• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.55-68
• /
• 1981

The prime object of the study is to evaluate how much all the students of the Nursing Schools throughout the nation are in comprehension toward the application of nursing process to clinical experience as means of systematic solution of nursing problems. An effort has been made to find out the actual state whether they are in practice of clinical experience in accordance with application of nursing process, over the period of four weeks managing from December 1st to 28th, 1980 and centering on 36 nursing schools, and meanwhile and evaluation, employing the assessment tool used by Bertuccietal, has been made on the nursing process notes recorded by 200 senions out of 21 nursing schools where application of nursing process to clinical experience being in practice. The assessment tool is composed of 5 different criteria in view of patient nursing and authors made an attempt to find out the result of clinical experience on application students in accordance with 5 different scoring criteria and further evaluating all the findings thereof. The findings were disposed of accordance with practice duration and criteria of the specific sudents subject to this finding as to verify the scoring difference in significance and of which the results are as follows: 1) as of now, in 21 (58.2%) out of 36 nursing Schools nursing process in being appliced in clinical experience. 2) Schools that started the application of nursing process to clinical experience amount to - for more than 4 yrs -6 (28.6％) - for 2 to 3 yrs-11s(52.4％) - for 1 yr -4 (19.0％) 3) As for the response upon application of nursing process. To clinical etperience, the largest voice (61.9%) heard was that it is rather difficult beyond the lecturing thereof, to practically apply it outs patients and the second voice (19.1%) turned out to be that it is hard to put in practice owing to uninformed nurses of the process serving in the clinical field. 4) The response. Of the processors assigned to instruction as to the most difficult problem in criteria of nursing process, the largest voice (38.2%) centered on the problem assessment while the second voice (17.7%) on the indirect nursing activity and the objective data respectively and considered to be the easiest was the indirect nursing activity (11.7%). 5) In order for a satisfactory. application of nursing process to clinical experience hence-forth, it has been pointed out that sufficient number of nurses should be supplemented in clinical field (44.1%) and at the same time supplementory education (35.3%) centered around professors be necessary. 6) Of the criteria that record result of nursing process, a significant difference in comprehension of subjective and objective data has been revealed according to the degree of the practice duration of application to clinical experience. For instance, while although poor it may seen, only 74.9% in subjective data and 71.1% in objective data represent the student group in practice for more than 4 years and only 56.3% in subjective data and 66.8% in objective data represent the student group in practice for 2 to 3 years but they still surpass in comprehension over the student group in practice for 1 year attaning only 19.6% in subjective data and 16.8% in objective data (P < 0.005). 7) As for problem assessment, the student group who started application of nursing process for 4 years stand for 37,7% the group for 2 to 3 years started for 25.3% and the group for 1 year started for 5.4%, revealing no significant difference according to duration (P < 0.5) and as poor as to indicate only 22.8% on an overage is in comprehension. 8) On direct and indirect nursing activity, the student group of for more than 4 years in appling nursing process (representing 49.5% in direct nursing activity, 21.4% in indirect nursing activity). Know more about it than the student group of for 2 to 3 years (representing 36.3% in direct nursing activity, 20.8% in indirect nursing activity) but revealed no significant difference. (P ＜ 0.5) 9) The student group applying nursing process for more than 4 years subjective data (74.9%) comprehend were more than objective data (71.1%) but shown no significant difference (P < 0.5). 10) However, the student group applying nursing process for 2 to 3 years comprehend objective data (66.8%) well ever subjective data (55.5%) indicating that 40.9% in average is in comprehension, thereby revealing a significant difference (P < 0.005). 11) On the other hand, the student group applying nursing process to clinical experience for 1 year had revealed themselves as poorly as to comprehend only 11.7% are an average of it, revealing no significant difference (P < 0.5). In consequence of the fore going, I the conductor of the present study, hereby suggest the following points: 1) Application of nursing process to clinical experience be practiced in all the Nursing Schools all over the nation at the earliest possible date in order that scientific nursing be prevailed (as of now only 58.0%), 2) In teaching nursing process, it is desirable to teach specific method of applying to practical clinical situations. 3) In order to meet the end of satisfactory application of nursing process to clinical experience, sufgecient nursing man power be sysplemented in clinical field and at the save time supplementary education by professors is necessary. 4) Sinces the students whose application duration of nursing process to clinical experience is longer comprehend more about it, it is reguired that the schools not yet in practice of the application be promptlyurged to follow. 5) Of the criteria recording nursing process, since it is comparatively hard to comprehend“assessment”and“Direct and indirect nursing activity”, a concentrated instruction is desirable. 6) The students whose duration of application of nursing process to clinical experience falls short of 1 years be put in a concentrated guidance program on individual criterion.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.18-44
• /
• 2017

Purpose: The object of this study was to observe the anti-climacterium activity of Gagamguibiondam-tang (GGOT) on ovariectomized (OVX) rats, a well-documented rodent models resembles with women postmenopausal climacterium symptoms, as including cardiovascular diseases, obesity, hyperlipidemia, osteoporosis, organ steatosis and mental disorders. Methods: In this study, anti-climacteric effects were evaluated separated into three categories; 1) anti-obese, 2) anti-uterine atrophy and 3) anti-osteoporotic effects. Five groups were used (8 rats in each group); sham control, OVX control, GGOT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg administered groups. Twenty-eight days after bilateral OVX surgery, GGOT were orally administered, once a day for 84 days, and then the changes on the body weight and gain during experimental periods, serum estradiol levels, abdominal fat pad and uterus weights with histopathology of abdominal fat pads (total thickness and mean adipocyte diameters) and uterus (total, epithelial and mucosal thickness, percentages of uterine gland regions) for anti-obese and estrogenic effects. In addition, femur, tibia and fourth or fifth lumbar vertebrae (L4 or L5) wet, dry and ash weights, mineral density (BMD), bone strength (failure load), serum osteocalcin and bone specific alkaline phosphatase (bALP) contents, histological and histomorphometrical analyses - bone mass and structure with bone resorption, were monitored for anti-osteoporosis activity. Results: As a result of OVX, noticeable increases of body weight and gains, food and water consumption, weights of abdominal fat pad deposited in dorsal abdominal cavity, serum osteocalcin levels were demonstrated in this experiment with decrease of uterus, femur, tibia and L5 weights, serum bALP and estradiol levels. In addition, marked hypertrophic changes of adipocytes located in deposited abdominal fat pads, uterine disused atrophic changes, decreases of bone mass and structures of femur, tibia and L4 were also observed in OVX control rats with dramatic increases of bone resorption markers, the Ocn and OS/BS at histopathological and histomorphometrical analysis in this study as compared with sham-operated control rats, suggesting the estrogen-deficient climacterium symptoms - obese and osteoporosis were induced by OVX, respectively. However, these estrogen-deficient climacterium symptoms induced by bilateral OVX in rats were significantly inhibited by 84 days of continuous oral treatment of GGOT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg, respectively. Especially, GGOT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg showed clear dose-dependent inhibitory activities on the OVX-induced climacterium signs. Conclusion: The results suggest that oral administration of GGOT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg has clear dose-dependent favorable anti-climacterium effects - estrogenic, anti-obese and anti-osteoporotic activities in OVX rats in this experiment.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.92-109
• /
• 1999

They say Y$\breve{o}$k'ak(易學) is the root of Oriental studies. This means philosophy, astronamy, geography, medicine, music, numbers are all based on Yin-Yang, and Five phases theory of Y$\breve{o}$k'ak. Nowadays studies are very much specialized but as we go back to old times, we cannot dearly set these studies apart. All the studies can be comprehensively understood with Y$\breve{o}$k'ak(易學). The original purpose of Y$\breve{o}$k'ak is to predict future with highly symbolized signs, Sang-Su(象數). However you cannot fully understand Y$\breve{o}$k'ak without knowing the principle of change in Sang-Su itself. We have to keep thinking about how we should further study Y$\breve{o}$k'ak, treat diseases with Sang-Su, and how Sang-Su can be used in medicine. As a previous step to this process, I will consider relationship of Y$\breve{o}$k'ak and medicine in this paper. This study will help us to set the goal and method in studying medicine. Conclusions of this paper are following: 1. The purpose of understanding a subject is to understand the principle of the subject. The principle of every subject can be turned into principle of changes in the universe. This principle is not affected by time nor space. It is only seen through the changes of subjects. 2. The reason we cannot easily understand the principle is that we have biased mind. How we should overcome this is through developing virtue, and by keep inspecting things over and over. 3. We see the outcome of changes inside but we should not neglect the principle. Therefore we see the principle through Sang. Sang is in between Principle(理) and Things(物), thereby has characteristics of both. Which means it is much like Principle but specific Things is related and it is much like Things but it is not easily understood. 4. There are various kinds of Sang. Mind-Sang(心象) is an image that comes before expressing it with symbols or words. When it is expressed in symbols or words, it is no longer considered as same Sang. Sang in symbol are Kwaesang(卦象), Hyosang(爻象) and Sang in words is Kyesa(卦辭). The characteristic of all these Sang is that it cannot be explained through the logics. 5. If we call Sanghak as the study with Sang, the method is same as that of understanding the principle. The fundamental purpose of Sanghak is to understand the principle of things and then apply this principle to the practical world so that the world can be a better place. So I would say Sanghak is the study of a saint and a ruler. 6. Since the object of medicine is human being who are the mixture of Principle and Ki, we can use Sang which is also related to both Principle and Ki. Actually terms we use in Oriental medicine are not easily understood without the knowledge of Sanghak. 7. When we diagnose a patient, we are looking for Sang that comes from the body inside. When we do the treatment, we cannot neglect the original change that's happening in our body. Therefore studying Sang is a necessary step to do the full diagnosis and treatment. 8. The method of studying medicine is first to get rid of biased mind, taking right Sang from various classics and then apply those Sang to actual situations.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.391-401
• /
• 2011

1. Objectives: Though the eating habits have improved and the living method has become convenient according to the economic growth thanks to the modern industrialization, because of the lack of exercise, obesity, wrong eating habits and stress etc, various symptoms of disease of adults are on the rise. This is the phenomenon that happens as the eating life has become life in the West along with the inundation of the western culture in our society. In this perspective, there has been many various clinical research that's been proceeded so far about the physical constitution and obesity, but there has been little research on the objective analysis of the clinical research about the alimentotherapy using taeeumjoweetang. 2. Methods: In this research we have checked the weights, fat rates, fat weight, abdominal fat rate, blood pressure, and BMI over the objects of the women that were diagnosed as lunisolar system as their physical constitution, and assessed the paramecium lipid, in-blood antioxidation enzyme and the damage of oxidization in the urine by physical constitution-specific of the body shapes that were determined by BMI. The statistical analysis of the current research was processed by using of SPSS 17.0 program. We have figure out statistical amounts such as the arithmetic average, average deviation rate and percentage number. Fro the verification of he significancy of each elements, we have used the paired t-test, ANOVA, Chi-square test at the level of p<0.05. 3. Results and Conclusions: Their characteristics are age $21.20{\pm}1.35$, height $160.30{\pm}6.11cm$, weight $64.66{\pm}8.72kg$, fat rates are $35.97{\pm}4.87%$, fat amount $23.40{\pm}5.48$, abdominal fat rate $0.823{\pm}0.03$, BMI $25.12{\pm}2.79kg/m^2$, and systolic blood pressure $111.60{\pm}10.28mmHg$ and diastolic blood pressure $68.60{\pm}7.43mmHg$ and we have let them take the medicine twice a day for 8 weeks. The clinical result for the Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, SGOT, SGPT, of the object people was that for the function of the liver, the result of the SGOT and SGPT test was $17.16{\pm}3.05$, $15.00{\pm}2.99IU/L$, which was a decrease, and had statistical meaning, but for the SGOT, though the figure reduced to $11.92{\pm}4.61$, $10.80{\pm}3.07$, it had no statistical meaning. For the whole cholesterol level, the figure reduced to $169.00{\pm}19.95$, $160.08{\pm}22.52$ mg/dL and had statistical significance(p<0.05). Neuter fat number, Triglyceride has slightly increased to $67.52{\pm}36.32$, $68.08{\pm}47.33$ mg/dL but did not have any statistical meaning. The antioxdant enzyme marker standard marker, SOD has increased to $2.52{\pm}0.73$, $2.86{\pm}0.60U/ml$, and had statistical significance(p<0.01). Catalase also increased by $0.63{\pm}0.18$, $1.07{\pm}0.25mmol/ml$ and had statistical meaning(p<0.01). GPx also increased to $204.76{\pm}32.64$ nmol/ml and had statistical meaning(p<0.01). But, for the Total antioxidant, though it has raised to $1.51{\pm}0.26$, $1.57{\pm}0.17nmol/{\mu}l$, it did not have any statistical meaning. MDA of oxidative stress marker has decreased to $1.70{\pm}0.68{\mu}g/ml$, $1.21{\pm}0.50{\mu}g/m$ and had statistical significance(p<0.01). 8-OHdG also decreased $3.35{\pm}0.95ng/ml$, $2.21{\pm}0.50ng/ml$ and had statistical meaning(p<0.01). In this research, we have analyzed the various markers relating to BFM and changes in oxidative enzyme in blood by takingtaeeumjoweetang. Taeeumjoweetang has the positive effect on inbody antioxidant system and reducing the content of cholesterol, which is proven to help losing weight and improving hyperlipidemia statistically. With this research, we hope to improve the lifestyle of those who are either obese or need to manage their dietary habits, and also to become the touchstone of integrating Oriental Medicine with the science of food & nutrition.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.192-217
• /
• 2001

Object：This study was carried out to classify adolescents in runaway shelters by evaluating their psychopathology. And the ultimate purpose is to offer basic data for preventing adolescents‘ runaway and for diversifying runaway shelters suitable for the problem of individual adolescent. Method：128 adolescents who stay in the runaway shelters were asked to complete self-report qeustionnaires including basic sociodemographic data, Child Behavior Check List(CBCL), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI), and Symptom Check List-90-Revised(SCL-90-R). Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale(K-WAIS)[or Korean Educational Developmental Institute-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children(KEDI-WISC)] and Bender-Gestalt test(BGT) were also done by clinical psychologists. Results：The most common age of the subjects were 15-year-old, and they dropped out their schools in the middle school most commonly. Mostly they were from middle class family and their parents' educational level were high school graduates. The first runaway episode was most common in the middleschool period, and their runaways were repeated. The most common frequency of runaways were more than 10 times. About 10% of them abused drugs and about 80% of them abused alcohol. One third of them had experiences of illegal problems and 10% of them engaged in sexual activity for money. 95 adolescents(83%) in CBCL, 42 adolescents(36%) in SCL-90-R, and 70 adolescents(69.3%) in MMPI showed clinical significance. In intelligence test, 22 adolescents(22%) were mentally retarded. In BGT, 35 adolescents(39.4%) manifested brain dysfunction signs. Conclusion：Runaway adolescents in the shelters have variable and severe psychopathology. Their psychopathology is classified as follows；The behavior disorder group, the mood disorder group with anxiety/depression, the somatic disorder group with somatic symptoms, and the psychosis group with possibility of severe psychopathology. Therefore it is very important to evaluate psychiatric problems of runaway adolescents, and specific therapeutic interventions according to their problems are required.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.62-67
• /
• 2012

Purpose : At this time, the sentinel lymph node mapping using radioisotope and blue dye is preceded for breast cancer patient's sentinel lymph node biopsy. But all patients were applied the same protocol without consideration of physical specific character like the breast sizes and body mass indexes. The purpose of this study is search the optimized scan time in breast sentinel lymphangiography by observing how much the body mass index and breast size influence speed of lymphatic flow. Materials and Methods : The Object of this study was 100 breast cancer patients(Female, 100 persons, average age $50.34{\pm}10.26$ years old)at Severance hospital from October 2011 to December 2011. They were scanned breast sentinel lymphangiography before operation. This study was performed on Forte dual heads gamma camera (Philips Medical Systems, Nederland B.V.). All patients were intra-dermal injected $^{99m}Tc$-Phytate 18.5 MBq, 0.5 ml. For 80 patients, we have scanned without limitation of scan time until the lymphatic flow from the lymph node since injection. We measured how long the lymphatic flow time between departures from injects site and arrival to lymph node using stopwatch. After we calculated patient's Body mass Index and classified as 4 groups. And we measured patient's breast size and classified 3 groups. The modified breast lymphangiography that changing scan time according to comparison study's result was performed on 20 patients and was estimated. Results : The mean scan time as breast size was A group 2.48 minutes, B group 7.69 minutes, C group 10.43 minutes. The mean scan time as body mass index was under weight 1.35 minutes, normal weight 2.56 minutes, slightly over 5.62 minutes, over weighted 5.62 minutes. The success rate of modified breast lymphangiography was 85%. Conclusion : As the Body mass index became higher and breast size became bigger, the total scan time is increased. Based on the obtained information, we designed modified breast lymphangiography protocol. At the cases applying that protocol, most of sentinel lymph nodes were visualized as lymphatic pool. In conclusion, we found that the more success rate in modified protocol considering physical individuality than study carrying out in the same protocol.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.239-272
• /
• 2014

The rights and obligations of the Member States of ITU in the domain of international frequency management of the spectrum/orbit resource are incorporated in the Constitution and Convention of the ITU and in the Radio Regulations that complement them. These instruments contain the main principles and lay down the specific regulations governing the major elements such as rights and obligations of member administrations in obtaining access to the spectrum/orbit resource, as well as international recognition of these rights by recording frequency assignments and, as appropriate, any associated orbits, including the geostationary-satellite orbits used or intended to be used in the Master International Frequency Register (MIFR) Coordination is a further step in the process leading up to notification of the frequency assignments for recording in the MIFR. This procedure is a formal regulatory obligation both for an administration seeking to assign a frequency in its network and for an administration whose existing or planned services may be affected by that assignment. Regulatory problem lies in allowing administrations to fulfill their "bringing into use" duty for preserving his filing simply putting any satellites, whatever nationlity or technical specification may be, into filed orbit. This sort of regulatory lack may result in the emergence of the secondary market for satellite orbit. Within satellite orbit secondary market, the object of transaction may be the satellite itself, or the regulatory rights in rem, or the orbit registered in the MIFR. Recent case of selling the Koreasat belongs to the typical example of orbit transaction between private companies, the legality of which remains doubtedly controversial from the perspective of international space law as well as international transaction law. It must be noted, however, that the fact is the Koreasat 3 and its filed orbit is for sale.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.140-151
• /
• 2002

Object and Method:Minor physical anomalies(MPAs) are frequently seen in patients with schizophrenia. MPAs are considered to arise from the anomalous development of ectoderm-originated tissues in the developing fetus. Since the central nervous system originates from ectoderm, MPAs can be regarded as externally observable and objective indicators of the aberrant development which might have taken place in the central nervous system. To investigate whether MPAs are more frequent in schizophrenic patients, the frequencies of MPAs were compared between schizophrenic patients and normal controls. Total 245 schizophrenic patients diagnosed with DSM-IV(male : 158, female : 87), and 418 normal control subjects(male : 216, female : 202) were included in this study. The MPAs were measured using the modified Waldrop scale with fifteen items in six bodily regions; head, eye, ear, mouth, hand, and foot. Result:The total scores of Waldrop scale were $4.40{\pm}1.93$($mean{\pm}standard$ deviation) in patients and $3.43{\pm}1.68$ in controls for females, and for males, $4.58{\pm}1.75$ in patients and $4.28{\pm}1.59$ in controls. For females, the excess of MPAs in schizophrenic patients was statistically significant(t-test : p<0.001). For males, schizophrenic patients also showed more MPAs than normal controls, but this tendency did not reach statistical significance (t-test : p=0.094). When the modified Waldrop total scores excluding head circumference were compared, the total scores in schizophrenic patients were significantly higher for both male and female subjects(t-test : male p<0.001, female p=0.001). The individual anomaly items included in Waldrop scale were also investigated. The items of epicanthus, hypertelorism, malformed ears, syndactylia were significantly more frequent in schizophrenic patients. In contrast, the items of adherent ear lobes, asymmetric ears, furrowed tongue, curved fifth finger, single palmar crease and big gap between toes did not show any differences in frequency between schizophrenic patients and normal controls. Since a lot of statistical analyses showed different results between male and female subjects, it seems to be necessary to consider gender as an important controlling variable for the analysis, however only the item of head circumference showed statistically significant gender-related difference according to log-linear analysis. Conclusion:With a relatively large sample size, the frequencies of MPAs enlisted in Waldrop scale were compared between schizophrenic patients and normal controls in this study. MPAs were more frequently seen in schizophrenic patients and, especially, several specific items in the Waldrop scale showed prominent excess in schizophrenic patients. Although definite conclusions cannot be drawn due to the inherent limitation of the study using Waldrop scale, these results seem to support the possibility that aberrant neurodevelopmental process might be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia in some of the patients.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.95-103
• /
• 2002

The object of this study was to interpret the ralationship between expandability (% $S_{XRD}$), MacEwan crystallite thickness ( $N_{CSD}$), and mean fundamental particle thickness ( $N_{F}$ ) in illite-semctite mixed layer (I-S), quantitatively. This interpretation was extracted from comparison of two structural models (MacEwan crystallite model and fundamental particle model) of I-S mixed layers. In I-S structure, % $S_{XRD}$, $N_{CSD}$, and $N_{F}$ are not independent parameters but are related to each others by particular geometric relations. % $S_{XRD}$ is dependent on $N_{CSD}$ by short-stack effect, whereas, % $S_{XRD}$ and $N_{F}$ have relation to smectite interlayer number (Ns)=( $N_{F-}$1)/(100%/% $S_{XRD-}$ $N_{F}$ . Therefore, % $S_{XRD}$ and $N_{F}$ should satisfy a specific physical condition, 1< $N_{F}$ <100%/% $S_{XRD}$, because $N_{s}$ is positive. Based on this condition, this study suggested % $S_{XRD}$ vs $N_{F}$ diagram which can be used to interpret % $S_{XRD}$, $N_{F}$ , $N_{S}$ , and ordering, quantitatively. The diagram was examined by XRD data for I-S samples from Ceumseongsan volcanic complex, Korea. I-S samples showed that $N_{F}$ departs from the physical upper-limit ( $N_{F}$ =100%/% $S_{XRD}$) with decrease in % $S_{XRD}$. This phenomenon may happen due to decrease of stacking-capability of fundamental particles with their thickening.g.s with their thickening.g.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.35-45
• /
• 2018

Image data collected by an airborne hyperspectral camera system have a great usability in coastal line mapping, detection of facilities composed of specific materials, detailed land use analysis, change monitoring and so forh in a complex coastal area because the system provides almost complete spectral and spatial information for each image pixel of tens to hundreds of spectral bands. A few approaches after classifying by a few approaches based on SAM(Spectral Angle Mapper) supervised classification were applied for extracting optimal land cover information from hyperspectral images acquired by CASI-1500 airborne hyperspectral camera on the object of a coastal area which includes both land and sea water areas. We applied three different approaches, that is to say firstly the classification approach of combined land and sea areas, secondly the reclassification approach after decompostion of land and sea areas from classification result of combined land and sea areas, and thirdly the land area-only classification approach using atmospheric correction images and compared classification results and accuracies. Land cover classification was conducted respectively by selecting not only four band images with the same wavelength range as IKONOS, QuickBird, KOMPSAT and GeoEye satelllite images but also eight band images with the same wavelength range as WorldView-2 from 48 band hyperspectral images and then compared with the classification result conducted with all of 48 band images. As a result, the reclassification approach after decompostion of land and sea areas from classification result of combined land and sea areas is more effective than classification approach of combined land and sea areas. It is showed the bigger the number of bands, the higher accuracy and reliability in the reclassification approach referred above. The results of higher spectral resolution showed asphalt or concrete roads was able to be classified more accurately.