• Speech Sciences
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.111-135
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• 2002

An annotation model of a non-native speech database has been devised, wherein English is the target language and Korean is the native language. The proposed annotation model features overt transcription of predictable linguistic information in native speech by the dictionary entry and several predefined types of error specification found in native language transfer. The proposed model is, in that sense, different from other previously explored annotation models in the literature, most of which are based on native speech. The validity of the newly proposed model is revealed in its consistent annotation of 1) salient linguistic features of English, 2) contrastive linguistic features of English and Korean, 3) actual errors reported in the literature, and 4) the newly collected data in this study. The annotation method in this model adopts the widely accepted conventions, Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (SAMPA) and the TOnes and Break Indices (ToBI). In the proposed annotation model, SAMPA is exclusively employed for segmental transcription and ToBI for prosodic transcription. The annotation of non-native speech is used to assess speaking ability for English as Foreign Language (EFL) learners.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.113-120
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of group therapy on the language performance of aphasic patients. Four aphasic subjects participated in group therapy. Their aphasic types were TCMA (transcortical motor aphasia), conduction, anomie, and Broca's aphasia. The focus of the therapy was to stimulate cooperative learning skills. For this purpose, categorization tasks, semantic association tasks, convergent thinking, and divergent thinking tasks were employed. The results showed that all of the aphasic subjects demonstrated some improvement in writing ability, categorization ability, and speaking ability in sentences.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.17-36
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• 2007

This study examined educational and career backgrounds of 180 early childhood English teachers and curricula of training courses for early childhood English teachers in continuing education centers across 6 areas in Korea. Data analyses showed that (1) curricula for early childhood English teachers consists of basic practical conversation, English teaching skills, understanding early childhood education and general English knowledge. (2) Most teachers are women between 30 to 40 years of age, university graduates with majors in English literature, English education and/or early childhood education with confidence in speaking in and listening to English. (3) They were satisfied with their retraining courses. (4) English pronunciation skill was not always related to English conversation skill, but clarity of pronunciation influenced teaching confidence.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.39-54
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• 2002

The goal of this study is to develop a program which can improve couples' communication skills that serve to enhance their relationships and to evaluate the effectiveness of the program. The summary of major result of the research were as follows; 1 The content of communication program for couples in the early marriage focused on improvement of communication skills, on enhancement of couples' intimacy and on coping ability for marriage life. 2. The developed program served to communication improvement for couples in the early marriage. Analyzing specifically the results of test before and after, the average scores of sub-areas such as listening, speaking and solving problems were all increased after the program than before the program. Significant differences of sub-areas appeared, either. 3. The developed program contributed to enhancement of couples' mutual understanding and their relationships.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.81-90
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• 2010

Several studies have suggested the possibility of airborne transmission of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, pandemic influenza. because the number of patients increases explosively, if infectious disease had a high basic reproduction number, pharmaceutical interventions such as vaccination, chemoprophylaxis in the early stage of epidemic. Thus, non-pharmaceutical interventions such as mask-wearing, installing air cleaners, school closure are important to control and prevent the infectious diseases. However, the current technology on the mask, air cleaning, ventilation, and etc., seems to be not originated from the understanding of infection via airborne transmission. It is important to estimate the aerodynamic behavior of saliva droplets by coughing or speaking in order to understand the phenomena of airborne infection. In addition, the prediction of transmission of infectious diseases through the air is critical to prevent or minimize the damage of infection. In this review, we reviewed the recent studies on the airborne infection by focusing on the aerodynamic characteristics of saliva droplets and modeling of airborne transmission.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.201-209
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• 2005

This study was investigated developmental temporal features in Putonghua-speaking children. The total of 212 children between the ages 2;6 and 6;5 participated in Shanghai. Speech materials were constructed according to aspiration feature in stop sounds of Putonghua. Six words were selected in this study. A voice onset time was measured. Non-parametric procedures were employed for all the analyses. The VOT value across bilabial, alveolar, and velar stops was significantly differed between aspirated and unaspirated stops for each age group. Effect of age is. significant for unaspirated stops. It is clear that each of Putonghua stops showed decreasing mean and standard deviation. The overshoot phenomenon of VOT was apparent from the age of 2;6-2;11 to 4;6-4;11. There was high variability in the production of lag time for aspirated stops.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.133-144
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• 2009

This paper presents a method for constructing and using transliteration rules which are based on Phonics, an instructional method for speaking and writing English letters. Conventional approaches to automatic transliteration often focused on statistical methods. However, the construction or the collection of correct transliteration examples is always the bottleneck of the statistical transliteration model. Also, in practical domains where the collection of such data is very difficult, such as education and tourism, it is reasonable to build a system without much qualified data. Furthermore, compared with Korean orthography of borrowed foreign words, the proposed approach is much easier to construct, and can generate more refined rules. The experimentation result shows that the proposed approach can improve the performance of a statistical-based transliteration system.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.115-122
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• 2016

This study investigates the acoustic-phonetic features and speech intelligibility of Lombard speech in children with intellectual disability, by examining the effect of Lombard speech at 3 levels of non-noise, 55dB, and 65dB. Eight children with intellectual disability read sentences and played speaking games, and their speech were analyzed in terms of intensity, pitch, vowel space of /a/, /i/, and /u/, VAI(3), articulation rate and speech intelligibility. Results showed, first, that intensity and pitch increased as noise level increased; second, that VAI(3) increased as the noise level increased; third, that articulation rate decreased as noise intensity increased; finally, that speech intelligibility increased as noise intensity increased. The Lombard speech changed the VAI(3), vowel space, articulation rate, speech intelligibility of the children with intellectual disability as well. This study suggests that the Lombard speech will be clinically useful for the persons who have intellectual disability and difficulties in self-control.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 1994

Anxiety and anxiety disorders are one of the most common and most serious psychiatric problems. Anti-anxiety drugs are one of the most effective treatment method for these problems. Benzodiazepines have various side-effects and the risk of overuse and abuse. Therefore, physicians should prescribe benzodiazepines carefully. However, they should not be discouraged from prescribing benzodiazepines when they have a knowledge of the pharmacological characteristics of these drugs and there is a clear indication for their use. Generally speaking, problems of benzodiazepine use such as dependence withdrawal symptoms, and cognitive impairment are more likely to occur with high dose, long-term use(more than 4 months), in geriatric patients and patients with a history of alcohol or other sustance abuse. But long-term or high-dose use can be jusified for patients with panic disorder of agoraphobia, and medically-ill patients with persistent anxiety that cannot be otherwise treated. In summary, there cannot be a general prescribing formulation for benzodiazepine use. Physician should always make their decision based on the individual patient's risk/benefit factors.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.867-873
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• 2011

The transportation of a truss-spar hull from a transport barge of 6000 ton topside module on the spar hull is investigated in the present study. Two possible routes from a fabrication yard in Teeside, England to the Gulf of Mexico are considered in the paper. The results of motion responses of the transport barge obtained from a spectral analysis and the limiting criteria of sea fastening, deck wetness and lateral acceleration are compared and the route selection is discussed. Long-crested waves and short-crested seas as well as the joint probabilities of significant wave heights and wave periods in different sea areas are considered. Generally speaking, the results for long-crested seas are higher than those for short-crested waves.