• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2018

In the water-filling and preloading test, the sensing cables were installed on the surface of steel spiral case and in the surrounding concrete to monitor the strain distribution of several cross-sections by using Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis (BOTDA), a kind of distributed optical fiber sensing (DOFS) technology. The average hoop strain of the spiral case was about $330{\mu}{\varepsilon}$ and $590{\mu}{\varepsilon}$ when the water-filling pressure in the spiral case was 2.6 MPa and 4.1 MPa. The difference between the measured and the calculated strain was only about $50{\mu}{\varepsilon}$. It was the first time that the stress adjustment of the spiral case was monitored by the sensing cable when the pressure was increased to 1 MPa and the residual strain of $20{\mu}{\varepsilon}$ was obtained after preloading. Meanwhile, the shrinkage of $70{\sim}100{\mu}{\varepsilon}$ of the surrounding concrete was effectively monitored during the depressurization. It is estimated that the width of the gap between the steel spiral case and the surrounding concrete was 0.51 ~ 0.75 mm. BOTDA based distributed optical fiber sensing technology can obtain continuous strain of the structure and it is more reliable than traditional point sensor. The strain distribution obtained by BOTDA provides strong support for the design and optimization of the spiral case structure.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.683-699
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• 2015

Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) has been extensively applied for various laboratory and field studies. Numerous different TDR probes are currently available for measuring soil moisture content and detecting interfaces (i.e., due to landslides or structural failure). This paper describes the development of an innovative spiral-shaped TDR probe that features much higher sensitivity and resolution in detecting interfaces than existing ones. Finite element method (FEM) simulations were conducted to assist the optimization of sensor design. The influence of factors such as wire interval spacing and wire diameter on the sensitivity of the spiral TDR probe were analyzed. A spiral TDR probe was fabricated based on the results of computer-assisted design. A laboratory experimental program was implemented to evaluate its performance. The results show that the spiral TDR sensor featured excellent performance in accurately detecting thin water level variations with high resolution, to the thickness as small as 0.06 cm. Compared with conventional straight TDR probe, the spiral TDR probe has 8 times the resolution in detecting the water level changes. It also achieved 3 times the sensitivity of straight TDR probe.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2012.11a
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• pp.171-172
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• 2012

In this study the continuous rectangular spiral hoop is used for saving cost and time, solving manpower shortage, and the quality of structures. Generally the use of continuous spiral reinforcement in reinforced concrete elements improve the strength and the ductility of the concrete. Savings in cost and time is demonstrated with the continuous rectangular spiral hoop through the mock up test of beam and column elements. In case of a 4m column element the time of rebar work decreases up to 40% compared with traditional hoop, and in case of a 8m beam the time also decreases 40%. This study present the construction method and details.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.73-93
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• 2012

With an active structural involvement in spiral case structure (SCS) that is always the design and research focus of hydroelectric power plant (HPP), the compressible membrane sandwiched between steel spiral case and surrounding reinforced concrete was often assumed to be linear elastic material in conventional design analysis of SCS. Unfortunately considerable previous studies have proved that the foam material serving as membrane exhibits essentially nonlinear mechanical behavior. In order to clarify the effect of membrane (foam) material's nonlinear stress-strain behavior on SCS, this work performed a case study on SCS with a compressible membrane using the ABAQUS code after a sound calibration of the employed constitutive model describing foam material. In view of the successful capture of fitted stress-strain curve of test by the FEM program, we recommend an application and dissemination of the simulation technique employed in this work for membrane material description to structural designers of SCS. Even more important, the case study argues that taking into account the nonlinear stress-strain response of membrane material in loading process is definitely essential. However, we hold it unnecessary to consider the membrane material's hysteresis and additionally, employment of nonlinear elastic model for membrane material description is adequate to the structural design of SCS. Understanding and accepting these concepts will help to analyze and predict the structural performance of SCS more accurately in design effort.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.555-560
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• 2014

This paper presents a microparticle separator using a spiral microchannel. A particle separator based on the dean vortex was designed, fabricated, and characterized. Two different spiral microchannels were fabricated. Width and initial radius of rotation in the spiral microchannel were fixed to $300{\mu}m$ and 1.75 mm, respectively. Two different depths of the microchannels were designed at $50{\mu}m$ and $80{\mu}m$. In this experimental study, the equilibrium position of microparticles was monitored by using fluorescent microbeads. In the case of a low dean number (<1.0), lift force and dean drag force were similar, indicating that microbeads were distributed to almost all areas across microchannels. However, in the case of a high dean number (>1.0), dean drag force rather than lift force was dominant, indicating that microbeads moved toward the inner wall of the spiral microchannel.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.57-70
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• 2022

The spiral case concrete (SCC) used in the underground powerhouse of large hydropower stations is complex, difficult to pour, and has high requirements for temperature control and crack prevention. In this study, based on the closed-loop control theory of "multi-source sensing, real analysis, and intelligent control", a new intelligent cooling control system (ICCS) suitable for the SCC is developed and is further applied to the Wudongde large-scale underground powerhouse. By employing the site monitoring data, numerical simulation, and field investigation, the temperature control quality of the SCC is evaluated. The results show that the target temperature control curve can be accurately tracked, and the temperature control indicators such as the maximum temperature can meet the design requirements by adopting the ICCS. Moreover, the numerical results and site investigation indicate that a safety factor of the spiral case structure was sure, and no cracking was found in the concrete blocks, by which the effectiveness of the system for improving the quality of temperature control of the SCC is verified. Finally, an intelligent cooling control procedure suitable for the SCC is proposed, which can provide a reference for improving the design and construction level for similar projects.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 1998

Background： Three-dementional imaging with spiral CT(3D spiral CT) is a well established imaging modality which has been investigated in various clinical settings. However the 3D spiral CT in upper airway disease is rarely reported and its results are still obscure. Objectives： To access the usefulness of 3D spiral CT imaging in patients with upper airway diseases. Materials and Methods We performed 3D spiral CT in fourteen patients In whom upper airway diseases were clinically suspected. Nine of these patients had upper airway stenosis, two had laryngeal cartilage fracture, and three had laryngo-hypopharyngeal cancer. For evaluation of location and extent of the lesions, we compared the findings of 3D imaging with those of air tracheogram, conventional 2D CT images, endoscopic and operative findings. Results： In case of stenosis, 3D spiral CT provide significant useful information, particularly the site and length of the stenotic segment. But, it was difficult to define the fracture of the laryngeal framework and to detect the cartilagenous invasion by head and neck cancer using the 3D imaging. Conclusion : The 3D spiral CT was an useful adjunctive method to assess some kind of upper airway disease but not in others. So, we should compare the findings of 3D images with those of other diagnostic tools for accurate diagnosis of the upper airway disease.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.165-173
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• 2001

Objectives : To evaluate the absorbed and effective doses of spiral and computed tomography for the dental implant planning. Materials and Methods: For radiographic projection, TLD chips were placed in 22 sites of humanoid phantom to record the exposure to skin and the mean absorbed dose to bone marrow, thyroid, pituitary, parotid and submandibular glands and nesophagus. Effective dose was calculated, using the method suggested by Frederiksen et al.. Patient situations of a single tooth gap in upper and lower midline region, edentulous maxilla and mandible were simulated for spiral tomography. 35 axial slices (maxilla) and 40 axial slices (mandible) with low and standard dose setting were used for computed tomography. All the radiographic procedures were repeated three times. Results: The mean effective dose in case of maxilla was 0.865 mSv, 0.452 mSv, 0.136 mSv and 0.025 mSv, in spiral tomography of complete edentulous maxilla, computed tomography with standard mAs, computed tomography with low mAs and spiral tomography of a single tooth gap (p<0.05). That in case of mandible was 0.614 mSv, 0.448 mSv, 0.137 mSv and 0.036 mSv, in spiral tomography of complete edentulous mandible, computed tomography with standard mAs, computed tomography with low mAs and spiral tomography of a single tooth gap (p<0.05). Conclusions: Based on these results, it can be concluded that low mAs computed tomography is recommended instead of spiral tomography for the complete edentulous maxilla and mandible dental implant treatment planning.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 2000

The accuracy of the target localization was evaluated by conventional and spiral CT in stereotactic radiosurgerv. Conventional and spiral CT images were obtained with geometrical phantom, which was designed to produce exact three-dimensional coordinates of several objects within 0.1mm error range. Geometrical phantom was attached by BRW headframe, intermediate head ring, and CT localizer. Twentv-seven slices of conventional CT image were scanned at 3 mm slice thickness. Spiral CT images were scanned at 3 mm slice thickness from the pitch value 1 to 3, and twenty-seven slices of image were obtained per each the pitch value. These CT images were transferred to a treatment planning system(X-knife, Radionics) by ethernet, Three-dimensional coordinates of these images measured from the treatment planning system were compared to known values of geometrical phantom. The mean localization error of the target localization of conventional CT was 1.4mm. In case of spiral CT, the error of the target localization was within 1.6mm from the pitch value 1 to 1.3, but was more than 30mm above the pitch value 1.5. In conclusion, as the localization error of spiral CT was increased in high pitch value compared to conventional CT, the application of spiral CT will be with caution in stereotactic radiosurgery.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 2002

This paper presents a study carried out for the seismic capacity in reinforced concrete(RC) piers by the confinement effect of transverse reinforcement as such a hooked-tied, welded-tied and spiral reinforcement. In order to assess the seismic capacity with transverse reinforcement, experiment리 and analytical methods were adopted. A RC column survey was conducted based on eight one-fourth scale single circular column specimens designed and tested under slow horizontal cyclic loads. Two cases were analyzed. The confinement effect of concrete by transverse reinforcement is considered not in Case 1 but in Case 2. Also, we studied the propriety of making use of the method in which a carbon fiber rod replace spiral reinforcement in RC piers. In experimental tests, a welded-tied and spiral reinforcement has a good seismic capacity, but a carbon fiber rod presents low ductility in comparison with a hooked-tied reinforcement. In an analytical study, displacement ductility is approximate to the experimental result because of considering the confinement effect of the transverse reinforcement. Even if the confinement effect of the transverse reinforcement is considered, the analytical results for ductility of the specimens with welded-tied and spiral reinforcement show an excessive underestimation of the experimental results.