• 운동영양학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.15-23
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• 2020

[Purpose] Lactate is a principal energy substrate for the brain during exercise. A single bout of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) can increase the blood lactate level, brain lactate uptake, and executive function (EF). However, repeated HIIE can attenuate exercise-induced increases in lactate level and EF. The lactate levels in the brain and blood are reported to be correlated with exercise-enhanced EF. However, research is yet to explain the cause-and-effect relationship between lactate and EF. This study examined whether lactate consumption improves the attenuated exercise-enhanced EF caused by repeated HIIE. [Methods] Eleven healthy men performed two sets of HIIE, and after each set, 30 min were given for rest and examination. In the 2^nd set, the subjects consumed experimental beverages containing (n = 6) and not containing (n = 5) lactate. Blood, cardiovascular, and psychological variables were measured, and EF was evaluated by the computerized color-word Stroop test. [Results] The lactate group had a higher EF (P < 0.05) and tended to have a higher blood lactate level (P = 0.082) than the control group in the 2^nd set of HIIE. Moreover, blood lactate concentration was correlated with the interference score (i.e., reverse score of EF) (r = -0.394; P < 0.05). [Conclusion] Our results suggest that the attenuated exercise-enhanced EF after repeated HIIE can be improved through lactate consumption. However, the role of lactate needs to be elucidated in future studies, as it can be used for improving athletes' performance and also in cognitive decline-related clinical studies.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.73-84
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• 2012

Thyroid hormones are important for the development of the brain including the cerebellum. In the present study, we investigated the effect of treadmill exercise on the survival of Purkinje neurons and the activation of astrocytes in the cerebellar vermis of hypothyroidism-induced rat pups. On the day of perinatal 14, pregnant rats were divided into two groups (n = 5 in each group): the pregnant control group and the pregnantmethimazole (MMI)-treated group. For the induction of hypothyroidism in the rat pups, MMI was added to the drinking water (0.02% wt/vol), from the day of perinatal 14 to postnatal 49. After delivery, male rat pups born from the pregnant control group were assigned to the control group. Male rat pups born from the MMI-treated group were divided into the hypothyroidism-induction group, the hypothyroidism-induction with treadmill exercise group, and the hypothyroidism-induction with thyroxine (T4) treatment group (n = 10 in each group). The rat pups in the exercise group were forced to run on a treadmill for 30 min once a day for 4 weeks, starting on postnatal day 22. In the hypothyroidism-induced rat pups, motor coordination was reduced and Purkinje cell death and reactive astrocytes in the cerebellar vermis were increased. Treadmill exercise enhanced motor coordination, increased the survival of Purkinje neurons, down-regulated reactive astrocytes, and enhanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and receptor tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) expressions in the hypothyroidism-induced rat pups. These results suggest that treadmill exercise has beneficial effects in terms of protecting against thyroid dysfunction by increasing T3 and T4 and the related protein, BDNF, as well as TrkB, inhibition on astrocyte activation and the reduction of Purkinje cell loss regarding the cerebellum in hypothyroidism rat pups.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.101-111
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• 2012

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether taurine supplementation in combination with fructose improves both energy metabolism and exercise capacity. Eight collegiate female subjects were recruited for the study. Each subject went through threecross-over designs: control(fluid), fructose, and taurine plus fructose supplementation trials. Subjects received taurine supplementation 100 mg/kg a day for two weeks. After the supplementation, all subjects take 10% fructose at 15 min prior to exercise, immediately before exercise, and every 15 min during exercise. Subjects received 150 ml fluid as placebo during the same procedure. The subjects performed submaximal exercise at the exercise intensity of 60% for 45 min and then 80% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max) until exhaustion time. A 10ml blood sample was taken for measuring the level of glucose, ammonia, lactate, free fatty acids, and insulin every 15 min during exercise at 60% of VO_2max. The blood glucose levels was significantly higher at 45 min and 50 min exercise after supplementation of fructose, and immediately before exercise and 50 min exercise after taurine plus fructose compared to the placebo trial. However, the values tended to be lower in taurine plus fructose supplementation compared to the fructose trial. The levels of both lactate and ammonia were significantly lower compared to the placebo, while the exhaustion time was significantly increased. The level of free-fatty acids was significantly lower at 30, 45, and 50 min after fructoseand fructose plus taurine supplementation compared to the placebo trial. The level of glucagon was significantly lower at 15, 30, 45, and 50 min after fructose and fructose plus taurine supplementation compared to the placebo trial. There was no differences in insulin concentration among three treatments. This thesis concludes that combined taurine and fructose supplementation prior to exercise may improve exercise tolerance time and energy metabolism, lowering the muscle fatigue factors such as lactate and ammonia.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.115-122
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• 2009

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common cause of stroke, and it occurs mainly in the striatum, thalamus, cerebellum, and pons. Physical exercise is known to ameliorate neurologic impairment induced by various brain insults. In the present study, the influence of pre-and post-conditioning of treadmill exercise on spatial learning ability, the lesion volume, and apoptotic neuronal cell death in the striatum following ICH in rats was investigated. ICH in the striatum was induced by injection of collagenase using strereotaxic instrument. The rats in the pre-exercise group were scheduled to run on a treadmill before ICH induction for 2 consecutive weeks. The rats in the post-exercise group were scheduled to run on a treadmill after ICH induction for 2 weeks. The rats in the pre-exercise and post-exercise group were scheduled to run on a preconditioning treadmill exercise 2 weeks before ICH induction until postconditioning treadmill exercise 2 weeks after ICH induction, except the day of surgery. For this study, radial arm maze task, Nissl staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 were performed. Our date showed that treadmill exercise suppressed the ICH-induced apoptotic neuronal cell death and decreased lesion volume in the stratum. Treadmill exercise also alleviated the ICH-induced impairment of spatial learning ability. Preconditioning treadmill exercise before the ICH insult and postconditioning treadmill exercise after the ICH insult showed similar effectiveness on the recovery of ICH. In this study, however, preconditioning exercise before the ICH insult and postconditioning exercise after the ICH insult showed the most potent effectiveness on the recovery of ICH.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.22-28
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• 2019

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of diet plus exercise training and detraining for 12 weeks on body composition, aerobic performance, and stress-related variables in obese women. [Methods] Twenty-five women in their 20s-40s with 30% body fat and body mass indices above 25 kg/m² were divided into HR_LT (heart rate at lactate threshold) and HR_LT + 5% groups. Dietary intervention of 70% recommended dietary allowance (RDA) and exercise treatment composed of aerobic exercises on a bicycle (30 min) and treadmill (30 min) were then performed. These interventions were performed three times a week for 12 weeks. [Results] Dietary intake was significantly decreased, while daily activity significantly increased within the 12-week intervention period, and this effect was sustained after 12 weeks of detraining. Exercise training based on dietary intake and daily activity presented a significantly decreased weight and % body fat, improvement of aerobic performance, and a significant increase in heart rate variability (HRV) (e.g., average of all RR intervals and the square root mean squared differences of successive RR intervals) as stress-related variables. It was also confirmed that the improvement of body composition and stress-related variables were maintained even after detraining. [Conclusion] Our results suggest that 70% RDA of dietary intervention and exercise training corresponding to HR_LT and HR_LT + 5% for 12 weeks were effective in improving body composition and aerobic performance, and relieving stress. In particular, enhanced HRV persisted for up to 12 weeks after the end of exercise training in obese women.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.147-153
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• 2009

Effect of whole body vibration exercise on intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Intracerebral hemorrhage is one of the most devastating types of stroke. This disease is known to cause severe neurological damage and also has a very high mortality rate. In the present study, the effects of whole body vibration exercise on memory capability and apoptotic neuronal cell death in the hippocampal CA1 region following intracerebral hemorrhage in rats were investigated. Intracerebral hemorrhage was induced by injection of collagenase into the hippocampal CA1 region using a stereotaxic instrument. The rats were divided into 5 groups: the sham-operation group, the hemorrhage-induction group, the hemorrhage-induction and 8 Hz vibration exercise group, the hemorrhage-induction and 16 Hz vibration exercise group, and the hemorrhage-induction and 24 Hz vibration exercise group. The animals in the whole body vibration exercise groups received whole body vibration at 8 Hz, 16 Hz, and 24 Hz, respectively for 30 min once a day during 14 consecutive days. In the present results, the apoptotic neuronal cell death in the hippocampal CA1 region was significantly increased following induction of intracerebral hemorrhage, resulting in memory impairment. Whole body vibration exercise suppressed hemorrhage-induced apoptosis in the hippocampal CA1 region. This suppressive effect of whole body vibration exercise also alleviated hemorrhage-induced memory impairment. Here in this study, we have shown that whole body vibration exercise inhibited intracerebral hemorrhage-induced apoptotic neuronal cell death and thus facilitated recovery of brain function following intracerebral hemorrhage.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.35-42
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of gene expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue on acute exhaustive exercise. Thirty-five Sparague Dawley male rats were divided into a control group (CON, n = 7) and a exhaustive exercise group (n = 28), immediately after exhaustive exercise group (n = 7), after 30 minutes exhaustive exercise group (n = 7), after 60 minutes exhaustive exercise group (n = 7), after 180 minutes exhaustive exercise group (n = 7). As a result, changes in the composition of the blood serum triglyceride concentration increased significantly in immediately after exhaustive exercise group, On the contrary, blood glucose showed a significantly decreased (p < .05). Homeostasis of energy metabolism due to exhaustive exercise as a result of the mechanism of action of skeletal muscle in the glycogenolysis and absorption, which indicates that the process of means. On the other hand, a result of examining changes in endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, JNK1 except in skeletal muscle BiP, ATF4, CHOP, GRP78 mRNA increased significantly immediately after exercise, and after 30 minutes returned to normal levels that could be confirmed (p < .05). BiP mRNA in adipose tissue show a similar pattern and skeletal muscle increased significantly immediately after exercise, but other changes in the specificity of the endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins also did not appear. In conclusion, Exercise applies and exercise training duration and exercise intensity as well as research on the interaction of the endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes should be study continuously, to be more clear.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.1340-1349
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• 2023

Despite its profound impact on athletic performance, the significance of heart rate recovery (HRR) has been insufficiently addressed in the filed of sports science, particularly in the context of weightlifting characterized by brief and intense exertions involving heavy weights. Serving as a valuable indicator of autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular function, HRR assumes a pivotal role in weightlifting. This comprehensive review aims to delineate the specific demands for HRR in weightlifting, shedding light on the often overlooked cardiovascular considerations within training regimes focused on strength and power. The investigation scrutinizes the repercussions of HRR on weightlifting performance, seeking to elucidate how inadequate recovery intervals may result in physiological and psychological consequences. These consequences encompass a distorted perception of effort, disruption of coordination, compromised posture due to irregular breathing, and an overall decline in lifting capacity. The review systematically presents compelling evidence pertaining to heart rate response and recovery patterns during weightlifting, underscoring the critical importance of well-structured rest periods. Furthermore, the review delves into a comprehensive discussion of factors influencing HRR in weightlifting, encompassing variables such as sex, age, cardiovascular function, hydration, nutrition, and psychological aspects. Finally, a key emphasis is placed on the integration of effective HRR techniques into the training regimens of weightlifters, thereby ensuring sustained and optimized performance outcomes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.580-589
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• 2018

본 연구는 라오스 비엔티안 지역 일부 청소년을 대상으로 식품 불안정 상태를 파악하고, 이에 따른 식행동 및 가공 음료 섭취를 비교하고자 진행되었다. 미국 농무부에서 개발한 식품 안정 조사 모듈을 통해 조사한 결과, 전체 714명의 대상자 중 519명, 즉 72.7%가 식품 불안정 상태로 나타났다. 식품 안정군 (Food Security, FS)이 식품 불안정군 (Food Insecurity, FI)에 비해 '삶에 대한 만족도', '부모의 교육 수준', '가정 내 소유하고 있는 물품의 수'가 더 높았고 '형제자매 수'는 더 적었던 것을 통해 식품 불안정이 낮은 사회 경제적 상태 (socioeconomic status, SES)와 유의한 관계가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. FI군보다 FS군의 가공 음료 섭취 및 점심 식사를 밖에서 사 먹는 비율이 유의적으로 더 높게 나타난 것 역시 FI군의 낮은 SES가 반영된 결과라고 생각할 수 있다. 본 연구에서 가장 주목할 만한 결과는 FS군이 FI군에 비해 '아침 식사 섭취 빈도' 및 '스스로 평가한 식사의 질', '간이 식생활 진단'을 통해 평가한 결과의 총점이 더 높게 나타났으나, '식품 안정'에서 높은 수준의 가공 음료 섭취 가능성 또한 1.544배 증가하였다는 것이다. 이는 낮은 식사의 질이 단지 식품 불안정에 따른 문제가 아님을 의미하므로, 라오스 청소년을 대상으로 한 체계적인 영양 교육 및 정책 마련은 추후 빠르게 진행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.63-79
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• 2021

본 연구는 2007~2015 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 중학생(만 12~14세, 남녀 2,543명)의 가당음료 섭취량 변화 추이를 파악하고 가당음료 섭취 수준에 따른 영양상태를 파악하여 청소년을 위한 식생활교육의 기초자료로 제공하고자 실시하였다. 연도별 음료 섭취량의 변화 추이, 전체 기간을 통합하여 가당음료 섭취 수준에 따른 영양소 섭취량, 영양소 섭취 적정도 및 영양불량의 차이를 다중회귀분석이나 𝛘²-test로 검증하였다. 가공 과정에 당류를 넣는 탄산음료(콜라, 사이다, 기타 탄산음료 포함), 스포츠음료, 카페인음료(커피, 에너지음료, 홍차, 코코아류)를 합하여 가당음료로 분류하였다. 24시간 회상법으로 1일간 실시한 1일 가당음료(sugar-sweetened beverage, SSB) 섭취량에 따라 대상자를 가당음료 1군(SSB 1, 가당음료 섭취량 0 g/d), 가당음료 2군(SSB 2, 0 g/d < 가당음료 섭취량 < 50 백분위수), 가당음료 3군(SSB 3, 가당음료 섭취량 ≥ 50 백분위수)으로 3구분하였다. 연구 결과, 1일 가당음료 섭취량은 남자 76.1±6.2 g/d, 여자 59.5±4.7 g/d으로 남자가 여자보다 많았다. 1일 가당음료 섭취량 분포는 섭취자만 대상으로 했을 때 남녀에서 10 백분위수가 7.3~9.0 g/d, 99 백분위수가 1,052~1,078 g/d으로 나타나 차이가 컸다. 음료 종류별 섭취량은 남녀 모두 탄산음료 섭취량이 가장 많았다. 연도에 따라서 남자(p=0.0004)와 여자(p=0.0038)의 가당음료 섭취량이 증가하는 추세이었다. 2007년 대비 2015년의 가당음료 섭취량 증가폭은 남자는 2.5배, 여자는 1.5배 증가하여 가당음료 섭취량이 빠르게 증가하고 있었다. 가당음료 섭취 수준에 따라 남녀에서 가당음료 3군으로 갈수록 에너지, 철 섭취량의 섭취기준에 의한 비율은 유의적으로 증가하였으나, 칼슘, 비타민 C 섭취량의 섭취기준에 대한 비율은 유의적으로 감소하였다. 그리고 가당음료 1군~가당음료 3군에서 1일 칼슘 섭취량의 권장섭취량에 대한 비율은 남자 47.7~54.8%, 여자 50.5~56.4%로 매우 낮았으며, 1일 나트륨 섭취량은 충분섭취량에 대해 남자 276.9~295.5%, 여자 231.0~257.1% 수준으로 과다하였고 나머지 영양소는 섭취기준에 근접하거나 이상으로 섭취하고 있어 양호하였다. 영양섭취부족자 비율은 남녀에서 모두 가당음료 섭취 수준에 따른 차이가 없었으며, 가당음료 1군~가당음료 3군에서 남녀 전체에 대해 10% 정도이었다. 에너지/지방과잉섭취자 비율은 남자(p=0.0091)와 여자(p<0.0001)에서 모두 가당음료 3군으로 갈수록 유의적으로 증가하였다. 가당음료 섭취 수준에 따라 남녀에서 나트륨 목표섭취량 이상 섭취자 비율은 차이가 없었으나 78.8~93.1%로 매우 높았다. 칼슘부족섭취자 비율은 남녀에서 86.8~94.9%로 높았다. 이상에서 2007~2015의 9년치 국민건강영양조사로 분석했을 때 만 12~14세 중학생 남녀에서 가당음료 섭취량이 연도별로 증가하는 추세이었으며, 가당음료 섭취 수준이 높을수록 에너지, 철 섭취량의 섭취기준에 의한 비율이 증가하였고 칼슘, 비타민 C 섭취량의 섭취기준에 대한 비율이 감소하였고 에너지/지방과잉섭취자 비율이 높아졌다. 그리고 전체 대상자에서 칼슘 섭취가 매우 부족하였으며 나트륨 섭취가 과다하였다. 따라서 중학생의 영양상태 향상을 위해 가당음료 섭취를 줄이고 수분은 순수한 물로 마시도록 하며 칼슘 섭취를 위해 우유 마시기를 생활화하고 덜 짜게 먹도록 노력할 필요가 있으며 이를 위한 실천과 식생활교육 및 제도적 지원이 강화되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.