• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.42
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• pp.309-335
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• 2009

Over the last several years, regarding to the strategic items, the international community has seen governments make more formal commitments to adopt and implement effective export controls to counter the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction(WMD). United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540(that is "S/RES/1540") stands as the most important of these commitments. Many UN members already have export control laws and regulations in place to prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Many members also participate in a variety of formal and informal international arrangements to coordinate their export control efforts. Nonetheless, each of these countries has its own unique legal framework for export controls. This generates considerable diversity in the construction of the specific national legal authorities. Over the last few years, however, a consensus over what constitutes the key elements of effective legal authorities for export controls has begun to emerge. Evidence for this development comes in the identification of best legal authorities or principles at several multilateral conferences on export controls.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.117-140
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• 2018

WTO was established in 1995 and as many as 36 new members joined WTO until December 2017. Thus it would be interesting to see if new members have committed higher or lower levels of market opening compared to the original members. In this regard, a sophisticated scoring scheme is needed to quantify market opening commitments. After proper econometric model is established for the original members, same model can be applied to the new members for comparison. It was found that new members committed a much higher level of commitment than the original members. In addition, it was also found that transition economies committed higher levels than the non-transition economies. More interesting finding is that among the new members, the larger the economies or the larger the trading volume are, the closer was the level of commitment to the predicted level. Then the question is whether this difference was due to benign neglect by the new members or due to malign select by the original members.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.65-82
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• 1998

This study was carried out in order to confirm the reliability and validity of the commitment inventory developed by Meyer and Allen, and to investigate commitment level of health manager, to compare two different professionals of health manager such as industrial health nurse and industrial hygienist to find out some characteristics that have effect on commitment. This survey was done by self-administered questionnaire to 227 respondents as the trainees of Industrial Safety Training Center, KISCO from June to December 1996. Authors classified commitment into two categories ; professional commitment and organizational commitment, and these two types of commitments have three different aspects ; affective, continuance, and normative commitment based on Meyer's inventory. The results were as follows; 1. Items of whole scales of the both type of commitments have three factors that represent three aspects of commitment ; affective, continuance, and normative commitment. This means that each type of commitment was reliable to use as measurement tool of three different aspects of commitment. Classification of items by factor analysis was more consistent in professional commitment than organizational commitment. Among 16 items of organizational commitment, four items were classified into different aspects of commitment with similar factor loading. 2. Commitment level of industrial health nurse was higher than that of industrial hygienist in affective, continuance professional commitment controlled by other characteristics. These differences can be due to other characteristics of specific task and background of health managers that were not used in this study. 3. The level of affective professional commitment was statistically different in age, sex, educational level, and that of organizational commitment was statistically different in only two variables such as age, and job tenure. The level of continuance professional and organizational commitments were different in sex group, but past history of employment have effect on continuance organizational commitment. The level of normative organizational commitment was affected by only age. As the above results, the tools of measurement of commitment developed by Meyer and Allen can be useful to measure the level of commitment of health manager. Three aspects of two types of commitments were influenced by different characteristics of health manager. Authors suggested future study on the affecting variables to the commitment such as background, task of health manager and organizational characteristics.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.125-150
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• 2021

The paper investigates investor sentiment's role in boosting Japanese companies to enhance their environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) performance. Using ESG scores of 367 firms between 2005 and 2019 from the ASSET4 database, we find that negative sentiment in the previous year, both firm and market level, can be a stimulation for the company's commitments to its ESG activities next year. Notably, the moderating effect of the business sector and economic cycle on the sentiment-ESG inference are detected in our study differentiating between corporate and market sentiment, which have never been reported before. In detail, we discover that the impact of firm-specific sentiment is less pronounced for high-sensitive ESG firms. On the other hand, the driving force of market sentiment on corporate social behaviors weakens when economic recessions happen. Our results are robust after controlling for potential endogeneity issues and using alternative proxies for market sentiment.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2000

This paper reviews the main drivers forcing change and progress in powertrains for passenger cars in the coming years. The environmental drivers of omissions and CO2 will force better technical performance, but customer demand for increased choice will force change in the basic engine design and provide opportunities for alternate configurations of powertrain. Gasoline engines will embody refinements of valve train actuations as well as developments in combustion, especially direct injection and possibly a lean booated form of direct injection. Nevertheless, the conventional, port injected engine will continue to be the dominant engine for some years to come. The high speed direct injection diesel will very soon supplant its indirect injection predecessor completely. It will take an increasing share of the total powertrain market as improved specific power and refinement make it even more attractive to the customer. Car manufacturers will provide diesel models to satisfy this customer demand as well as using the efficiency of the diesel to enable them to meet their fleet CO2 commitments. Both gasoline and diesel engines will see an increasing degree of electrification and partial hybridisation as efficient flywheel mounted electrical devices become available.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.2058-2063
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• 2010

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC) is one of the international environmental convention with the goal of stabilizing Greenhouse Gas(GHG) concent in the atmosphere and preventing potentially dangerous change in the earth's climate. The purpose of this convention is to reduce fossil fuel consumption and to prevent GHG emission. The Republic of Korea was one of the Annex-II parties submitted its national communication to the UNFCCC. As a developing county, there is no GHG emission reduction commitments made by South Korea during first commitment period(2008~2012). On the contrary, South Korea' status as an OECD member, joining in 1996, ranks 6th in GHG emission. Furthermore the rate of increase of GHG is first among OECD countries in year 2005. As a result, Korea will probably be incorporated into Annex-I in second commitment period (after 2013). So, Korea government established and announced Voluntary GHG Reduction scheme to reduce emissions of 4%(accounting for 30% reduction base on Business As Usual) from the 2005 level by the year 2020 for mitigation of reduction duty impact. In specific case of Korea, transportation section occupied almost 21% of total energy consumption and nearly 17% of total GHG emission at 2005, so systematic emission management is required. To do so, in this research, we focus on systematic way of GHG management system to handle GHG reduction duties in Railroad section.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.88-104
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• 2017

The purpose of this study explains how service characteristics such as service competence, service customization, interpersonal communication and image affect service trust and affective commitments and how service trust, affective commitment play a role in affecting risk-taking and service loyalty in specialty hospital. and then confirm the mediating role of relationship quality components such as service trust and affective commitment in the above path relation. For this purpose, the research hypothesis was verified by structural equation model analysis(SEM) using SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 20.0 statistical package. The results of the study are as follows. First, interpersonal communication influenced service trust, image influenced affective commitment, service ability influenced service trust and emotional commitment, while service customization did not affect any factor. Second, service trust and affective commitment did not effect each other. Third, service trust and affective commitment were more powerful in risk-taking than the influence on service loyalty. Fourth, Risk takings affected service loyalty. Therefore, marketers of special hospitals not only medical services by providing medical service with superior service ability, but also by always strengthening interpersonal communication at the time of providing services. This will enable consumers to overcome the avoidance in the service decision process and implement a specific service marketing strategy that can continuously use the hospital service.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.147-159
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• 1998

Given the dramatic increase in the percentage of married women working in clercial occupations and the inflexibility of work commitments for employees working in this domain, this paper investigates the division of household labor between married female clerical workers and their husbands, and their sources of external help. The total housework time of couples, the percent of total housework done by husbands, and a scale measuring the wife’s perception of the frequency with which her husband does specific household tasks are all used to measure the division of household labor between couples. Data for 143 couples were gathered from using structured questionares and the time dairies that included one weekday and one weekend day. The findings of this study are as follows; 1) The couples receive substantial support in housework from their mothers. 2) Wives spend an average of 23 hours and 26 minutes per week on household labor, whereas husbands spend an average 7 hours and 7 minutes per week. Husbands do an average of 20.9% of all housework done by the couples. Wives typically perceive that their husbands are not frequently participating in a variety of household tasks(mean = 2.88 on a 5-point Likert scale where 1=never and 5=always). 3) Multivariate analysis reveal that working hours is negatively related to while the presence of child under 6 years old is positively related to total housework. Time availability variables(e.g. working hours and the presence of child under 6 years old) and relative resource variables(e.g. the rate of wife’s income on that of husband) are related to the percent of total housework done by husbands. The sex-role attitude variables are related to the wife’s perceptions of the frequency with which her husband does specific household tasks.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.71
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• pp.195-216
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• 2016

In determining the content of the FET standard, the tribunals stated protection of investor's legitimate expectations, due process and denial of justice, transparency, discrimination and arbitrariness, good faith, etc. The most major elements of the FET standard is the protection of the investor's legitimate and reasonable expectations. It is necessary to consider whether it is possible to what the expectations of investors are protected as legitimate and it is formed under any circumstances. If host state frustrate investor's legitimate expectations, it found a breach of the FET. The host state's specific assurance may reinforce investor's expectations, but such explicit statement is not always necessary. The host state must preserve a stable environment for investments. However, It must not be understood as the inalterability of the host state's legal framework. It implies that the host state's subsequent changes should be made consistently and predictably. The host state is entitled to exercise a reasonable regulatory authority to respond to changing circumstances in the public purpose. Therefore, whether the violation FET shall be determined through a balanced against the investor's legitimate expectations and the host state's reasonable regulatory exercise in the public interest. And investor should keep in mind that the principle of proportionality is applied unless host state provides stabilization clause or similar commitments to investor. Also host state should establish the basis of an argument about reasonable regulatory authority for public interest.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.22
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• pp.255-285
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• 2004

After more than 15 years of negotiations, China was finally able to achieve the WTO membership, opening up new trade opportunities for China as well as existing WTO members. China accepted a special safeguard mechanism as one of its WTO- plus commitments. And in response, Korea has since introduced China special safeguard rules, which in simple terms, allows an invocation of safeguard measures against Chinese product imports under more lapse conditions than would normally be allowed under the existing general safeguard rules. China also introduced new safeguard rules in November 2001 in an effort to increase transparency in its operation of safeguard measures. However, the current article contends that the new rules pose a serious threat to free trade in the form of the retaliation provision, which enables China to take unilateral retaliatory actions against safeguard measures on Chinese product imports, It indicates that the provision could be operated in an arbitrary manner as the US Super 301, and lead to infringements of WTO disciplines. This paper indicates that the foregoing elements could lead to mort trade disputes between Korea China regarding safeguard measures and subsequent retaliations on the hills of the so called the Garlic War. The current article goes on to offer policy recommendations toward deterring such disputes. First, it recommends a more active invocation of Korea's own retaliatory provision against China's unilateral actions at least to gain negotiating leverage. Second, it sites problems involving China's still conspicuous state-trading practices, and proposes to raise issues again China to induce more faithful implementation of WTO disciplines Final, it stresses the importance of preventing disputes before they arise, and suggests several specific preventive measures.