• Tunnel and Underground Space
• /
• v.19 no.5
• /
• pp.450-462
• /
• 2009

To analyze the behavioral characteristics of rocks on indirect tests and uniaxial compressive strength, researchers have investigated 1417 pieces of rock block, which include igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks in Korea. The same behavioral characteristics have been shown in every type of sedimentary rock and in the same species of rock in the case of Brazilian strength application. This suggests that correlations of rocks for geological considerations can lead to high reliability of the experimental results in case of an indirect method.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.23-28
• /
• 2003

In order to identify plant species and communities characteristic of lithospheric condition, forest vegetations of igneous(mainly granite) and sedimentary(mainly sandstone) areas in Kyungpook province were compared. We collected 108 phytosociological releves from the older forests over 20 years old. 444 vascular plant species and 25 plant communities were identified. Results of Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCA) indicated that lithospheric conditions and human impacts were the most important factors related to the plant community diversity and species richness. In the igneous rock areas net contribution degree (rNCD) of 139 species including Quercus serrata, Q. mongolica, Lindera obtusiloba and Fraxinus sieboldiana increased and those of Carpinus laxiflora and Styrax japonica decreased. In the sedimentary rock areas, to a lesser extent, 96 species including Q. aliena, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Potentilla fragarioides var. major, Rhus javanica, and Plectranthus japonicus increased, whereas character species of Lindero-Quercion mongolicae such as Q. mongolica, Q. serrata, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Acer mono and Styrax obassia decreased, and particularily the species Sasa borealis, the Alangium-Zelkova serrata community and the Philadelphus-Fraxinus mandshurica community were absent. The vegetation of sedimentary rock area is characterized as a regional type shaping dwarf pine forests and sparse and light broad-leaved forests.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
• /
• 2006.03a
• /
• pp.652-661
• /
• 2006

The cut slopes in Jinju area constitute the Cretaceous Sedimentary rock which is one of the most poor ground conditions. The geological rocks of the cut slopes are correlated with Jinju Formation. Most of the rocks consist of Black Shale layer, but the lower parts consist of Alkorsic White Sandstone. So, It is characteristic of the differential weathering due to the difference of rock species. Moreover, vertical joints which concentrate on the released rock and weak rock fragments are accompanied with minor faults. We make out face mapping about each slopes through the detailed field-study and deduce RMR and SMR from the field data. The strength properties of rocks were obtained from references, indoor tests, and Back Analysis method. And, choosing properties were used in the stability analysis as stereographic projection and limit equilibrium analysis and we establish the countermeasures for the cut slopes.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.455-468
• /
• 1999

Carbonated mineral waters fo $Ca(Mg)-HCO_3$ type spring out fissure of Jurassic granite in the valley floor of the Chungsong area. The water has been long as a Dalki medicinal water because of its unique therapeutic effect against clacium deficit, stomach and skin troubles, ect. The water has a high $CO_2$ concentration ($P_{CO_2}$=0.51~1.12atm) and exhibits strong pH buffering (5.9~6.26) by $H_2CO_3/HCO_3$ couple. Electrical conductivity ranges from 1,900 to 3100 $\mu$S/cm. Environmental isotopic data $(^{2}H/^{1}H, ^{18}O/^{16}O \;and \;^3H)$ indicates that the water is of meteoric origin recharged in the Cretaceous sedimetary strata distributed in upper part of the catchment area at least before 1950s, The high $P_{co_2}$ and carbon isotope data (${\delta}^{13}C=-3\sim-0.2\textperthousand$) suggest that the potential source of carbonated mineral water was originated in deep-seated $CO_2$ as wel as aboundant carbonate minerals of sedimentary desimetary rocks. The major source minerals of the dissoved species in the carbonated mineral water appear to be carbonate minerals, albite and K-feld-spar in sedimentrary rocks.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.375-383
• /
• 2014

Precambrian granitic gneisses and Cambrian meta-sedimentary rocks are prevalently distributed in the eastern part of the Taebaegsan region, and biotite granitic batholith of the Jurassic period (?) is found in the southern part of Uljin-si. But small scale leucocratic granitic stocks which commonly found here and there have been rather neglected in the previous studies. The presence of leucocratic granites could be differentiated from the older granitic rocks and biotite granite through the outcrop characteristics, mineral species and geochemical compositions. For the effective comparison between the older granitic rocks and leucocratic ones, pale gray to gray coloured Hongjesa granitic gneiss with granular texture was selectively chosen. The Hongjesa granitic gneiss and biotite granite usually have rather plenty of coloured minerals such as biotite and chlorites. But the leucocratic granites often show sericitic alteration due to the albitization and greisenisation during the post-magmatic alteration, and shows rather bright appearance because of poor amount of coloured minerals. Since all of granitic rocks passed rather high degrees of magmatic differentiation, they belong to calc-alkalic and peraluminous in their characters. Among the alkali elements of the leucocratic rocks $K_2O$ shows higher increase than those of the other granitic rocks, and $Na_2O$ only represents slight decrease than those of the Hongjesa granitic gneiss and Uljin granite. On the other hand, CaO and total Fe content are clearly decreased than those of the Hongjesa granitic gneiss and Uljin granite.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.229-248
• /
• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Mt. Jaamsan on the Gyeongsang supergroup, Korea. From the results of eight field surveys from March to October 2017, we have identified 530 total taxa, representing 483 species, eight subspecies, 35 varieties, two forms, and two hybrids, which were placed in 325 genera and 110 families. The plant formation of Mt. Jaamsan is the deciduous broad-leaved and conifer mixed forests, which are the common ones in the middle part of the Korean Peninsula. Most of the mountain is covered with young secondary forest, which is mainly composed of Quercus spp., and Pinus. Out of these 530 taxa, 12 are endemic to Korea, 17 taxa are listed on the Korean Red List of threatened species, 65 are floristic target species, and 55 are invasive alien species. The percentage of naturalized index(NI) and urbanization index (UI) were 10.4% and 17.2%, respectively. Mt. Jaamsan has a high plant diversity, including endemic and rare species, which consist of geomorphological landscapes. We considered that the composition and distribution of species are affected by the different environmental factors according to the sedimentary rocks, drying ridges, valleys, and streams. Together with the rocks and soils were the substrate type that play a major role in providing the unique habitats for sun plants in the area.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.54 no.5
• /
• pp.1616-1622
• /
• 2022

Selenium has been identified as an element of interest for the safety assessment of a deep geological repository (DGR) for used nuclear fuel. In Canada, groundwaters at DGR depths in sedimentary rocks have been observed to have a high ionic strength. This paper examines the sorption behavior of Se(-II) onto illite, MX-80 bentonite, Queenston shale, and argillaceous limestone in Na-Ca-Cl solutions of varying ionic strength (0.1-6 mol/kgw (m)) and across a pH range of 4-9. Little ionic strength dependence for Se(-II) sorption onto all solids was observed except that sorption at high ionic strength (6 m) was generally slightly lower than sorption at low ionic strength (0.1 m). Illite and MX-80 exhibited the expected results for anion sorption, while shale and limestone exhibited more constant sorption across the pH range tested. A non-electrostatic surface complexation model successfully predicted sorption of Se(-II) onto illite and MX-80 using the formation of an inner-sphere surface complex and an outer-sphere surface complex. Optimized values for the formation reactions of these surface species were proposed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.116-124
• /
• 2000

Geochemical and isotopic analyses were carried out to investigate hydrochemical characteristics, source of carbon species in the carbonated waters in South Korea. Most Korean carbonated waters from different geologic settings are characterized by a Ca-HCO$_3$type with a relatively low pH range from 5.3 to 6.3 (avg. 6.0). The concentrations of cations and anions in the carbonate waters are in the order of Ca$^{2＋}$>Na$^{＋}$>Mg$^{2＋}$>Si$^{4＋}$>Fe$^{2＋}$>K$^{＋}$ and HCO$_3$$^{－}$>SO$_4$$^{2－}$>Cl$^{－}$, respectively. The HCO$_3$$^{－}$ ion is more enriched in the carbonated water from the sedimentary rock and granitic rock of Mesozoic age in the Gyungsang basin(GII) and the Precambrian metamorphic rock and Jurassic granitic rocks of the Gyunggj massif in the Gangwon province(GⅠ) than those of the meta-sedimentary rock and granite in the Ogcheon zone(GⅢ). Based on the oxygen and hydrogen isotopic data, the carbonated waters are derived from the meteoric water, showing apparent latitude and altitude effects. The $delta$$^{13}$C values of carbon species in the carbonated water are in between -6.23 and 0.0 $textperthousand$, suggesting inorganic source of carbon originated from the carbonate mineral and carbonate rock in the aquifer.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.50 no.2
• /
• pp.85-96
• /
• 2017

Gold mineralization of Samjeong and Yongjang gold mines in Uichang area shows characteristics of Bonanza-type gold deposits. Ores are mainly developed along the contact parts between quartz vein and arkosic sandstone beds(Fe-rich bed) in sedimentary rock. Electrum, silver sulfide and sulfate minerals are mainly in the ores. On the other hand, gold mineralization is less developed in cherty rock and andesitic rock than arkosic sandstone. The study highlights characteristics of gold precipitation in the deposit on the basis of numerical modelling of the reactions between the assumed hydrothermal ore fluids with multicomponent heterogeneous equilibrium calculations. Aqueous species, gases and minerals, containing electrum are included in the calculations. The reaction result between hydrothermal ore fluids and arkosic sandstone show that pH increasing in the ore-forming fluid would trigger precipitation of quartz, chlorite, sericite, chalcopyrite, galena, pyrite, electrum, actinolite and feldspar. The numerical modelling also illustrates the drastic increase of pH and desulfidation lead to precipitation of electrum. Ag/Au ratios in the ore vary with pH conditions and subsequently precipitation of silver-bearing sulfides such as acanthite and polybasite. The modelling of the reaction between andesitic rock and ore-forming fluid shows that mineral assemblages of the case are analogous to ones of the reaction between arkosic sandstone and fluid except the latter has little portion of electrum. The abovementioned modelling results suggest that gold-silver mineralization is bounded by host rocks at the study area.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.15 no.4 s.42
• /
• pp.447-462
• /
• 2005

The purposes of this study are to evaluate and discuss the importance of geochemical properties of soil materials that play an important role in the occurrence of the landslide, using analyses of microtexture, particle size distribution, XRC, and FE-SEM equipped with energy dispersive spectrum on soils collected from landslide slopes of gneiss, granite and sedimentary rock areas. Soils from gneiss and granite areas where landslides took place have much clay content relative to those from non landslide areas, particularly pronounced in the granite area. Therefore the clay content is considered a sensitive factor on landslide. Clay minerals contained in soils are illite, chlorite, kaolinite and montmorillonite. Especially the content of clay minerals in soils from the Tertiary sedimentary rocks is highest, with abundant montmorillonite as expandable species. It is believed that this area was much vulnerable to landslide comparable to other areas because of its high content of monoorillonite, even though there might be weak precipitation. Since no conspicuous differentiation in mineralogy between the landslide area and non landslide area can be made, the occurrence of landslide may be influenced not by mineralogy, but by local geography and mechanical properties of soils. Geochemical information on weathering properties, mineralogy, and microtexture of soils is helpful to better understand the causes and patterns of landslide, together with engineering geological analyses.