• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.30-35
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the protein requirement for maintenance of 2-year-old female Korean spotted deer. In the course of the experiment, each of three hand-reared female spotted deer was fed three diets that were iso-calorically formulated to contain low (approximately 7%), medium (12%), and high (17%) levels of crude protein (CP). Each of six trials included a 5-day transition, a 10-day preliminary, and a 7-day collection period. Dietary protein levels affected the apparent digestibility of CP (p<0.05) but not the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, or acid detergent fiber. All of the deer showed a positive CP balance on all of the diets. The maintenance CP requirement estimated by regression analysis was 4.17 g/kg metabolic body weight $(W^{0.75}){\cdot}d$. The maintenance digestible CP requirement was 1.42 g/kg $W^{0.75}{\cdot}d$. The metabolic fecal CP was 1.95 g/kg $W^{0.75}{\cdot}d$. The blood urea nitrogen of spotted deer increased (p<0.05) as the dietary protein levels increased.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.702-705
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• 2003

Forest by-product silage (FPS) comprised of foliage, shrubs, and wild grasses was prepared to examine feeding value as sole roughage source for spotted (sika) deer. This diet was compared with imported oak leaf hay (OLH) and a commercial mixed ration (CMR) in digestion balance trials with spotted deer. Dry matter intake was highest (p<0.05) on the OLH, whereas intakes of the FPS and CMR were similar (p>0.05). Digestibility of dry matter was highest (p<0.05) for CMR. Digestibility of crude protein was highest in CMR and lowest in OLH and there were significant differences (p<0.05) among diets. Average daily gain, digestible dry matter intake and digestibility of crude fiber did not differ significantly among diets. Nitrogen intake, urinary and digestible nitrogen were highest (p<0.05) in CMR. However, nitrogen retention was not significantly different. Consequently, FPS is a good roughage source for deer having high digestibility, dry matter intake and availability of nitrogen.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.1737-1741
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to provide basic information to allow improved nutritional management for velvet production by investigating the effects of dietary protein levels on dry matter intake and production and chemical composition of velvet antler in spotted deer (Cervus nippon). Twenty-four spotted deer stags were assigned to 4 unreplicated groups, Control (15% CP in diet, higher dry matter), CP10 (10% CP), CP15 (15% CP) and CP20 (20% CP). The velvet antlers were harvested from each stag on the 55th day after casting of the buttons from the previous set, measured for their size and weight, and the chemical composition of each antler was determined in three sections (top, middle, and base). Dry matter (DMI) and crude protein (CPI) intake were highest (p<0.05) for the Control and increased progressively (p<0.05) with increasing dietary protein level. Although not significant, mean length and girth of the main antler beam tended to be larger in either left or right beam with increasing protein level in the diet, longest in CP20 and shortest in CP10. Velvet antler production was lowest in CP10 and highest in CP20, which differed significantly (p<0.05). Only negligible differences were found between groups in chemical composition. It is concluded that dietary protein clearly influenced dry matter intake and velvet antler production, whereas there was comparatively little effect of dietary protein on chemical composition of antler in spotted deer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1298-1304
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to provide basic haematological information to allow improved nutritional management for velvet production in spotted deer (Cervus nippon) by investigating biochemical changes in blood values during the antler growth period. Blood samples, obtained from the jugular vein of twenty-five deer, were taken every 10 days from casting (day 0) to harvesting (day 50) of velvet antler. Negligible changes were found in the concentrations of total protein, albumin, and creatinine during the antler growth period, but there were significant changes in the concentrations of urea (p<0.05) and uric acid (p<0.01). The concentration of triglyceride was significantly higher (p<0.05) during the antler growth period compared to casting time, while serum high-density lipoprotein concentrations were low and remained unchanged during the antler growth period. Serum glucose concentration increased (p<0.05) significantly and was slightly changeable during antler growth. The serum concentrations of Ca and P did not fluctuate during antler growth, while those of Na, K and Cl showed slight differences between the time of casting and the rest of the antler growth period. No significant changes in concentrations of AST, ALT, amylase, CK, GGT and LDH were detected during the antler growth period. However, the concentration of ALK-P increased during antler growth reaching its peak on day 50 after casting. We found a significant difference in the concentration of ALK-P between the time of casting and the rest of the antler growth period (p<0.01). Consequently, antler growth was associated with mild changes in measured serum biochemical values with the exception of ALK-P activity in spotted deer.

• 생약학회지
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• 제34권3호통권134호
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• pp.263-268
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• 2003

This study was carried out to evaluate the change of blood constituents during the growth of antlers in Korean spotted deer (Cervus nippon). Samples of blood, obtained from the jugular vein of twenty five deer (3 to 6 year-old males) were taken in 10 days interval from casting to cutting of antler and were analyzed the blood parameters. Total-protein concentration in blood serum showed significantly differences during growth period of velvet antler (p<0.01), and it had similar tendency for total protein and albumin concentration, but albumin concentration was about 40-45% of total protein concentration. Urea and creatinine concentration was tended to inverse proportion, and it was almost 30:1 for ratio of urea and creatinine concentration. The concentration of total protein, creatinine, and uric acid concentration in blood during growth period of velvet antler was similarly increased and decreased but urea concentration was opposed. The concentration of total-bilirubin and direct-bilirubin at casting was higher than those at other period(P<0.05).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.1031-1038
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• 2003

본 연구는 축사 내에서 집약적으로 사육되고 있는 꽃사슴의 녹용 성장기간 중의 혈액성분변화와 녹용성장과의 관련성 해석을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행하였다. 녹용성장기간 중 혈액성분의 변화를 측정하기 위하여 우리 내에서 사육 중인 4${\sim}$6년 생 꽃사슴 웅록 25두를 무작위로 선별하여, 낙각 직후부터 10일 간격으로 절각일(50일)까지 혈액을 채취하여 미네랄과 효소 활성치를 측정하였다. 칼슘과 인의 농도는 녹용성장기간 중 커다란 변동이 없었으며 나트륨, 칼륨, 염소의 농도는 낙각 직후와 녹용성장에 따른 경시적인 유의차가 나타났다. AST, ALT, amylase, CK, GGT 및 LDH의 농도는 낙각 직후와 녹용성장에 따른 유의차는 인정되지 않았으나, ALK-P의 농도는 녹용성장이 진행되면서 계속 증가하여 낙각 후 50일 경에는 최고치를 나타내어 낙각시의 농도와 유의차가 나타났으며(p〈0.01), CK와 LDH의 활성은 다른 동물들보다 높게 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.347-355
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• 1994

Thirty farmers, representing three major deer counties in Kyung-Kee province and 50 farmers scattered in Chung-Buk province were interviewed to determine the current status of the Korean deer industry. Items surveyed were general information, farmed deer breeds. farm facilities, feeding and nutrition, hygiene and disorder incidence, velvetting, income sources, products and their sale, management problems and herd size control. The 888 deer farmed in Kyung-Kee province included spotted deer (Cervus nippon. 69.4%), red deer (Cervus elaphus, 6.1%), wapiti (Cervus elaphus canadensis, 12.2%), spotted $\times$ red deer hybrids (6.2%), red deer $\times$ wapiti hybrids (4.6%). and fallow deer (Dama dama, 1.5%). Poor information on feeding was evidenced by wide variation among farms of daily feed supply and ratios of forage to concentrate, and poor nutritional considerations according to physiological status of deer. Hygiene needed more attention. The incidence of diseases and disorders was high: enteritis (73.3% in Kyung-Kee province), fractures (60.0%), and dystocia (56.7%). The major source of farm income was velvet antler and its blood. To improve productive efficiency, attention should be given to improving farm facilities, simplified product marketing, developing standard feeding system, and economic grazing system.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.429-438
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• 2005

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of feeding CLA and coumarin on the changes of biochemical composition of velvet antler and blood serum in spotted deer (Cervus nippon). There were no significant differences between treatments in crude protein, crude fiber, and crude ash contents of velvet antler. The content of fatty acid did not differ between treatments, although there were significant differences (P<0.05) in C16:0 and C20:0. The content of collagen was significantly higher (P<0.05) in control than those in CLA and coumarin treatments. There were no significant differences between treatments in the contents of amino acids. Some constituents of blood showed much differences in comparison of pre and post-experiment for all treatments. Feeding of CLA and coumarin was not influential on the chemical composition of velvet antler and blood serum.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.1394-1398
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• 2000

This experiment was carried out to examine the seasonal changes in feed intake and feeding behavior in Korean spotted deer under farmed condition to obtain basic information for efficient feeding management. The seasonal daily gain was the highest (p<0.05) in summer and the lowest (p<0.05) in winter. Dry matter intake (DMI) was the highest (p<0.05) in spring (2,685 g/day) and the lowest in winter (1,929 g/day). Intake of roughage in the DMI was the greatest in spring and that in winter was significantly lower (p<0.05) than in spring. Also DMI, expressed in terms of metabolic body weight ($kgW^{0.75}$), was 85.5 g, 70.6 g, 70.9 g and 65.1 g for spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively, and thus was the highest in spring and the lowest in winter (p<0.05). Deer exhibited similar eating patterns, comparatively short and frequent periods, in all seasons. They showed comparatively intensive patterns of rumination during midnight for autumn and winter and relatively continuous patterns of chewing activity during spring and summer. There were no significant differences in seasonal eating time and ruminating time. However, exercise time was the greatest for winter and the lowest for summer and there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between summer and winter. Although not significant, eating time per 100 gDM ingested tended to be short in spring and summer and long in autumn and winter. Ruminating time per 100 gDM ingested was the shortest (p<0.05) in spring compared with in other seasons. The conclusion can be drawn that since deer have seasonal differences in feed intake and feeding habits, it is necessary to establish and develop an efficient feeding system for deer.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.79-86
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• 2003

본 실험은 기존 사슴사료에 있어서 육계분 발효사료의 대체 가능성을 검토하기 위해 숫사슴에 있어서 육계분 발효사료의 첨가수준을 0, 15, 및 30%로 달리하여 소화율, 증체량, 건물채식량 및 질소출납에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 모든 처리구에서 실험사슴들은 비슷한 수준의 채식량을 나타내어 건물기준으로 체중의 약 3% 정도의 채식량을 기록하고 있어 육계분 발효사료를 30%까지 첨가한 경우 숫사슴의 채식 기호도에는 부정적인 영향이 나타나지 않는 것으로 판단되었다. 건물소화율은 Control이 76.5%로 가장 높았고, T2가 70.3%로 가장 낮아 유의성(P<0.05)이 인정되었다. 조단백질의 경우도 Control구가 75.8%로 가장 높은 소화율을 나타냈으며, T2가 70.2%로 가장 낮은 소화율을 나타내어 처리간에 유의성(P<0.05)이 인정되었다. 조섬유 소화율은 Control구 70.8.%, T1구 62.7%, T2구 56.0%로 육계분 발효사료의 첨가수준이 높아짐에 따라 조섬유 소화율이 저하되어 Control구와의 사이에 유의성(P<0.05)이 인정되었다. 건물 및 가소화 건물섭취량 모두 육계분 발효사료의 첨가수준이 높아질수록 약간씩 저하되는 경향은 있었으나 그 차이에 대한 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 실험사슴들의 일당 증체량은 T1구에서 가장 높았으며 Con- trol구에서 가장 낮았으나 처리간의 차이는 유의성이 인정되지 않았다. 질소섭취량은 T1구가 40.2g으로 가장 많았으며 T2구가 38.0g으로 가장 낮았으나 처리간의 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 분 중 질소의 양은 T2구에서 가장 높았으며 뇨 중 질소의 양은 Control구가 가장 높았다(P<0.05). 체내 질소 축적량은 T1구에서 가장 높았으나 나머지 처리구들과 비슷한 수준을 유지했다.