hospital in Seoul. Data has been collected from October, 1997 to March, 1999. The infants were between 27-33 weeks gestational age at birth, and were free of congenital defects. The subjects entered the protocol when they were medically stable (determined by initiation of feeding and discontinuation of all respiratory support) but still receiving neonatal intensive care. The infants' physiologic parameters were recorded a 10 - minute before, during, and after bathing. Continuous heart rate data were recorded on a notebook computer from the infant's EKG monitor. The data were digitized off-line on software(developed by Lee and Chang in Wavelet program) which detected the peak of the R wave for each heart beat and quantified sequential R-R intervals in msec(i.e. heart periods). Heart period data were edited to remove movement artifact. Heart period data were quantified as : 1) mean heart period; 2) vagal tone. Vagal tone was quantitfied with a noninvasive measure developed by Porges(1985) in Mxedit software. To determine behavioral status, tools were developed by Scafidi et al(1990) were used. Collected data were analyzed with the SPSS program using paried t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. The result were as follow. 1. The results of the ANOVAs indicated that vagal tone were signifcantly lower during bathing than baseline and post-bathing. There were significant differences in heart period and heart rate levels across the bathing. But the mean oxygen saturations and respirations were no differences. Also, there were no significant differences on behavioral sign, motor activity, behavioral distress, weight changes, morbidity, and hospitalization period. 2. To evaluate the relation between vagal tone and subsequent parameters, the two groups (the high group had 19 subjects and low group had 21subjects) were divided by the mean baseline vagal tone. Vagal tone measured prior to bathing were significantly associated with respiration before bathing, vagal tone during bathing, and the magnitude of change in both vagal tone. But, other subsequent reactivities were no differences in two groups. 3. Correlations were also calculated between vagal tone and the subsequent physiological reactivities from baseline through after- bathing. Correlations were significant between baseline vagal tone and baseline heart rate, between baseline vagal tone and baseline heart period, between baseline vagal tone and oxygen saturation after bathing. In summary, the bathing in this study showed a stressful stimulus on premature infants through there was significance in the physiological parameters. In addition, our study represents the documentation that vagal tone reactivity in response to clearly defined external stimulation provides an index of infant's status.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.140-145
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• 2017

The goal of this study was to investigate risk factors associated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in pig farms in the Republic of Korea using logistic regression and a multilevel model. A cross-sectional study was applied to 305 pig farms with a questionnaire-based interview by veterinarians between March 2014 and February 2015. The questionnaire comprised eight categories: proximity to neighbors, disinfection, visitors, vehicles, insecticides, wild animals, gilts, and feeding. In total, 61 questions in eight categories related to pig farm biosecurity were investigated. Farms were classified as PRRS stable or unstable based on the results of an antibody test and PCR. For univariate analysis, keeping production records with computers (OR = 0.283, 95% CI = 0.056 - 1.425), accredited farm with no use of antibiotics (OR = 0.412, 95% CI = 0.134 - 1.269), reviewing health record of semen prior to purchasing (OR = 0.492, 95% CI = 0.152 - 1.589), complete isolation of runt pigs (OR = 0.264, 95% CI = 0.084 - 0.829), compulsory registering for visitors (OR = 0.424, 95% CI = 0.111 - 1.612), keeping records of insecticide history (OR = 0.406, 95% CI = 0.089 - 1.846), routine on-farm monitoring by veterinarians (OR = 0.314, 95% CI = 0.069 - 1.423), and use of on-farm checklist for biosecurity monitoring (OR = 0.313, 95% CI = 0.063 - 1.553) were found to decrease the probability of PRRS infection. Multivariate and multilevel analysis revealed only two factors, complete isolation of runt pigs (OR = 0.165, 95% CI = 0.045 - 0.602 and OR = 0.208, 95% CI = 0.055 - 0.782) and compulsory registering for visitors (OR = 0.106, 95% CI = 0.017 - 0.655 and OR = 0.119, 95% CI = 0.017 - 0.809) were found to decrease the probability of PRRS infection. The intracluster correlation coefficient of a province for multilevel model was 0.05. The results of this study might facilitate biosecurity measures for individual farms to reduce the probability of PRRS infection.

• 공업화학
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.800-808
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• 2005

미생물에 의해 분해되는 랩제조용 복합수지를 개발하고, 이에 대한 제조과정과 물성에 대하여 연구하였다. 이런 목적을 위해 원재료 수지, 산화제, 활제의 종류와 사용량 등 같은 몇 가지 조건을 최적화하였다. 생분해성 랩을 제조하기 위한 복합수지는 polyester 계열에서 PBAS (아디프산, 숙신산 및 1.4-부탄디올의 3성분 공중합체)와 PBAST (숙진산, 아디프산, 디메틸테레프탈레이트 및 1.4-부탄디올의 4성분 공중합체)를 이용하였다. 또한 PBAS에서는 1차 산화방지제로는 Irganox 1010과 1076 (0.1 phrs), 2차 산화방지제로는 Irgafos TNPP (0.2 phrs), PBAST에서는 1차 산화방지제로 Irganox 1076 (0.1 phrs), 2차 산화방지제로 Mark PEP 36 (0.3 phrs)이 가장 좋았다. 수지의 가공성 향상을 위해서 사용하는 활제로는 PBAS에서는 glycerol monostearate, PBAST에서는 palmityl alcohol를 각각 0.8%와 1.0%를 사용하면 충분하였다. 제조된 랩의 안정성은 중금속 용출실험과 UTM을 이용한 인장강도 및 신축률을 측정하여 평가하였다. 시제품에 대한 분해률을 측정하기 위해서 동일 조건의 토양에 매립하여 시간경과에 따른 분해정도를 비교한 결과 40일 정도가 경과하면 약 60%가 분해하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.86-99
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• 2010

2007년 3월부터 2008년 2월까지 낙동강하구에서 관찰된 천연기념물 조류는 검은머리물떼새(Haematopus ostralegus; 제326호), 원앙(Aix galericulata; 제327호), 고니(Cygnus columbianus; 제201-1호), 큰고니(Cygnus cygnus; 제201-2호), 저어새(Platalea minor; 제205-1호), 노랑부리저어새(Platalea leucorodia; 제205-2호), 참수리(Haliaeetus pelagicus; 제243-3호), 흰꼬리수리(Haliaeetus albicilla; 제243-4호), 잿빛개구리매(Circus cyaneus; 제323-6호), 황조롱이(Falco tinnunculus; 제323-8호), 개리(Anser cygnoides; 제325-1호) 등 총 11종 2,209개체였다. 특히, 국내 철새도래지 중 2,000개체 이상의 큰고니(Cygnus cygnus)가 월동하는 곳은 낙동강하구가 유일하다. 을숙도와 명지 갯벌 및 사구주변의 간석지(명금머리, 백합등, 도요등, 장자도 등)는 노랑부리저어새, 큰고니, 개리 등 천연기념물 조류의 주요 서식지이며, 세모고랭이(Scirpus triqueter), 갈대(Phragmites communis) 등의 수생식물군락은 큰고니를 비롯한 오리류의 채식 및 휴식처로서 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 낙동강하구의 서식지 및 천연기념물 조류의 보호와 관리 방안으로 수질오염의 최소화, 수생식물의 서식지 조성 및 관리, 사구 및 갯벌의 보호, 안정적인 서식지 확보, 지속적인 모니터링이 필요하다고 생각된다.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.109-115
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• 2019

In arc-welding applying to the present automobile part manufacturing process, a wrist-hollow type arc welding robot can shorten the welding cycle time, because feedability of a welding wire is not affected by a robot posture and thus facilitates high-quality arc welding, based on stable feeding with no entanglement. In this paper, we will propose the optimization of wrist design for a wrist-hollow type 6-Axis articulated robot. Specifically, we will perform the investigation on the optimized design of inner diameter of hollow arms (Axis 4 and Axis 6) and width of the upper arm by using the simulation of robot motion characteristics, using a Genetic Algorithm (i.e., GA). Our simulations are based on $SolidWorks^{(R)}$ for robot modeling, $MATLAB^{(R)}$ for GA optimization, and $RecurDyn^{(R)}$ for analyzing dynamic characteristics of a robot. Especially $RecurDyn^{(R)}$ is incorporated in the GA module of $MATLAB^{(R)}$ for the optimization process. The results of the simulations will be verified by using $RecurDyn^{(R)}$ to show that the driving torque of each axis of the writs-hollow 6-axis robot with the optimized wrist design should be smaller than the rated output torque of each joint servomotor. Our paper will be a guide for improving the wrist-hollow design by optimizing the wrist shape at a detail design stage when the driving torque of each joint for the wrist-hollow 6-axis robot (to being developed) is not matched with the servomotor specifications.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2006

최근 건강기능식품에 대한 관심이 높아지면서 기능성을 나타내는 원료에 대한 평가가 이루어지고 있다. 한국인의 식습관 상 어류 섭취가 많고 이로부터 DHA, EPA와 같은 기능성 지질의 섭취도 증가하고 있는 추세에 있다. 본 논문에서는 개별인정 형으로 추진되고 있으며 항암성, 체지방 감소효과 등을 보이고 있는 CLA를 어류사료에 첨가하여 안정성이 높은 중성지질의 형태로 바꾸어 항산화효과를 평가하고자 하였다. 뱀장어 사료에 CLA 함량을 $0\%,\;0.5\%,\;1.0\%,\;2.5\%$, 및 $5.0\%$로 성형하여 순환여과식 사육장치에서 8주간 사육하였다. 사육 후 이들 시료로부터 지질을 추출하고 $37^{\circ}C$에 저장하면서 지방산조성의 변화, 지질 class의 변화, 산소 소비에 따른 중량증가, 과산화물가, 카아보닐가 등으로 항산화능을 측정하였다. 측정결과 CLA 축적량은 $0.5\%,\;1.7\%,\;3.3\%$ 및 $6.2\%$로 나타나 CLA 공급이 많을수록 축적되는 CLA량은 증가하였다. 대조구의 경우 저장 3주 후부터 불포화산의 함량이 감소하여 $13.7\%$에서 5주 후에는 $6.2\%$로 급감하였다. $0.5\%$ CLA 급이구는 저장 4주째 불포화산의 함량이 $11.8\%$, 5주째는 $7.4\%$로 감소하였으며, $1.0\%$ 및 $2.5\%$ CLA 급이구에서는 불포화산의 함량이 4주째 $15.3\%$ 및 $14.8\%$로 변화가 적었다. 중성지질의 class 조성은 $1.0\%$ 및 $2.5\%$ CLA 급이구는 저장 5주째 중성지질과 인지질의 비가 53.9:46.1 및 64.3:35.7로 낮아졌으며, 다른 구에서는 저장 4주째부터 산화가 진행되었다. 과산화물가와 카아보닐가의 변화에서도 $1.0\%$ 및 $2.5\%$ CLA 급이구가 산화에 가장 안정한 것으로 나타났다.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.75-90
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• 2003

When we think of fundamental problems of the aquaculture industry, there are several strict conditions, and consequently the aquaculture industry is forced to change. Fish aquaculture has a structural supply surplus in production, aggravation of fishing grounds, stagnant low price due to recent recession, and drastic change of distribution circumstances. It is requested for us to initiate discussion on such issue as “how fish aquaculture establishes its status in the coastal fishery\ulcorner, will fish aquaculture grow in the future\ulcorner, and if so “how it will be restructured\ulcorner” The above issues can be observed in the mariculture of yellow tail, sea scallop and eel. But there have not been studied concerning seabream even though the production is over 30% of the total production of fish aquaculture in resent and it occupied an important status in the fish aquaculture. The objectives of this study is to forecast the future movement of sea bream aquaculture. The first goal of the study is to contribute to managerial and economic studies on the aquaculture industry. The second goal is to identify the factors influencing the competition between production areas and to identify the mechanisms involved. This study will examine the competitive power in individual producing area, its behavior, and its compulsory factors based on case study. Producing areas will be categorized according to following parameters : distance to market and availability of transportation, natural environment, the time of formation of producing areas (leaderㆍfollower), major production items, scale of business and producing areas, degree of organization in production and sales. As a factor in shaping the production area of sea bream aquaculture, natural conditions especially the water temperature is very important. Sea bream shows more active feeding and faster growth in areas located where the water temperature does not go below 13∼14$^{\circ}C$ during the winter. Also fish aquaculture is constrained by the transporting distance. Aquacultured yellowtail is a mass-produced and a mass-distributed item. It is sold a unit of cage and transported by ship. On the other hand, sea bream is sold in small amount in markets and transported by truck; so, the transportation cost is higher than yellow tail. Aquacultured sea bream has different product characteristics due to transport distance. We need to study live fish and fresh fish markets separately. Live fish was the original product form of aquacultured sea bream. Transportation of live fish has more constraints than the transportation of fresh fish. Death rate and distance are highly correlated. In addition, loading capacity of live fish is less than fresh fish. In the case of a 10 ton truck, live fish can only be loaded up to 1.5 tons. But, fresh fish which can be placed in a box can be loaded up to 5 to 6 tons. Because of this characteristics, live fish requires closer location to consumption area than fresh fish. In the consumption markets, the size of fresh fish is mainly 0.8 to 2kg.Live fish usually goes through auction, and quality is graded. Main purchaser comes from many small-sized restaurants, so a relatively small farmer and distributer can sell it. Aquacultured sea bream has been transacted as a fresh fish in GMS ,since 1993 when the price plummeted. Economies of scale works in case of fresh fish. The characteristics of fresh fish is as follows : As a large scale demander, General Merchandise Stores are the main purchasers of sea bream and the size of the fish is around 1.3kg. It mainly goes through negotiation. Aquacultured sea bream has been established as a representative food in General Merchandise Stores. GMS require stable and mass supply, consistent size, and low price. And Distribution of fresh fish is undertook by the large scale distributers, which can satisfy requirements of GMS. The market share in Tokyo Central Wholesale Market shows Mie Pref. is dominating in live fish. And Ehime Pref. is dominating in fresh fish. Ehime Pref. showed remarkable growth in 1990s. At present, the dealings of live fish is decreasing. However, the dealings of fresh fish is increasing in Tokyo Central Wholesale Market. The price of live fish is decreasing more than one of fresh fish. Even though Ehime Pref. has an ideal natural environment for sea bream aquaculture, its entry into sea bream aquaculture was late, because it was located at a further distance to consumers than the competing producing areas. However, Ehime Pref. became the number one producing areas through the sales of fresh fish in the 1990s. The production volume is almost 3 times the production volume of Mie Pref. which is the number two production area. More conversion from yellow tail aquaculture to sea bream aquaculture is taking place in Ehime Pref., because Kagosima Pref. has a better natural environment for yellow tail aquaculture. Transportation is worse than Mie Pref., but this region as a far-flung producing area makes up by increasing the business scale. Ehime Pref. increases the market share for fresh fish by creating demand from GMS. Ehime Pref. has developed market strategies such as a quick return at a small profit, a stable and mass supply and standardization in size. Ehime Pref. increases the market power by the capital of a large scale commission agent. Secondly Mie Pref. is close to markets and composed of small scale farmers. Mie Pref. switched to sea bream aquaculture early, because of the price decrease in aquacultured yellou tail and natural environmental problems. Mie Pref. had not changed until 1993 when the price of the sea bream plummeted. Because it had better natural environment and transportation. Mie Pref. has a suitable water temperature range required for sea bream aquaculture. However, the price of live sea bream continued to decline due to excessive production and economic recession. As a consequence, small scale farmers are faced with a market price below the average production cost in 1993. In such kind of situation, the small-sized and inefficient manager in Mie Pref. was obliged to withdraw from sea bream aquaculture. Kumamoto Pref. is located further from market sites and has an unsuitable nature environmental condition required for sea bream aquaculture. Although Kumamoto Pref. is trying to convert to the puffer fish aquaculture which requires different rearing techniques, aquaculture technique for puffer fish is not established yet.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.81-91
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• 2016

본 연구는 향후 송추이주사업으로 인한 수생태계 회복의 효과에 대한 검증을 위하여 사업 전 송추계곡의 상류부터 하류 구간을 대상으로 저서성 대형무척추동물의 정밀 모니터링을 실시하여 송추이주사업 이전의 수생태계 현황 자료를 구축하고자 한다. 현지조사는 2012년 11월부터 2013년 8월까지 총 3회에 걸쳐 조사를 실시하였으며, 조사구간은 대조구간(St. 1), 이주구간(St. 2, 3), 하류구간(St. 4)의 총 4개 지점을 선정하였다. 저서성 대형무척추동물은 총 4문 5강 9목 32과 62종 3,805개체가 출현하였다. 군집분석결과 대조구간에서 우점도 0.52(${\pm}0.16$), 다양도 1.95(${\pm}0.44$), 균등도 0.81(${\pm}0.04$), 풍부도 2.25(${\pm}0.85$)로 나타나 상대적으로 가장 안정된 군집구조를 유지하는 것으로 분석되었다. 출현 종수와 개체수의 EPT-비율은 대조구간에서 각각 67.60(${\pm}5.66$)%, 66.30(${\pm}2.06$)%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 하류구간으로 갈수록 감소하는 것으로 분석되었다. 기능군분석 결과 섭식기능군은 하류구간으로 갈수록 shredders의 비율은 감소하고 gathering-collectors와 filtering-collectors의 비율은 증가하였으며, 서식기능군은 하류구간으로 갈수록 sprawlers의 비율은 감소하고 burrows의 비율은 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 하천오수생물지수(KSI)를 분석한 결과 대조구간은 평균 0.75(${\pm}0.10$)로 A등급으로 나타났으며, 하류구간으로 갈수록 평균 지수값이 증가해 B등급으로 하락하는 것으로 평가되었다.