• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2007

This study is to propose the basic data for deciding remodeling of wornout educational facilities. In order of it, the indoor environmental standard, the actual conditions of thermal environment and sound insulation of walls were examined through field measurement in the subjected open elementary school(J school) and modernization model of elementary school(Y school) which they are located in Seoul. As the result, standard for indoor environmental factors of educational facilities which is established by Ministry of Education is not subdivided into indoor environmental performances considering usages and characteristics of classrooms for comfortable indoor environment. The vertical temperature difference in general classroom and in open classroom showed to be $11.2^{\circ}C$ and $12.1^{\circ}C$ respectively, while indoor temperature of special classroon was, on the whole, higher than that of any other classroom due to its specific heat flux of wall materials. The sound insulation performance of the masonry brick wall of classroom satisfied the minimum standard of AIJ, Architectural Institute of Japan, in the open elementary school and the modernization model of elementary school. That is to say, the movable partition wall between the classroom and the corridor disturbed students in their class in the open school.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.99-104
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• 2006

This paper presents an analysis of heating energy for apartment houses in apartment building, paying special attention on the effect of pilotis which is increasing recently. A four-zone model composed of one conditioned and three unconditioned space is developed in this study. IES VE is adopted to estimate heating energy. Especially, we used Apache module for a heating energy calculated. The predicted result shows fairly good agreements with the available measured data and simulation data. Heating energy needed for an apartment located on the pilotis floors is far greater compared with the case of intermediate floors. Insulation thickness of walls, floors and underground structure appears to be a dominant factor affecting heating energy, which leads to needs of revision of the related regulation. It is finally concluded that the location dependent, severe imbalance in heating energy should be improved and reflected in the policy making process and the design standards.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.107-120
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• 2014

A Reinforced concrete (RC) shear wall system with coupling beams has been known as one of the most promising structural systems for high-rise buildings. However, significantly large flexural and/or shear stress demands induced in the coupling beams require special reinforcement details to avoid their undesirable brittle failure. In order to solve this problem, one of promising candidates is frictional hysteretic energy dissipating devices (HEDDs) as an alternative to the coupling beams. The introduction of frictional HEDDs into a RC shear wall system increases energy dissipation capacity and maintains the frame action after their yielding. This paper investigates the strength demands (specifically yield strength levels) with a maximum allowable ductility of frictional HEDDs based on comparative non-linear time-history analyses of a prototype RC shear wall system with traditional RC coupling beams and frictional HEDDs. Analysis results show that the RC shear wall systems coupled by frictional HEDDs with more than 50% yield strength of the RC coupling beams present better seismic performance compared to the RC shear wall systems with traditional RC coupling beams. This is due to the increased seismic energy dissipation capacity of the frictional HEDD. Also, it is found from the analysis results that the maximum allowable ductility demand of a frictional HEDD should increase as its yield strength decreases.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.543-553
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• 2007

It is becoming increasingly difficult for engines using conventional fuels and combustion techniques to meet stringent emission norms. The homogeneous charge compression ignition(HCCI) concept is being evaluated on account of its potential to control both smoke and NOx emissions. However, HCCI engines face problems of combustion control. In this work, a single cylinder water-cooled diesel engine was operated in the HCCI mode. Diesel was injected during the suction stroke($0^{\circ}$ to $20^{\circ}$ degrees aTDC) using a special injection system in order to prepare a nearly homogeneous charge. The engine was able to develop a BMEP(brake mean effective pressure) in the range of 2.15 to 4.32 bar. Extremely low levels of NOx emissions were observed. Though the engine operation was steady, poor brake thermal efficiency(30% lower) and high HC, CO and smoke were problems. The heat release showed two distinct portions: cool flame followed by the main heat release. The low heat release rates were found to result in poor brake thermal efficiency at light loads. At high brake power outputs, improper combustion phasing was the problem. Fuel deposited on the walls was responsible for increased HC and smoke emissions. On the whole, proper combustion phasing and a need for a well- matched injection system were identified as the important needs.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.2971-2980
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• 1995

A numerical study of fluid flow in driven cavity was carried out using singular finite element method. The driven cavity problem is known to have infinite velocity gradients as well as dual velocity conditions at the singular points. To overcome such difficulties, a finite element method with singular shape functions was used and a special technique was employed to allow multiple values of velocities at the singular points. Application of singular elements in the driven cavity problem has a significant influence on the stability of solution. It was found the singular elements gave a stable solution, especially, for the pressure distribution of the entire flow field by keeping up a large pressure at the singular points. In the existing solutions of driven cavity problem, most efforts were focused on the study of streamlines and vorticities, and pressure were seldom mentioned. In this study, however, more attention was given to the pressure distribution. Computations showed that pressure decreased very rapidly as the distance from the singular point increased. Also, the pressure distribution along the vertical walls showed a smoother transition with singular elements compared to those of conventional method. At the singular point toward the flow direction showed more pressure increase compared with the other side as Reynolds number increased.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.219-235
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• 2017

The large container ships and fast patrol boats are complex marine structures. Therefore, their global mechanical behaviour has long been modeled mostly by refined beam theories. Important issues of cross section warping and bending-torsion coupling have been addressed by introducing special functions in these theories with inherent assumptions and thus compromising their robustness. The 3D solid Finite Element (FE) models, on the other hand, are accurate enough but pose high computational cost. In this work, different marine vessel structures have been analysed using the well-known Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF). According to CUF, the governing equations (and consequently the finite element arrays) are written in terms of fundamental nuclei that do not depend on the problem characteristics and the approximation order. Thus, refined models can be developed in an automatic manner. In the present work, a particular class of 1D CUF models that was initially devised for the analysis of aircraft structures has been employed for the analysis of marine structures. This class, which was called Component-Wise (CW), allows one to model complex 3D features, such as inclined hull walls, floors and girders in the form of components. Realistic ship geometries were used to demonstrate the efficacy of the CUF approach. With the same level of accuracy achieved, 1D CUF beam elements require far less number of Degrees of Freedom (DoFs) compared to a 3D solid FE solution.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.101-107
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• 1999

In 1994, Songbuk-gu Office of Seoul held a design competition for Miarigogae-Park, Miarigogae has a special sense of place. It was a place where bararians had crossed the boundary to this country during the Manchu war of 1636. It was a public cemetery where only Koreans had been buried under the rule of Japanese imperialism. It was a place where national patriots had been kidnapped to the North during the Korean War. It's sorrows have been sung in the name of song-'Danjangeui-Miarigogae'(one of the most popular song in Korea). It's sense of place has been kept in every Korean people's mind in the form on 'non-physical image'. Even though, the site itself was a small space - only 1000㎡, the meaning of park-making was very significant. It meant that it would create a physical 'setting' to express the sense of place which has been existed only in our mind as a form of 'non-physical image'. In the winning scheme proposed by the author, the sense of place of Miarigogae was expressed in the form of 'castle walls' which could be easily come into everyone's mind as an image of war. The scope of work also included a crossing bridge and symbolic features. It was meaningful that a landscape architect won the competition including on those items which were not usually handled in pure landscape architectural offices. The purpose of this paper was to articulate the concept of the winning entry in detail and to describe how the concept actualized in reality.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.351-362
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• 2006

현대 대도심 지하철은 밀폐된 공간으로 노선에 따라 다수의 역이 연결되어 있어 길찾기의 문제의 발생 빈도가 높은 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 이용자가 자신의 위치를 인지할 수 있도록 장소적 정보를 최대한 표현하는 시각적 장소지시단서(visual cue)가 제공되어야 할 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 본 연구는 대중교통수단으로서의 지하철 사용이 늘어감에 따라 길찾기 관련 문제들에 대한 관심이 증가하는 상황에서 서울, 동경, 타이페이 주요 지하철역의 장소지시적 단서로서 역할하는 환경디자인 사례 및 사용된 디자인 기법을 조사 분석함으로써 이용자를 위한 길찾기 지원 디자인 가이드라인 도출에 기여하는 목적을 가진다. 이론연구 결과, 시각적 장소지시단서의 유형으로 유도표식, 구역차별화, 랜드마크의 방법이 도출되었고 사례조사를 통하여 유도표식에서 노선색선의 상하배열, 양면배열, 변형 그래픽 기법이, 구역차별화에서는 벽면과 바닥패턴, 기둥과, 벽면의 강조색, 마감 재료 사용에 의한 차별화 기법이, 그리고 랜드마크에서는 수퍼그래픽, 상징물, 예술장식, 장식조명 등에 의한 기법들이 도출되었다. 서울 조사대상역의 경우, 연결노선의 색을 이용한 유도 표식이 가장 적극적으로 사용되고 있었으며 바닥패턴이나 강조색을 이용한 벽면과 기둥에 의한 구역차별화도 적극 도입하고 있었다. 또한 호돌이, 훈민정음과 같은 장소의 이해를 돕는 랜드마크적 요소도 적극 활용되고 있었다. 동경 조사대상역의 경우, 유도표식에 의존하기 보다는 구역 차별화의 방법을 적극 활용하는 것으로 나타났는데 이는 공간구조와 지시내용의 복잡성 때문인 것으로 해석된다. 타이페이시 조사대상역의 경우, 전반적으로 단순하며 통일된 이미지로서 장소지시는 최소한의 표식선이나 랜드마크에 의존하고 있었다. 특히 구역차별화의 사례가 미약하였는데 이는 대부분 역이 광장형의 오픈 스페이스로서 개방된 시야가 확보되기 때문인 것으로 해석된다. 본 연구의 결과는 향후 다양한 검증을 통하여 보다 정확한 길찾기 지원적 측면의 환경디자인 가이드라인 제시로 이어져야 할 것이다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.68-83
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• 2016

본 연구는 가변적, 재료적 특성으로 인해 원형의 실체가 분명하지 않았던 판장(板墻)을 대상으로, 판장의 사용양상과 용례, 구성요소와 구조에 대한 실증 및 고찰에 목적을 두고 있다. 이에 따른 연구결과는 다음과 같이 요약될 수 있다. 첫째, 나무널로 만든 담장을 가리키는 판장은 기능, 구조, 단청색 등에 따라 다양한 용례로 사용되었다. 유사한 용례인 판장문과 목판장은 전통적인 판장과 밀접한 관계가 없다. 또한 판장과 재료적으로 유사한 중국의 목영벽과 일본의 판병도 판장과는 분명한 구조적 차이가 있다. 둘째, 판장의 변용유형은 크게 이목기판장, 살판장, 흙판장 그리고 한자어가 다른 판장(板障)으로 구분된다. 이목기판장은 두 단의 방연이 사용된 판장을 가리키며, 살판장은 살대와 널로 만든 투시형 판장을 의미한다. 흙판장은 흙담과 판장의 절충적 형태이며, 판장(板障)은 벽체의 성격을 지닌 고정형 시설로 추정된다. 셋째, 판장의 목부재로는 신방, 기둥, 도리, 중방, 인방, 널, 띠목, 초엽, 방연, 개판, 평고대, 연함 등이 조영의도와 구조형식에 따라 선별적으로 사용되었다. 목부재 외에 못, 잠금장치, 구체적인 용처를 알 수 없는 부속요소도 함께 사용되었다. 넷째, 판장의 기단부는 목부재의 종류와 결구에 따라 크게 세 가지로 구분되며, 축부는 상인방의 사용유무에 따라 두 가지로 구분된다. 지붕부 재료로는 개판과 기와가 사용되는데, 각각의 재료에 따라 명확한 구조적 차이가 나타난다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2016

Long-life housing means a housing which structural members (Support) such as columns and floor are maintained for a long period of time and the housing can be used for approximately 100 years by replacing components (Infill) such as walls and furniture. The government established "Certification standards of long-life housing construction" on December 24, 2014, requiring the long-life housing certification for construction of apartment houses for over 1,000 households. However, it is necessary to prepare an incentive measure which could be granted to construction related personnel and housing owners due to the effectiveness of such system and recognition that the initial construction cost of long-life housing is high. The purpose of this study is as follows. First, the reasons and necessity of long-life housing cost increase for each construction company, housing owner, infill component manufacturer and designer which are long-life housing related personnel are determined. The direction of incentive grant for supplying long-life housing based on the determined items is established. The result of this study is as follows. First, a special treatment which is higher than the alleviation of construction standards according to the previous ordinance is necessary for construction companies to secure the business feasibility. Also, incentives such as the provision of service space and wide balcony are necessary to improve the preference level of parceling out. Second, financial incentives such as financial support for housing purchase, reduction and exemption of tax (acquisition tax and registration tax), and support of maintenance cost are required for house owners. Third, it is essential to increase opportunities to participate in the market for infill component manufacturers by applying additional points for PQ. Fourth, it is needed to provide compensation for additional human resource and time at the time of designing to designers by preparing the long-life housing design cost standards.