• Spatial Information Research
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• v.13 no.1 s.32
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• pp.31-41
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• 2005

In order to carry out aerial photogrammetry using GPS/INS, it is necessary to apply exterior orientation parameters, obtained while making a photo, to the editing process. It should be noted that the verification process of aerial mapping result is the most crucial process at the GPS/INS based digital photogrammetry. To this end, this study has compared the mapping result by the ways of AT results, plotter, and orientation, which is from basis of the Analytical raw map produced by the existing AT results. When comparing the horizontal and vertical accuracy of the analytical mapping with that of digital restitution, it could be found that the latter is more accurate than that of the former. In addition, it was reveled that the horizontal error was bigger than that of vertical one. Even though the accuracy of the GPS/INS based AT Direct orientation was three times poorer than the of indirect one, it was recognized that the photogrammetry process was effectively performed in the application of scale 1:5000 mapping with satisfying the allowance errors.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.30 no.12 s.255
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• pp.1518-1525
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• 2006

Finite element analyses of structures made of the fiber reinforced composites require an adequate method to characterize the high anisotropic behavior induced by one or several layers of fiber cords with different spatial orientation embedded in a rubber matrix. This paper newly proposes a continuum based rebar element considering change of the orientation of the fiber during deformation of the composite. The mechanical behavior of the embedded fiber is modeled using two-node bar elements in order to consider the relative deformation and spatial orientation of the embedded fiber. For improvement of the analysis accuracy, the load-displacement curve of fiber is applied to the stiffness matrix of fiber. A finite element program is constructed based on the total Lagrangian formulation considering both geometric and material nonlinearity. Finite element analyses of the tensile test are carried out in order to evaluate the validity of the proposed method. Analysis results obtained with the proposed method provides realistic representation of the fiber reinforced rubber composite compared to results of other two models by the Halpin-Tsai equation and a rebar element in ABAQUS/Standard.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.29 no.spc1
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• pp.53-54
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• 1996

Based on the database of 128 disk galaxies (66 SO, 62 S and Irr) mailnly compiled from Kent and Gunn (1982) and Doi et a1.(1995) which is complete down to m < 15.6 mag within a radius of $3^{\circ}$, the orientation of spin vectors of disk galaxies of the Coma cluster has been analyzed. The results confirm the morphological dependence of the orientation of disk galaxies found from the analsis of the Virgo cluster. Common features of orientation of disk galaxies of both clusters are outlined.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.112-119
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• 2001

Design sensitivity is an important is an important device in improving a mechanical system design. A continuum design consists of the shape and orientation design. This research develops the shape and orientation design sensitivity method. The configura-tion design variables of multibody systems define the shape and orientation changes. The equations of motion are directly differentiated to obtain the governing equations for the design sensitivity. The governing equation of the design sensitivity is formulated as an over determined differential algebraic equation and treated as ordinary differential equations on mani-folds. The material derivative of a domain functional is performed to obtain the sensitivity due to shape and orientation changes. The configuration design sensitivities of a fly-ball governor system and a spatial four bar mechanism are obtained using the proposed method and are validated against those obtained from the finite difference method.

• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.380-392
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• 2000

This paper proposes a qualitative reasoning approach for the spatial configuration of mechanisms that could be applied in the early phase of the conceptual design. The spatial configuration problem addressed in this paper involves the relative direction and position between the input and output motion, and the orientation of the constituent primitive mechanisms of a mechanism. The knowledge of spatial configuration of a primitive mechanism is represented in a matrix form called spatial configuration matrix. This matrix provides a compact and convenient representation scheme for the spatial knowledge, and facilitates the manipulation of the relevant spatial knowledge. Using this spatial knowledge of the constituent primitive mechanisms, the overall configuration of a mechanism is described and identified by a spatial configuration state matrix. This matrix is obtained by using a qualitative reasoning method based on sign algebra and is used to represent the qualitative behavior of the mechanism. The matrix-based representation scheme allows handling the involved spatial knowledge simultaneously and the proposed reasoning method enables the designer to predict the spatial behavior of a mechanism without knowing specific dimension of the components of the mechanism.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.536-541
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• 2002

This paper proposes an approach of automatically calculating the center location of fiducial marks up to sub-pixel accuracy with model-free condition. The conceptual model, composed of two assumptions, about general geometric property of fiducial area and fiducial mark is established. The proposed approach is primarily based on the strategy of calculating the center of symmetry and is composed of three steps of processing: (a) determining horizontal center of fiducial area, (b) locating center of a fiducial mark, and, (c) finally calculating the exact center up to sub-pixel accuracy. Evaluation with respect to RMK style marks and RC style ones shows that the proposed approach can be evaluated as robust one. However there are several images which can't be analyzed by the proposed approach.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.179-197
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• 2015

Based on the importance of spatial thinking to understand celestial motion, this study aimed to investigate how spatial thinking was treated in astronomy classes. For this study, we analyzed four elementary teachers' science classes about the unit 'solar systems and stars' in 5th grade in terms of spatial thinking. The results showed that sharing perspectives and orientation explicitly between a teacher and students were important for students to understand celestial motion. Providing the earth-based and the space-based viewpoints simultaneously were helpful for students' understanding of celestial motion. Based on these results, this study suggested that clarifying the viewpoint and orientation, showing the earth-based and the space-based viewpoint simultaneously, and reorganizing the relative units of astronomy based on celestial motion and spatial thinking.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.417-433
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• 2023

In the 2022 revised mathematics curriculum, a new content on 'Movement of a point' was added. Therefore, this study analyzed the contents of the movement of a point presented in Finnish mathematics textbooks as elements of spatial orientation. Analysis was conducted by dividing it into direction, distance, and route. As a result of the study, in Finnish textbooks, directions were expressed in various ways, such as linguistic, visual, and coded expressions. In the case of distance, activities to move as much as the distance or compare the distance were presented using the number of cells, length, steps, coordinate points, ratio, etc. In the case of routes, activities such as moving according to instructions, making routes, finding the route, and modifying the route were presented using unconditional movement and conditional movement. In particular, the movement of a point could be linked not only to various mathematical content areas such as 'number and arithmetic' and 'change and relationship', but also to digital literacy and programming education. Knowing that the movement of a point can be presented in various ways according to the direction, distance, and route, it is expected that it can be used to organize the contents of the 2022 revised mathematics textbook.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 2020

Purpose - The current study analyzes effects of hotel restaurant cook's emotional labor on job satisfaction and customer orientation. Research design and methodology - In order to achieve the current study's goal, sample was extracted targeting cooks working in 5-stars hotels located in Seoul considering spatial and time limitation. Method of research was direct research method with survey. Survey was conducted from April 1st, 2018 to April 20, 2018 (approximately 20 days). Total of 300 surveys were distributed to cooks working in 5-stars hotels located in Seoul, and among those 250 surveys were returned. Among returned 250 surveys, 246 surveys. Results - First, in order to test H1, effect of hotel restaurant cook's emotional labor on job satisfaction (satisfaction on superior and coworker) was analyzed. Second, in order to test H2, effect on hotel restaurant cook's emotional labor on job satisfaction (satisfaction on compensation and promotion) was analyzed. Third, satisfaction on superior and coworker had statistically significantly positive effect on customer orientation, while satisfaction on compensation and promotion did not have statistically significant effect. Conclusions - First, deep acting had statistically significantly positive effect on job satisfaction (satisfaction on superior and coworker), while surface acting did not have statistically significant effect. Second, both deep and surface acting had statistically significantly positive effect on job satisfaction (satisfaction on compensation and promotion). Third, satisfaction on superior and coworker had statistically significantly positive effect on customer orientation, while satisfaction on compensation and promotion did not have statistically significant effect.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.498-510
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• 2002

This study has the following two focuses to analyze the changes in national-level locational pattern of the U.S. professional sports franchises during 1950-2001. The first is to empirically clarify spatial orientation in the changing locational pattern of sports franchises. The second is to identify compared characteristics of the relocation cases reflecting the orientation to other cases, for the variables indicative of franchises' and leagues' pursuits of their relocation-related interests ultimately affecting franchises' relocations, by employing a legit model. As a result of the analyses, sports franchises and leagues, respectively have shown spatial orientation toward relocating to and toward locating new franchises in southern and western areas, responding to the changes in U.S. urbanization pattern. And, relocation cases reflecting the orientation have displayed a feature of the higher annual population growth rate in destination urban area than in origin area, in comparison to other cases.