• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.141-145
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• 2002

In order to clarify the neuroprotective effect of Gamibojungikki-tang (GBJIKT) water extract on cultured mouse spinal sensory neuron damaged by glucose Oxidase (GO), MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay and SRB (Sulforhodamine B) assay were carried out after the cultured mouse spinal sensory neuron were preincubated with various concentrations of GBJIKT water extract for 3 hours prior to exposure of GO. Cell viability of cultured mouse spinal sensory neurons exposed to various concentrations of GO for 8 hours was decreased in a dose-dependent manner. MTT50 values were 45 mU/ml GO. Cultured mouse spinal sensory neurons in the medium containing various concentration of GO for 8 hours showed decreasing of total protein synthesis. GO was toxic on cultured spinal sensory neurons. Pretreatment at GBJIKT water extract for 3 hours following GO prevented the GO-induced neurotoxicity such as decreasing of total protein synthesis. These results suggest that GO shows toxic effect on cultured spinal sensory neurons and GBJIKT water extract is highly effective in proecting the neurotoxicity induced by GO.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.343-347
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• 2002

In order to darify the neuroprotective effect of Gamibojungikki-tang(GBJIKT) water extract on cultured mouse spinal sensory neuron damaged by glucose Oxidase (GO), NR (Neutral Red) assay and LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase) activity assay were carried out after the cultured mouse spinal sensory neuron were preincubated with various concentrations of GBJIKT water extract for 3 hours prior to exposure of GO. Cell viability of cultured mouse spinal sensory neurons exposed to various concentrations of GO for 8 hours was decreased in a dose-dependent manner. NR/sub 50/ values were 50 mU/ml GO. Cultured mouse spinal sensory neurons in the medium containing various concentration of GO for 8 hours showed increasing of LDH activity. We knew that GO was toxic on cultured spinal sensory neurons. Pretreatment of GBJIKT water extract for 3 hours following GO prevented the GO-induced neurotoxicity such as increasing of LDH activity. These results suggest that GO shows toxic effect on cultured spinal sensory neurons and GBJIKT water extract is highly effective in proecting the neurotoxicity induced by GO.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2012

Recent studies indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critically involved in persistent pain primarily through spinal mechanisms, and that mitochondria are the main source of ROS in the spinal dorsal horn. To investigate whether mitochondrial ROS can induce changes in membrane excitability on spinal substantia gelatonosa (SG) neurons, we examined the effects of mitochondrial electron transport complex (ETC) substrates and inhibitors on the membrane potential of SG neurons in spinal slices. Application of ETC inhibitors, rotenone or antimycin A, resulted in a slowly developing and slight membrane depolarization in SG neurons. Also, application of both malate, a complex I substrate, and succinate, a complex II substrate, caused reversible membrane depolarization and enhanced firing activity. Changes in membrane potential after malate exposure were more prominent than succinate exposure. When slices were pretreated with ROS scavengers such as phenyl-N-tert-buthylnitrone (PBN), catalase and 4- hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPOL), malate-induced depolarization was significantly decreased. Intracellular calcium above $100{\mu}M$ increased malateinduced depolarization, witch was suppressed by cyclosporin A, a mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) inhibitor. These results suggest that enhanced production of spinal mitochondrial ROS can induce nociception through central sensitization.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.101-121
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• 2000

The purpose of this morphological studies was to investigate the relation to the meridian, acupoint and nerve. The common locations of the spinal cord and brain projecting to the the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve were observed following injection of transsynaptic neurotropic virus, pseudorabies virus(PRV), into the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve of the rabbit. After survival times of 96 hours following injection of PRV, the thirty rabbits were perfused, and their spinal cord and brain were frozen sectioned($30{\mu}m$). These sections were stained by PRV immunohistochemical staining method, and observed with light microscope. The results were as follows: 1. In spinal cord, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve were founded in thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal segments. Densely labeled areas of each spinal cord segment were founded in lamina V, VII, X, intermediolateral nucleus and dorsal nucleus. 2. In medulla oblongata, The PRV labeled neurons projecting to the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve were founded in the A1 noradrenalin cells/C1 adrenalin cells/caudoventrolateral reticular nucleus, rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus, medullary reticular nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, nucleus tractus solitarius, raphe obscurus nucleus, raphe pallidus nucleus, raphe magnus nucleus, gigantocellular nucleus, lateral paragigantocellular nucleus, principal sensory trigeminal nucleus and spinal trigeminal nucleus. 3. In Pons, PRV labeled neurons were parabrachial nucleus, Kolliker-Fuse nucleus and cochlear nucleus. 4. In midbrain, PRV labeled neurons were founded in central gray matter and substantia nigra. 5. In diencephalon, PRV labeled neurons were founded in lateral hypothalamic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. 6. In cerebral cortex, PRV labeled neuron were founded in hind limb area.This results suggest that PRV labeled common areas of the spinal cord projecting to the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve may be first-order neurons related to the somatic sensory, viscero-somatic sensory and symapathetic preganglionic neurons, and PRV labeled common area of the brain may be first, second and third-order neurons response to the movement of smooth muscle in gallbladder and blood vessels.These PRV labeled neurons may be central autonomic center related to the integration and modulation of reflex control linked to the sensory system monitoring the internal environment, including both visceral sensation and various chemical and physical qualities of the bloodstream. The present morphological results provide that gallbladder meridian and acupoint may be related to the central autonomic pathways.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.1202-1207
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• 2003

In order to clarify the neuroprotective effect of Cornu Saigae Tataricae(CST) water extract on cultured mouse spinal motor neuron damaged by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay, LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase) activity assay and SRB (Sulforhodamine B) assay were carried out after the cultured mouse spinal motor neuron were preincubated with various concentrations of CST water extract for 3 hours prior to exposure of hydrogen peroxide Cell viability of cultured mouse spinal motor neurons exposed to various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 6 hours was decreased in a dose-dependent manner. MTT50 values were 40 uM hydrogen peroxide. Cultured mouse spinal motor neurons in the medium containing various concentration of hydrogen peroxide for 6 hours showed increasing of LDH activity and decreasing of total protein synthesis. We know that hydrogen peroxide was toxic on cultured spinal motor neurons. Pretreatment of CST water extract for 3 hours following hydrogen peroxide prevented the hydrogen peroxide-induced neurotoxicity such as increasing of LDH activity and decreasing of total protein synthesis. These results suggest that hydrogen peroxide shows toxic effect on cultured spinal motor neurons and CST water extract is highly effective in protecting the neurotoxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.389-402
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• 1990

The physiological characteristics of the neurons receiving the ventral root afferent inputs were investigated in the cat. A total of 70 cells were identified in the lumbosacral spinal cord. All these cells responded only to the C-strength stimulation of the distal stump of cut ventral root and the estimated conduction velocities of the VRA fibers were not faster than 4 m/sec. The majority of them were silent in resting state. For 49 cells, their peripheral receptive fields were characterized. Among them, 25 cells were exclusively excited by VRA inputs, 8 were inhibited and the remaining cells recevied both excitatory and inhibitory VRA inputs. According to the response pattern to the mechanical stimuli applied to their receptive fields, only a fourth of them were typical high threshold cell, a sixth, wide dynamic range cells, while remainings were a rather complex cells. Most of the cells receiving VRA inputs, received only the A ${\delta}-peripheral$ nerve inputs. Intravenous injection of morphine decreased the response of spinal cells to the VRA activation. The responses were abolished completely by counter irritation to the common peroneal nerve with C-strength-low frequency stimuli. These physiological properties of the spinal neurons receiving the VRA inputs are differ in some aspect from the spinal neurons receiving nociceptive inputs from the periphery, but still were consistent with the contention that VRA system might carry nociceptive informations arising from the spinal cord and/or neraby surrounding tissues.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.299-311
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analysis effect of TENS with immunohistochemistry methode through changes of substance P in spinal using arthritis model after inducing inflammation. The changes of substance P induced at that time are compared with control which is not induced arthritis by means of counting. The effect of TENS (4Hz, $200{\mu}$, 20minutes) is also tested by observing changes of substance P in spinal dorsal horn after application on knee joint of rats which is arthritis model induced by kaolin and carrageenan. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Substance P immunoreactive positive neurons are increased in dorsal horn after inducting arthritis. 2. In arthritis group, Substance P immunoreactive positive neurons are progressively increased from the first to the third days. 3. Substance P immunoreactive positive neurons after applicating TENS on arthritis group are more decreased than only arthritis-induced group. 4. Substance P immunoreactive positive neurons were significantly decreased on the second days resulting from TENS application from the first to the third days. Therefore, TENS application is decrease Substance P immunoreactive positive neurons in spinal dorsal horn of rats induced arthritis. This decrease is considered as analgesic effect of TENS.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.738-741
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• 2003

In order to evaluate the cytotoxicity of methylmercuric chloride(MMC) in cultured spinal motor neurons of neonatal mouse, cell viability was measured by MTT assay in spinal motor neurons treated with 1-30 μM MMC for 48 hours. And also, the protective effect of Radix Polygoni Multiflori(RPM) was examined by cell viability in these cultures. Cell viability was significantly decreased in dose-dependent manner after cultured cells were exposured to 20 μM MMC for 48 hours. Protective effect of RPM on MMC-mediated toxicity was very effective in these cultures. From above the results, it suggests that MMC has toxic effect in cultured mouse spinal motor neurons and herb extract such as RPM is very effective in blocking the neurotoxicity induced by MMC.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.136-143
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• 2015

This study was performed to comparative investigate the distribution of primary sensory and motor neurons associated with Cheonji(PC1) acupoint by using neural tracing technique. A total 4 SD rats were used in the present study. After anesthesia, the rats received microinjection of $6{\mu}l$ of cholera toxin B subunit(CTB) into the corresponding sites of the acupoints Cheonji(PC1) in the human body for observing the distribution of the related primary sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia(DRGs) and motor neurons in the spinal cord(C3~T4) and sympathetic ganglia. Three days after the microinjection, the rats were anesthetized and transcardially perfused saline and 4% paraformaldehyde, followed by routine section of the DRGs, sympathetic chain ganglia(SCGs) and spinal cord. Labeled neurons and nerve fibers were detected by immunohistochemical method and observed by light microscope equipped with a digital camera. The labeled neurons were recorded and counted. From this research, the distribution of primary sensory and motor neurons associated with Cheonji(PC1) acupoints were concluded as follows. Muscle meridian related Cheonji(PC1) are controlled by spinal segments of C5~T1, C6~T4, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.1-4
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• 2009

Objective: To report an unsuspected adaptive plasticity of single upper motor neurons and of primary motor cortex found after microsurgical connection of the spinal cord with peripheral nerve via grafts in paraplegics and focussed discussion of the reviewed literature. Methods: The research aimed at making paraplegics walk again, after 20 years of experimental surgery in animals. Amongst other things, animal experiments demonstrated the alteration of the motor endplates receptors from cholinergic to glutamatergic induced by connection with upper motor neurons. The same paradigm was successfully performed in paraplegic humans. The nerve grafts were put into the ventral-lateral spinal tract randomly, with out possibility of choosing the axons coming from different areas of the motor cortex. Results: The patient became able to selectively activate the re-innervated muscles she wanted without concurrent activities of other muscles connected with the same cortical areas. Conclusion: Authors believe that unlike in nerve or tendon transfers, where the whole cortical area corresponding to the transfer changes its function a phenomenon that we call "brain plasticity by areas". in our paradigm due to the direct connection of upper motor neurons with different peripheral nerves and muscles via nerve grafts motor learning occurs based on adaptive neuronal plasticity so that simultaneous contractions of other muscles are prevented. We propose to call it adaptive functional "plasticity by single neurons". We speculate that this phenomenon is due to the simultaneous activation of neurons spread in different cortical areas for a given specific movement, whilst the other neurons of the same areas connected with peripheral nerves of different muscles are not activated at the same time. Why different neurons of the same area fire at different times according to different voluntary demands remains to be discovered. We are committed to solve this enigma hereafter.