• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.174-179
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• 2015

This experiment was conducted to determine the optimal harvesting time for barley and wheat grain for the production of fermented grain feeds, and to investigate their fermentation quality according to harvesting time. As a result, grain moisture content was decreased with late harvest, whereas spike weight ratio and 1000 grain weight were increased with prolonged period after heading. Grain yielding was increased with late harvesting time significantly at p<0.05. Crude protein content was increased with late harvesting time, but crude fiber content was decreased. Crude fat and ash content were slightly decreased, but not statistically significant. Comparing the effects of fermentation on feed value of winter cereal grain, the approximate compositions were slightly increased after fermentation, but the difference was not significant. Fermentations resulted in increasing the pH value of winter cereal grain silage with late harvesting time, but decreasing the lactic acid content (p<0.05). No significant difference was found in acetic acid, and butyric acid was not detected. Considering the quantity and quality of fermentation, barley and wheat can be used for winter cereal grain silage when they were harvested at 35 days and 40-45 days after heading, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.20
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• pp.87-94
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• 1975

By RH-531 treatments in Buheung, Suweon ＃ 165 and Suweon ＃ 18 of barley and Jangkwang, Namkwang and Suweon ＃ 85 of wheat, heading date and maturing date were delayed as the time of treatment delayed and as the concentration increased, field lodging in barley and lodging index in all cultivars were reduced, leaf growth after treatment showed erect elongation and darker green color, culm length and spike length and extrusion length were shortened, ripening ratio and yields were reduced, and protein contents in grain were increased. The effect of RH-531 treatment on each characteristics of each cultivars of barley and wheat was influenced more by treating time than concentration.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.203-214
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• 2008

The overwintering crops, barley, wheat, oat and triticale etc, have been received in korea as high-quality roughage for round-baled silage making as livestock feed. Studies were carried out to evaluated the effects of seed blending on growth, yield and feed value between barley and wheat, triticale and oat, respectively. The results are summarized as follows : The barley was declined in the growth and spike's size as affected by sown as mixed seeding with triticale, but not effected with oat. The total fresh yield were increased by grown as mixed seeding with wheat, triticale and oat, but the dry matter yield were not significantly increased because of the low percentage of dry matter and the decrease of barley's growth. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude protein content were increased by seed blending, but acid detergent fiber (ADF) and digestible dry matter (DDM) content were decreased. The feed value was improved by seed blending of barley and wheat, but not significant at seed blending of triticale and oat. Because of the flourishing tillers, difference of heading date and abundant leaves of oat, the optimum crop for mixed seeding with barley for increment of forage productivity was oat in middle area of korea.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 1982

To determine the optimum harvesting date with good grain yield and quality, six different harvesting dates were tested from 25 to 50 days heading with five days intervals, using two varieties of Baekdong, naked barley and Olmil, wheat. The dates when grain yield, 1,000 grain weight and grain/whole spike weight ratio were reached to the highest were 35 and 40 days after heading for Baekdong and Olmil, respectively. Various grain qualities such as unhulled grain, plumpness, protein content and whiteness of grain were also very good at that times. One day earlier harvesting before the optimum dates resulted in yield decreases by 3.9% for Baekdong and 4.4% for Olmil. And it might be delayed for each 5 days with Combine harvesting.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.101-109
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• 2016

Reducing $[Mg^{2+}]_o$ to 0.1 mM can evoke repetitive $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ spikes and seizure activity, which induces neuronal cell death in a process called excitotoxicity. We examined the issue of whether cultured rat hippocampal neurons preconditioned by a brief exposure to 0.1 mM $[Mg^{2+}]_o$ are rendered resistant to excitotoxicity induced by a subsequent prolonged exposure and whether $Ca^{2+}$ spikes are involved in this process. Preconditioning by an exposure to 0.1 mM $[Mg^{2+}]_o$ for 5 min inhibited significantly subsequent 24 h exposure-induced cell death 24 h later (tolerance). Such tolerance was prevented by both the NMDA receptor antagonist D-AP5 and the L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel antagonist nimodipine, which blocked 0.1 mM $[Mg^{2+}]_o$-induced $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ spikes. The AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX significantly inhibited both the tolerance and the $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ spikes. The intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ chelator BAPTA-AM significantly prevented the tolerance. The nonspecific PKC inhibitor staurosporin inhibited the tolerance without affecting the $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ spikes. While $G{\ddot{o}}6976$, a specific inhibitor of $PKC{\alpha}$ had no effect on the tolerance, both the $PKC{\varepsilon}$ translocation inhibitor and the $PKC{\zeta}$ pseudosubstrate inhibitor significantly inhibited the tolerance without affecting the $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ spikes. Furthermore, JAK-2 inhibitor AG490, MAPK kinase inhibitor PD98059, and CaMKII inhibitor KN-62 inhibited the tolerance, but PI-3 kinase inhibitor LY294,002 did not. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide significantly inhibited the tolerance. Collectively, these results suggest that low $[Mg^{2+}]_o$ preconditioning induced excitotoxic tolerance was directly or indirectly mediated through the $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ spike-induced activation of $PKC{\varepsilon}$ and $PKC{\xi}$, JAK-2, MAPK kinase, CaMKII and the de novo synthesis of proteins.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1982

A comparison was made for growth and yield of two rowed and six rowed barley varieties to differentiate their fundamental characteris in relation with brewing quality. Heading and maturing time of two rowed barley varieties were similar to those of six rowed covered but were earlier than those of six rowed naked ones. Most of two rowed varieties were spring barley and low temperature susceptible, but they were relatively photoinsensitive compared to six rowed varieties. Eventhough malting barley has heavier stands and grains, they were quite similar in yielding ability with six rowed cultivars with decreased number of grains per spike. In quality characters, malting barley has better germination energy and rate, lower protein content than the common six rowed barley and decisively better for brewing that six rowed barley with higher malt yield, extract yield and quality and enzyme activity. In comparison of malting barley varieties produced in Korea and Japan indicated that those varieties produced in Japan were better in germination characters, extract yield and quality, Kolback index and enzyme activity than those produced in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2012

There have been few studies related to ELISA for mackerel. In this study we developed a sandwich ELISA for mackerel in processed foods using rabbit polyclonal antibodies against mackerel parvalbumin, the major allergen of mackerel and heat-stable protein. The parvalbumin was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and Sephadex G-50 column chromatography. From the standard ELISA curves, the detection limit of parvalbumin was 3 ng/mL and the detection range of mackerel was 5-5,000 ${mu}g/mL$. We further investigated the cross-reactivity of the antibodies toward mackerel, mackerel pike, salmon, flatfish, armorclad rockfish, cod fish, squid, shrimp, blue crab, and lobster. The antibodies were specific for mackerel only. The mean assay recoveries in cooked cream soup, baby food, sausage, and sauce spiked with 0.01 to 0.3% mackerel were 104, 101, 54, and 0%, respectively. In sample tests of 16 commercial items, the qualitative coincidence ratio of assay result and indication was 75%.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.363-375
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• 2021

Trends in the developing era to discover and design peptide-based treatments throughout an epidemic infection scenario such as COVID-19 could progress into a more efficient and low-cost therapeutic environment. However, the weakening of proteolysis is one downside of natural peptide drugs. But, peptidomimetics may help resolve this issue. In this review, peptide and peptide-based drug discovery were summarized to target one key entry mechanism of severe coronavirus pulmonary emboli syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), which encompasses the association of the host angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor and viral spike (S) protein. Furthermore, the benefits of proteins, peptides and other possible actions that have been studied for COVID-19 through new peptide-based treatments are discussed in the review. Lastly, an overview of the peptide-based drug therapy environment is comprised of an evolutionary viewpoint, structural properties, operational thresholds, and an explanation of the therapeutic area.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.297-309
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• 2020

Coronaviruses were originally discovered as enzootic infections that limited to their natural animal hosts, but some strains have since crossed the animal-human species barrier and progressed to establish zoonotic diseases. Accordingly, cross-species barrier jumps resulted in the appearance of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 that manifest as virulent human viruses. Coronaviruses contain four main structural proteins: spike, membrane, envelope, and nucleocapsid protein. The replication cycle is as follows: cell entry, genome translation, replication, assembly, and release. They were not considered highly pathogenic to humans until the outbreaks of SARS-CoV in 2002 in Guangdong province, China. The consequent outbreak of SARS in 2002 led to an epidemic with 8,422 cases, and a reported worldwide mortality rate of 11%. MERS-CoVs is highly related to camel CoVs. In 2019, a cluster of patients infected with 2019-nCoV was identified in an outbreak in Wuhan, China, and soon spread worldwide. 2019-nCoV is transmitted through the respiratory tract and then induced pneumonia. Molecular diagnosis based on upper respiratory region swabs is used for confirmation of this virus. This review examines the structure and genomic makeup of the viruses as well as the life cycle, diagnosis, and potential therapy.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.686-695
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• 2022

The grain yield and flour quality of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. 'Jokyung') were investigated in the paddy fields in which the double-cropping of wheat linked to rice (Oryza sativa L.) and its alternative crops [black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), and perilla (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton)] was applied. In the soils in which black soybean, sesame, and perilla as pre-crops were cultivated, the soil pH was higher and the electrical conductivity was lower than in the rice pre-cropped soil. In addition, the available phosphate (Av. P₂O₅), and contents of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ were higher than in the rice pre-cropped soil. Winter wheat growth characteristics such as culm length, spike length, number of spikes and grains were generally favorable in the black soybean pre-cropped soil. However, the grain yield of winter wheat increased in the black soybean, sesame, and perilla pre-cropped soils by 100 kg/10a or more than in the rice pre-cropped soil. Furthermore, protein content and SDS-sedimentation value of the flour were higher, while amylose content was slightly lower, in the black soybean, sesame, and perilla pre-cropped soils than in rice pre-cropped soil. These results suggest that cultivation of rice alternative crops such as sesame, black soybean, and perilla as pre-crops in paddy soil could improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil and contribute to producing high-quality wheat flour more advantageous for the baking process.