• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.20 no.3 s.48
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• pp.135-145
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• 1981

Vegetables including Chinese cabbage and radish have been grown in alpine areas such as Muju, Namweon, Jinan and Jangsu during the shortage period of vegetables. The incidence of various diseases, environmental factors such as temperatures and rainfalls, and aphid populations as virus vector were observed at 10-day intervals from July to September in those areas. Disease incidence showed no significant difference among locations. Major diseases in Chin ese cabbage were bacterial soft rot, white spot, downy mildew, mosaic virus, Alternaria leaf spot and Fusarium seedling blight. Major diseases in radish were virus, white rust, black rot, root rot, leaf spot and Fusarium seedling blight. Disease incidence reached peak on Aug. 20 with $27\%$ infection in radish and with $20\%$ infection in Chinese cabbage during the growing season, and declined thereafter. Percentage of infection in each growth stage showed $25\%$ at root thickening stage and $26\%$ at the harvest time in radish; and the head formation stage, $24\%$ at the harvest time. The data indicate that disease incidence in radish increased rapidly at late growing stage and progressively increased in Chinese cabbage Seedling blight caused by Fusarium sp. and root rot caused by Aphanomyces sp. were also observed in those areas. Cool and wet weather appeared to be favorable for disease incidences during the rainy period of growing season although average temperature was about $25^{\circ}C$. Populations of aphids were lower in the alpine vegetable growing area than that of flat areas. Aphids as virus vectors from total aphids collected were $73.5\%$ or 289 virus vectors /993 total aphids in Namweon and $18.1\%$ or 31 virus vectors/171 total aphids in Muju. The most prerevalent species of aphids was Myzus persicae Sulz.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 1976

The preservation efficiency, quality and utilization of silage from 3 species of pumpkins (Mammoth pumpkin, Queensland blue pumpkin, Korean pumpkin) without and with 10, and 20% wheat bran additive were studied in this experiment. Silages were analysised and tested the chemical composition, pH and quality of silages between at 40-60 days and egg performance were carried out with mammoth pumpkin silage without additive. The results were summaried as follows. 1. The losses of all silage ware lower and similar as about 15% at 6 monthes following after silage-making but all raw pumpkins were spoilaged during the winter storaging. 2. The moisture content of silages were higher as about 97% in mammoth pumpkin silage, 94% in Queensland pumpkin silage and 91% in Korean pumpkin silage without additive and all nutrient content of silage without and with additive were depended on its content of raw silage material of pumpkins and wheat bran. The contents of moisture and N-free extract were slightly decrease but not significantly difference during the silaging and other contents were not so much changed. 3. Good quality of silage were made from all pumpkins with and without additive. Organic acid contents were 2.09-2.93% of lactic acid, 0.68-1.71% of acetic acid and 0% of butyric acid and it was pH 3.8-4.0 in silages. 4. Feed intakes, egg production and quality of egg were showed good result in 5.0 and 7.5% silage feeding group as D.M. base for egg performance. (P<0.01) 5. It was concluded that good quality of silage were made from pumpkins with and without wheat bran additive and it was suggested that poor quality feedstuff may be improved it feeding value by extended palatability with pumpkin additive silage.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.207-216
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• 2013

This study was conducted to establish the method for preserving PGCs that enables long-term storage in liquid nitrogen for developmental engineering or preservation of species. The purpose of this study is to clarify the effects of freeze-thaw treatment on viability of PGCs in chickens. PGCs were collected separately from a germinal gonad of an early embryo of 5.5~6 day (stage 28) of Isa brown, Korean Oge (KO), White Leghorn and Commercial breeds. PGCs separated from a germinal gonad of an early embryo of 5.5~6 day (stage 28) are suspended in a freezing medium containing a freezing and protecting agents (e.g. dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (EG) and glycerol). The PGCs were then purified using magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) method. The viability of PGCs after thawing was $87.4{\pm}0.4%$ and $89.4{\pm}0.2%$ with the 10% EG treatments with no significant difference between the Isa brown and Commercial breeds. The viability of PGCs after freeze- thawing was significantly higher for Isa brown ($87.4{\pm}0.4%$) and Commercial breeds ($89.4{\pm}0.2%$) than Korean Oge (KO) ($77.6{\pm}1.1%$) and White Leghorn ($76.2{\pm}0.9%$)(p<0.05) using 10% EG cryoprotectant. This study established a method for pre- serving chicken PGCs that enables systematic storage and labeling of cryopreserved PGCs in liquid ($LN_2$) at agermplasm repository and ease of entry into a data base. In the future, the importance for this new technology is that poultry lines can be conserved while work is being conducted on improving the production of germline chimeras.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-4
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• 1999

Background: The transplantation of organs between phylogenetically disparate or harmonious species has invariably failed due to the occurrence of hyperacute rejection or accerelated acute rejection. But, concordant cardiac xenograft offer us an opportunity to study xenotransplantation in the absence of hyperacute rejection. Current therapeutics for the prolongation of survival of rodent concordant xenotransplantation are not ideal with many regimens having a high mortality rate. Cyclosporine A & Mycophenolate Mofetil are new immunosuppresive agent which has been shown to be effective at prolonging survival of allograft, as purine synthesis inhibitor. Material and Method: We used white mongrel rats as recipient and mice as donor, divided 4 groups(n=6), control group(Group 1) has no medication or pretreatment, Group 2 has splenectomy as pretreatment 7∼10 days before transplantation, Group 3 has Cyclosporine A treatment group, Group 4 has combined treatment of Cyclosporine A & Mycophenolate Mofetil(RS 61443). We compared survival time. Reuslt: We can't find significant difference of survival time between each groups. Conclusion: We concluded that rejection of cardiac xenograft was different from rejection of allograft, and new immunossuppresive Agent(Mycophenolate Mofetil, Cyclosporine A) was not effective for prolongation of survival time after cardiac xenograft.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.273-283
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• 1983

In order to investigate the effect of the combined dietary animal and vegetable proteins on growing female and male rats and mice. 25 female and 25 male rats of 4 weeks old weighing approximately 43-65g and 47-60g, respectively, were subjected to feeding trials for 4 weeks and then subsequently to metabolic trials for 10 days. In case of mice, 25 female and 25 male mice of 4 weeks old weighing approximately 12-17g and 12-16g, respectively, were equally treated. The dietary energy level was set as 3600 kcal ME/kg, and protein and fat provided respectively 12 and 5% of the dietary energy. The rest 83% of the energy level was supplied with appropriate amounts of starch and glucose. The following results were obtained. The body weight gain of female and male rats were increased as the combined dietary animal protein level increased. Whereas that of male mice was the highest for the diet E(Ap 10+Vp 90). Food efficiencies both of female and male rats were improved as combined dietary of animal protein increased. Male rats were superior to that of female. In the mice, the food efficiency value of male mice was superior to that of female. And the values of the male showed the same fashion as that in the growth rate, although it was not for the female. Protein efficiencies, both of female and male rats, were improved as combined dietary of animal protein level increased. That of male mice was in accord with the body weight gain and food efficiencies. But that of female mice was not accordant. Nitrogen retention of the experimental diets in the same protein level was in proportion to nitrogen intake. That of male mice was improved as animal protein level increased, but, that of female mice was not. Body protein utilizability was found to be superior in mice to rats. Blood serum protein level was not found to be affected by the experimental diets in the same protein level. The best combination ratio of animal and vegetable protein seems to be variable depending on the sex and species of animals, and the best diets for female and male rats and female and male mice were found to be experimental diet A(Ap 10+Vp 90) or diet B(Ap 75+Vp 25), diet C(Ap 50+Vp 50), and diet E(Ap 10+Vp 90), respectively. From the above-mentioned results that there was no difference in growth rate of body weight gain from the weanling period to puberty, and that the protein requirements of rats and mice were different from each other.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.418-430
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• 2009

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the topography of land and vegetation and the preferred habitat of wintering cranes. Investigations were conducted twelve times in Cheorwon basin, South Korea, during two wintering seasons (12/2005 - 2/2006; 1/2007 - 2/2007). The density of rice grain in the middle of rice paddies was higher than that of the areas along the edge of rice paddies. However it was observed that red-naped cranes preferred to feed along the edges of rice paddies rather than to feed in the middle of the paddies. White-naped cranes, on the other hand, Preferred to feed in the middle of paddies. To be more specific, red-crowned cranes preferred feeding sites such as levees of the paddies or the areas where the level of the rice beds was comparatively more elevated. But the preference of the white-naped cranes turned out to be just the opposite. Another finding was that both red-naped cranes and white-naped cranes preferred concealed areas for their feeding site, and the frequency rate of their feeding in concealed areas has little to do with weather factors. This finding contradicts a widely accepted view that cranes prefer open spaces for their feeding site. Besides, red-crowned cranes, compared with white-naped cranes, preferred to feed in more concealed areas. The frequency rate of feeding in both concealed areas and non-concealed areas had little to do with the size of feeding flocks. There was no difference between a flock of fewer than five cranes and a flock of more than five cranes in terms of frequency rate of their feeding. In conclusion, the result of these investigations indicate that red-naped cranes comparatively prefer concealed areas for their feeding site, and white-naped cranes are less prone to them, and there is no direct connection between their preference of feeding site or frequency and the size of their flock. This is presumed to be the characteristics unique to their individual species.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.373-381
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the growth and physiological responses to shading treatment of 1-year-old containerized seedling of Quercus myrsinaefolia. Experimental process was conducted in a facility that consisted of compartments under the lighting control with full sunlight and shading (35%, 55% and 75% of full sunlight). Height and root collar diameter growth were high in the seedlings under both 35% and 55% shading. Regardless of shading level, root collar diameter growth lasted for more than 4 weeks compared to height growth. Highest H/D ratio was observed in the seedlings under 35% shading as 4.31, and the lowest ratio was 3.63 under 75% shading. It was found that seedlings under 55% shading showed highest dry mass production, which was followed in seedlings under 35% shading. In case of leaf dry weight ratio (LWR) after shading treatment, the highest value was 0.53 under 55% shading, and followed in seedlings under 35% shading as 0.52. But root dry weight ratio (RWR) was highest as 0.36 under 75% shading (highest level of shading). In terms of shading treatment, it was found that the higher level of shading had a tendency toward the higher content of chlorophyll a and the higher total chlorophyll content in the leaves of Quercus myrsinaefolia, but there was no significant difference in the content of chlorophyll b depending on the level of shading. It was found that high photosynthesis and transpiration rate were more correlated with high level of shading than full sunlight, but the rates of seedlings had a tendency to be higher under 35% and 55% shading than under 75% shading. The results on growth and physiological responses to different shading levels of 1-year-old containerized seedlings of Quercus myrsinaefolia could be useful in setting up the optimum light intensity for growth, and in estimating the shade tolerance of the species.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.202-208
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• 2006

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of three water temperatures (15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$) in combination with three salinities (0, 15 and 30 psu) on the oxygen consumption rate of juvenile spotted sea bass, Lateolabrax maculatus (mean body weight $5.5{\pm}0.3g$). The oxygen consumption rates of L. maculatus were measured in triplicate for 24 hours using a continuous flow-through respirometer. Water temperature resulted in significant differences in the mean oxygen consumption rate of L. maculatus (p<0.001), but salinity and combinations of salinity and water temperature did not have (p>0.05). The oxygen consumption increased with increasing water temperatures in all experimental salinity regimes (p<001). Mean oxygen consumption rates at 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$ ranged 328.8~342.3, 433.9~441.0 and 651.5~659.9 mg $O_2\;kg^{-1}\;h^{-1}$, respectively. $Q_{10}$ values did not vary with salinity, bud varied with water temperature. $Q_{10}$ values ranged 1.63~1.75 between 15 and $20^{\circ}C$, 2.24~2.26 between 20 and $25^{\circ}C$, and 1.92~1.98 over the full temperature range. The energy loss by metabolic cost increased with increasing water temperatures in all experimental salinity regimes (p<0.001) Mean energy loss rates at 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$ ranged 224.6~233.8, 296.3~301.2 and $444.9{\sim}450.7kJ\;kg^{-1}\;d^{-1}$, respectively. These data suggest that the culture of juvenile spotted sea bass is possible without energy loss by salinity difference in freshwater as well as seawater after salinity acclimation. Thus, this result has an application for culture management and bioenergetic model for growth of this species.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.156-168
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• 2012

Chrysanthemum is a cut flower species that normally lasts for 1 to 2 weeks, in some cases 3-4 weeks. This has been attributed to low ethylene production during senescence. Reduction in cut flower quality has been attributed to the formation of air embolisms that partially or completely blocks the water transport from the vase solution to the rest of the cut flower stem, increasing hydraulic resistance which may cause severe water stress, yellowing, wilting of leaf, and chlorophyll degradation. Standard type chrysanthemum can be harvested when buds were still tightly closed and then fully opened with the simple bud-opening solution. Standard type chrysanthemum can also be harvested when the minimum size of the inflorescence is about 5-6 cm bud which opened into the first flower full-sized flower. While spray varieties can be harvested when 2-4 most mature flowers have opened (40% opening). Cut flowers are sorted by stem length, weight, condition, and so on. Standard chrysanthemum is 80 cm length for standard type and 70cm for spray type. Pre-treatment with a STS, plant regulator such as GA, BA, 1-MCP, chrysal, germicide, and sucrose, significantly improved the vase life and quality of cut flowers. It is well established that vase solutions containing sugar can improve the vase life of cut chrysanthemum. Chrysanthemum is normally packed in standard horizontal fiberboard boxes. Chrysanthemum should normally be stored at $5{\sim}7^{\circ}C$. Precooling resulted in reduction in respiration, decomposition, and transpiration activities as well as decoloration retardation. There was significant difference between "wet" storage in 3 weeks and "dry" storage in 2 weeks. In separate pulsing solution trials, various germicides were tested, as well as PGRs to maintain the green color of leaves and turgidity. Prolonging vase life was attained with the application of optimal solution such as HQS, $AgNO_3$, GA, BA and sucrose. This also retarded senescence in leaves of cut flower stems. Fresh cut chrysanthemum can be transported using a refrigerated van with $5{\sim}7^{\circ}C$. Increasing consumption and usage of cut chrysanthemum of various cultivars would require efficient transport system, and effective information exchange among producer, wholesaler, and consumer.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.21-29
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• 2018

This study was wanted to select a value evaluation item to maintain the authenticity of the Planting Landscape in Hahoe and Yangdong villages. Above all, after checking the suitability of the 43 selected items by the Focus Group Interview, the weight was calculated in the Analytic Hierarchy Process expert questionnaire to establish the importance of the indicators for the development of the assessment items. The expert analysis analyzed the importance of 2 sections, 6 divisions and 11 detailed categories, and summarized the results of the study as follows : First, the comparative importance of each category and selection of the assessment items for the stabilization of the Planting Landscape of Hahoe and Yangdong indicated that cultural values are more important than biological values. In particular, details of the biological values of trees were derived with relatively low estimates, except for the specific characteristics of species and items of type of tree. Second, as a result of verification of the suitability of the 43 items selected by the Focus Group Interview, the source diameter, the collection width, reception, flushing, supersonality, records, memorials, 11 items were selected, Third, the results of the importance evaluation of the value properties for maintaining the resistance of vegetation through the Analytic Hierarchy Process were : specific in biological values (0.187), steady (0.094), and water pipe width (2007). There was relatively little difference in the highest weights, the width of the pipe except for the lowest value received, and the source diameter flushing. Fourth, the results of an evaluation of the importance of a value property aimed at historical values were whether or not the cultural asset was designated (0.134), the record value (0.092), the time (0.088), and the monument (0.063). In terms of the importance of evaluating the historical values of Planting sites consisting of Hahoe and Yangdong, the importance of designation of cultural properties was considered to be relative to the maintenance of the Planting Landscape including culture and history. Based on the assessment items and weighted values of the Planting Landscape of Yangdong Village and the World Cultural Heritage below and below, this study's Analytic Hierarchy Process can be applied to actual criteria for the assessment of the authenticity of trees in the village. Based on the assessment items and weighted values of the Planting Landscape in Hahoe and Yangdong villages, a follow-up study on the assessment standards for the authenticity of trees in the village will be left as a future task.